High Definition Video Recording Research Articles

How would autonomous vehicles behave in real-world crash scenarios?

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have the potential to revolutionize transportation systems by enhancing traffic safety. Safety testing is undoubtedly a critical step for enabling large-scale deployment of AVs. High-risk scenarios are particularly important as they pose significant challenges and provide valuable insights into the driving capabilities of AVs. This study presents a novel approach to assess the safety of AVs using in-depth crash data, with a particular focus on real-world crash scenarios. First, based on the high-definition video recording of the whole process prior to the crash occurrences, 453 real-world crashes involving 596 passenger cars from China In-depth Mobility Safety Study-Traffic Accident (CIMSS-TA) database were reconstructed. Pertinent static and dynamic elements needed for the construction of the testing scenarios were extracted. Subsequently, 596 testing scenarios were created via each passenger car’s perspective within the simulation platform. Following this, each of the crash-involved passenger cars was replaced with Baidu Apollo, a famous automated driving system (ADS), for counterfactual simulation. Lastly, the safety performance of the AV was assessed using the simulation results. A logit model was utilized to identify the fifteen crucial scenario elements that have significant impacts on the test results. The findings demonstrated that the AV could avoid 363 real-world crashes, accounting for approximately 60.91% of the total, and effectively mitigated injuries in the remaining 233 unavoidable scenarios compared to a human driver. Moreover, the AV maintain a smoother speed in most of the scenarios. The common feature of these unavoidable scenarios is that the AV is in a passive state, and the crashes are not caused by the AV violating traffic rules, but rather caused by abnormal behavior exhibited by the human drivers. Additionally, seven specific scenarios have been identified wherein AVs are unable to avoid a crash. These findings demonstrate that, compared to human drivers, AVs can avoid crashes that are difficult for humans to avoid, thereby enhancing traffic safety.

S-37-6: THE PROMISE OF CUFFLESS BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN MANAGING HYPERTENSION

Although blood pressure measurement is perhaps the most common measurement done in clinical practice, many have started to challenge this procedure and calling for transformation in blood pressure monitoring. This is because blood pressure measurement in primary care has many problems, whether clinic, 24-hour ambulatory or home blood pressures are taken. Cuffless blood pressure measurement technologies have been knocking on the door for years, with the first patents already registered over 20 years ago. With advancements in data science, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and mobile phone technologies, many start-ups and major global tech giants are now presenting to the end-user an array of highly innovative technologies. Cuffless monitoring includes many devices from wrist-worn watch-type devices to mobile phone tech (transdermal optical facial video processing or oscillometric finger pressing), wearable ultrasound patches, temporary graphene electronic tattoos, glasses, and even from a toilet seat. These technologies has a major benefit, namely blood pressure being taken without any user awareness. But it also has the potential to harness long-term prognostic cardiovascular information over and beyond blood pressure that may become particularly useful. Continuous long-term cuffless monitoring will provide for the first time the opportunity to move from averaging snapshot readings to capturing the continuous dynamic fluctuations of blood pressure in a high-definition video recording. There are, however, still several hurdles that need to be overcome before cuffless technologies can be implemented in clinical care. While biomedical engineers may exert their energy on ensuring that a cuffless innovation can accurately reflect brachial blood pressure, this is not the only aspect to consider. Manufacturers of conventional cuff-based devices have to painstakingly follow the ISO 81060–2:2018 Universal Standard to validate the device for accuracy. The rules are different for cuffless devices. Novel cuffless technologies vary substantially and use many techniques such as pulse transit time, pulse wave analyses, and ultrasound. The key question is whether these devices can accurately track the dynamic changes in blood pressure over time. Currently, an ISO 81060–3 standard is being developed to validate cuffless devices but due to the heterogenous technologies used by cuffless manufacturers there are major challenges. For this and other reasons, the European Society of Hypertension has released a consensus statement that due to fundamental questions regarding the accuracy, performance and implementation of cuffless devices in practice, these devices cannot be recommended for clinical use, while recognising the considering potential.

Validation of the AASLD recommendations for classification of oesophageal varices in clinical practice.

The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommends the use of a 2-grade classification system (small and large) to describe the size of oesophageal varices (OV). Data on observer agreement (OA) on this system are currently lacking. We aimed to evaluate this classification and compare it to the widely used 3-grade classification (grade 1 'small', grade 2 'medium', grade 3 'large') among operators of variable experience. High-definition video recordings of 100 patients with cirrhosis were prospectively collected using standardised criteria. Nine observers of variable experience performed independent evaluations of the videos in random order. OV were scored using both systems. All assessments were repeated a year later by the same observers to assess intra-observer agreement. Interobserver agreement (all observers) using the 2-grade and the 3-grade system was k=0.71 (95% CI: 0.64-0.78) and k=0.73 (95% CI: 0.66-0.79) respectively. When using the 2-grade system, intra-observer agreement between hepatologists (n=3), luminal gastroenterologists (n=3) and trainee gastroenterologists (n=3) was k=0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.91), k=0.72 (95% CI: 0.67-0.77), and k=0.74 (95% CI: 0.67-0.8) respectively. With the 3-grade system; intra-observer agreement between the same three subgroups were k=0.9 (95% CI: 0.87-0.92), k=0.73 (95% