High-density lipoprotein-C Levels Research Articles

Urinary albumin creatinine ratio is associated with lipid profile

Moderately elevated albuminuria (30–300 mg/g) is a marker of renal dysfunction and a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, several recent studies have reported a relationship between moderately elevated albuminuria and triglyceride (TG) levels. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and total cholesterol (TC), TG, and high-density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) levels. We analyzed data from 19,340 patients from the 2011–2014 and 2019–2020 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the UACR was positively associated with TC and TG levels and negatively associated with HDL-C levels in both Korean women and men. These results were reanalyzed according to the degree of proteinuria (normal, moderately elevated albuminuria, and severely elevated albuminuria (≥ 300 mg/g)). We found a positive relationship between UACR and TC and TG levels, but a negative association with HDL-C levels, except for TC (moderately elevated albuminuria) and HDL-C (moderately elevated albuminuria) in Korean men and TC (severely elevated albuminuria), TG (severely elevated albuminuria), and HDL-C (normal range albuminuria) in Korean women. The correlation between albuminuria and lipid profiles became more evident as albuminuria shift from normal to the severely elevated albuminuria. Thus our multivariate linear regression analysis showed that lipid profiles (TG, TC, and HDL-C levels) were associated with the UACR.

Common risk factors for dental caries and impaired glucose regulation in Guangxi, China.

To assess the prevalence of caries and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and try to investigate their common risk factors among adult residents in Guangxi province. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 2993 adults from five different areas of Guangxi province. The sociodemographic data, history of personal habits such as diet and physical activities, physical measurements, oral examination results and biochemical laboratory test data were collected to establish a database and prepare a sound research model. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used to analyse the risk factors for dental caries and IGR. The prevalence rate for caries was 85.9%, and the mean DMFT score was 7.35. In multiple logistic regression, after adjustment, education level, occupation, daily consumption of vegetables, weekly consumption of carbonated beverages and weekly exercise were associated with caries (odds ratio [OR]: 2.10, OR: 1.80, OR: 1.40, OR: 2.45, OR: 2.38). The prevalence of IGR was 33.5%, and after adjustment, results showed that occupation, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein-C levels and low-density lipoprotein-C levels were significantly associated with IGR (OR: 0.80, OR: 1.70, OR: 1.56, OR: 1.88, OR: 1.60, OR: 1.43, OR: 1.48). The strength of association between caries/IGR and risk factors was a weak association or moderate association. We have not found common risk factors between dental caries and IGR. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore these common risk factors to prevent caries and IGR.

Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level is associated with dyslipidemia in male type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A cross-sectional study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) commonly combines with dyslipidemia, and both are known as the risk factors of cardiovascular events and aggravate the arteriosclerosis progression. In this study, we investigated the relationship between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lipid profiles in male T2DM patients. We collected clinical data of male T2DM patients in the Chinese Han population hospitalised from January 2018 to June 2020. A total of 963 patients with a mean age of 58.89±12.25years old were enroled in this study. The results showed that the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C levels were decreased gradually from the highest quartile groups (Q4) to Q1 group relevant to luteinising hormone and FSH, and no significant difference was observed in high-density lipoprotein-C levels among Q4-Q1 groups. Sub-groups analysis showed that, with the increased FSH level, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were increased in the elder group (40-59years old) than those in the younger group (20-39years old). Spearman's analysis revealed a positive correlation between FSH and the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C (r=0.354, r=0.336, r=0.312, p<0.001, respectively). The effect of FSH is independent of the changes in total testosterone level. Multivariate analysis found that increased FSH levels (≥9.26mIU/mL) and decreased total testosterone levels (<13.30nmol/L) were positively correlated with high TC, TG, and LDL-Cemia (OR=4.014, 1.565, 1.602, 1.660, 2.127, 1.322, respectively, p<0.05). Our data suggest that high serum FSH level in male T2DM patients could be a potential independent risk factor correlated with the elevated TC, TG, and LDL-C.

The Role of Exercise on Cardiometabolic Profile and Body Composition in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.

Exercise has a direct positive effect on glycemic control by promoting insulin secretion from β-pancreatic islet-cells and by increasing skeletal muscle glucose uptake. The reduction in daily insulin needs and the optimization of glycemic control improves the patient's quality of life, self-esteem, mental wellness, as well as diabetes-related mobility and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes (T1D) on diabetic control, cardiovascular, and biochemical profiles; hs-CRP; IL6; leptin; and adiponectin levels of the population under study. This is a prospective cross-sectional study that involved 80 participants (36 boys and 44 girls) with T1D, who were aged 6-21 years and who attended the Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic of the 2nd Pediatric Department, University of Athens, "P & A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital of Athens. Twenty (25%) children were above the 75th percentile regarding total levels of physical activity, while 40 (50%) and 20 (25%) were between the 25th and 75th percentile, as well as below the 25th percentile, respectively. In the group with an intermediate level of exercise, physical activity was negatively associated with the participant's family situation (traditional, single parent, grandparent, with others, or by himself/herself) (p = 0.013), ferritin (p = 0.031), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] (p = 0.016), and squared leptin levels (p = 0.040). Whereas in the groups with extreme vs. no exercise there was a negative association with the number of daily glucose measurements (p = 0.047). However, in the group with non-vigorous exercise, physical activity was positively associated with high density lipoprotein-c (HDL-c) levels (p = 0.048). The findings of this study are indicative of the beneficial role of exercise on children and adolescents with T1D, which is achieved by primarily improving their cardiometabolic profile through the amelioration of lipid profile [HDL-c, Lp(a)] and leptin levels, as well as by reducing chronic systemic inflammatory response (ferritin) and ultimately decreasing the overall diabetes morbidity.

Association of Apolipoproteins B and A-1 With Markers of Vascular Health or Cardiovascular Events

BackgroundApolipoprotein B (apoB) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) are markers of lipoprotein metabolism. Although their relationship to cardiovascular disease has been well documented, little is known regarding their correlation to measures of vascular structure and function. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between apoA-1, apoB, and measures of vascular function, as well their relationship to adverse cardiovascular events. Moreover, we evaluated whether apoB or the apoB/apoA-1 ratio was more closely related to vascular markers than was low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C). MethodsOne thousand five hundred twenty-two healthy middle-aged men of the Firefighters and Their Endothelium (FATE) cohort were assessed for risk factors and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), hyperemic velocity (VTI), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Participants were then followed for 7.2 ± 1.7 years. ApoA-1 and apoB levels were measured at baseline. ResultsApoA-1 was not correlated with VTI, FMD, or CIMT, whereas apoB was significantly related to VTI and CIMT. Multiple regression analyses confirmed apoB as being related to both VTI (β = −0.083; P = 0.001) and CIMT (β = 0.055; P = 0.022) in models adjusted for age; blood pressure; high-density lipoprotein C (HDL-C), triglyceride and insulin levels; waist circumference; and C-reactive protein levels. In substituted models, LDL-C (β = −0.092; P < 0.001) and non–HDL-C (β = −0.089; P = 0.001) levels appeared to have the same degree of association as apoB for VTI but were not associated with CIMT. ApoB was found to be associated with cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.349; 95% confidence interval, 1.073-1.695; P = 0.010). ConclusionsApoB had an independent but weak relationship with indices of microvascular health. Nevertheless, it was associated with occurrence rates of adverse cardiovascular events.

Effect of serum FGF‐23, MGP and fetuin‐A on calcium‐phosphate metabolism in maintenance hemodialysis patients

This study was aimed to explore the role of serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, matrix Gla protein (MGP) and fetuin-A in the calcium-phosphate metabolism and their predicting value in coronary artery calcification in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study included 64 patients who receive hemodialysis in our hospital. The serum FGF-23, MGP and fetuin-A were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELlSA). Coronary artery calcification score (CACS) was evaluated by coronary artery computed tomography scan. The 64 patients (30 males, 34 females, 60.6 ± 11.3 years of age) received an average dialysis vintage of 6.88 ± 2.94 years. We divided the CACS into three levels, and 13 (20.31%), 16 (25%), and 35 (54.69%) exhibited a CACS of 0-100, 100-400, and >400, respectively. Dialysis vintage, serum FGF-23, fetuin-A, phosphorus and high-density lipoprotein-C levels were identified as independent variables of CACS by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that serum FGF-23 and fetuin-A were useful for identifying CAC in MHD patients. The cut-off value corresponding to the highest Youden's index was serum FGF-23 ≥ 256 pg/mL and fetuin-A ≤ 85 μg/mL, which was defined as the optimal predictors of CAC. Different combinations of serum FGF-23 and fetuin-A in parallel or in series effectively boosted the identification of CAC. The incidence of CAC is high in MHD patients. Serum FGF-23 and fetuin-A levels are closely correlated with CAC.

C-Peptide and its Correlation to Parameters of Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome

The progress of metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues with the onset of type-2 diabetes mellitus (Type-2 DM) along with linkage to other disorders such as neurodegenerative, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), via oxidative stress and low grade systemic inflammatory process. Type-2 DM and AD are health disorders of priority research. The treatment for an individual suffering with Type- 2 DM and/or AD requires monitoring by clinicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of C-peptide and its correlation to insulin resistance, body mass index (BMI), β cell function, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The study was designed to include 96 Type-2 DM individuals from India. 58.3% males and 41.7% females were selected and fasting blood samples were collected for estimation of fasting C-peptide, fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), HbA1c and lipid profile. Analysis was done on Hitachi912 and Elecsys 2010 using Roche reagents and standard controls. Anthropometries to calculate BMI and β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and insulin resistance were obtained. The statistical tool ANOVA, followed by calculation of p-value and r � value were applied for investigating correlation of C-peptide levels to those of high density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGL), HbA1c, β cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. Highly significant positive correlations were observed in different quantiles of C-peptide levels to the studied parameters of MetS, BMI and % β cell function. Lower HDL-C level was found to be significantly related to higher C-peptide levels. Similarly, TGL and C-peptide levels displayed a significant positive correlation. A significant negative correlation was observed between C-peptide quantiles and % sensitivity. Thus, insulin resistance showed a positive correlation until the fourth quantile. No significant correlation was observed between C-peptide and HbA1c levels. This study demonstrates that assessment of C-peptide levels is a useful tool to monitor the progress of MetS among patients suffering from Type-2 DM and AD, as these disorders are intertwined to each other by common metabolic pathways. Assessment of C-peptide levels, along with HDL-C levels, in patients can be used to monitor insulin resistance.

Comparison of Early and Late Changes in Immunoglobulins and Acute Phase Reactants after Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding in Patients with Morbid Obesity

There are differences in the levels of inflammation mediators, lipids, and formed elements of the blood in morbidly obese patients compared with individuals of normal weight. In the current study, the change in these parameters was determined in patients who achieved weight loss by undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) by comparing preoperative, and early (3 months) and late (12 months) postoperative values. The body mass index (BMI), weight, blood pressure, and waist circumference of 72 patients treated by LAGB procedures between September 2006 and February 2009 were measured and recorded. Pre- and postoperative 3- and 12-month C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, IgM, fibrinogen (Fbg), complement components C3 and C4, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-C and high-density lipoprotein-C levels, and leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts were also measured. Results were presented as mean +/- SD. The preoperative values were compared with the 3- and 12-month values. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. BMI, weight, blood pressure, and waist circumference measurements were reduced at 3 and 12 months postoperatively compared with preoperative values (p < 0.05). Among the inflammatory mediators, IgG, IgM, and Fbg were reduced to near-normal values, beginning in the early postoperative period (p < 0.05). There was no significant reduction parallel to weight loss with respect to CRP, C3, C4, and IgA values at 3 months postoperatively (p > 0.05). However, the 12-month values of these parameters were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Morbid obesity leads to significant changes in the levels of inflammation mediators. While there is a significant reduction in some of these mediators accompanying slight weight loss in the early period following an LAGB procedure, significant changes occur in other mediators in the late period when there is a larger amount of weight loss.

Lipid profile in consecutive pregnancies

AimTo describe the lipid profile of women prior to, during and after pregnancy and to assess the effect of consecutive pregnancies on the plasma lipid profile.MethodsBlood lipid levels of 1752 women aged 20-45 years who delivered between 1999 and 2005 were measured. The lipid profile included total cholesterol, LDL-C (Low density lipoprotein), HDL-C (High density lipoprotein-C), VLDL-C (Very low density lipoprotein) and triglycerides (TG). The measurements were classified into the following categories: non-pregnant state (12 months prior to conception), during the three trimesters of pregnancy and from 6 weeks to 12 months postpartum. This profile was tested in up to three subsequent pregnancies.ResultsTotal cholesterol levels overall rose during pregnancy. In the first trimester there is an average decrease of 11.4 mg/dL in total cholesterol level (p < 0.0001) followed by an average increase of 50.5 mg/dL and 28 mg/dL in the second and third trimesters respectively (p < 0.0001). In the year after pregnancy, the levels return to pre- pregnancy levels. LDL and triglyceride levels show a similar pattern.In contrast, HDL-C levels do not change significantly in the first trimester. The second trimester is characterized by an average elevation of 14 mg/dL (p < 0.0001) and a decrease of 5 mg/dL in the third trimester (p = 0.03).The average HDL-C levels of every period tested were lower in the 2nd and 3rd subsequent pregnancies.ConclusionsThere is a general increase in total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL during pregnancy. We demonstrate a cumulative effect of consecutive pregnancies on lowering HDL cholesterol levels. This effect may have negative implications on future cardiovascular health.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors among Turkish adults: Trabzon MetS study

In order to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as defined by NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria in the Trabzon Region and its associations with demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, reproductive history in women, and level of education), socioeconomic factors (household income and occupation), family history of selected medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, and obesity), lifestyle factors (smoking habits, physical activity, and alcohol consumption) in the adult population. In this cross-sectional survey, a sample of households was systematically selected from the central province of Trabzon and its nine towns. A total of 4,809 adult subjects > or = 20 years (2,601 women and 2,208 men) were included in the study. Blood pressure levels were measured for all subjects. The persons included in the questionnaire were invited to the local medical centers for blood examination between 08:00 and 10:00 following 12 h of fasting. Fasting serum glucose (FBG) levels and lipid profile were measured with autoanalyzer. MetS was defined according to guidelines from the NCEP ATP III diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of MetS was 26.9%: 31.3 in women and 21.7% in men. The prevalence increased with age, being highest in the 60-69-year-old age group (53.4%) but lower again in the > or = 70 age group. MetS was associated positively with marital status, parity, cessation of cigarette smoking, and negatively with the level of education, alcohol consumption, current cigarette use, household income, and physical activity. Hypertension was found as the most common MetS component in our study (57.4%). Others in decreasing order were abdominal obesity (40.9%), low high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) (31.8%), hypertriglyceridemia (30.7%), and high FBG levels (9.2%). Similarly, in the subjects diagnosed with MetS, HT had the highest prevalence (91.9%). This was followed by abdominal obesity (82.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (74%), low HDL-C (68.6%), and high fasting blood glucose levels (28.6%). MetS is moderately common and an important health problem in the adult population of Trabzon. In order to control MetS and its components, effective public health education and taking urgent steps are needed. These steps include serious education, providing a well-balanced diet and increasing physical activity.

Baboon apolipoprotein A-IV. Identification of Lys76–>Glu that distinguishes two common isoforms and detection of length polymorphisms at the carboxyl terminus

Various protein isoforms have been identified for human apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV). However, investigations of their physiological effects have been limited because of low frequencies for many of the apoA-IV variants. Recent discovery of extensive variation in baboon apoA-IV using isoelectric focusing (IEF) makes this primate species an excellent model for genetic studies of apoA-IV. In this study, the molecular basis for net charge differences between two common apoA-IV isoforms (I and E) was determined by cloning and sequencing of intestinal cDNAs from homozygous baboons. An A-->G substitution was found in the third amphipathic repeat of the E isoform. This substitution causes a Lys-->Glu substitution at amino acid position 76 (Lys76-->Glu), adding two negative charges to the E isoform compared to the I isoform, consistent with their relative mobilities on IEF gels. Restriction isotyping was used to identify the substitution in leukocyte DNA from 15 baboons that had been typed by IEF, thus verifying Lys76-->Glu as the basis for the charge differences between the I and E isoforms. Physiological effects of the Lys76-->Glu substitution on high density lipoprotein-C levels were investigated in 431 baboons carrying the E and I isoforms. These studies revealed that the I isoform was associated with higher levels of high density lipoprotein-C on a high cholesterol, saturated fat diet (p = 0.04). The cDNA sequences showed that the carboxyl terminus of baboon apoA-IV contains a region of hydrophilic repeats (Glu-Gln-X-Gln) that is the largest yet found in any species (nine repeats compared to three to five repeats in human, mouse, and rat). A common length polymorphism was identified that inserts a single amino acid to form a five amino acid repeat. This is the first report of this type of length variation (insertion of a single amino acid rather than insertion of an entire repeat) in this region. In addition, a rare variant was found that inserts an entire four-amino-acid repeat, similar to the human apoA-IV-0 isoform.

Exercise training improves lipoprotein lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease

The effects of endurance exercise training on plasma lipoprotein lipids were determined in 10 men, ages 46 to 62 years, with coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients maintained body weight, health-related behaviors, and stable diets throughout the program. Training was at 50% to 85% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 max) for 40 to 60 minutes, 3 to 5 days/week for 29 ± 7 weeks. Training increased V̇O 2 max (31 ± 19%, p < 0.001), reduced plasma cholesterol (C) (−8 ± 4%, p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) (−9 ± 9%, p < 0.01), and triglyceride (TG) (−13 ± 32%, p < 0.05) concentrations, and increased high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) levels (11 ± 13%, p < 0.05) and HDL-C LDL-C ratios (25 ± 20%, p < 0.01). Changes in LDL-C and V̇O 2 max were correlated ( r = −0.73, p ± 0.01), while the changes in LDL-C and HDL-C each correlated inversely with pretraining lipoprotein levels ( rLDL-C = −0.77, p < 0.01; rHDL-C = −0.68, p < 0.05). Thus potentially “antiatherogenic” benefits of exercise seem to be due to a training effect, since they correlate best with changes in V̇O 2 max and are maximal in patients with initially low V̇O 2 max, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C levels.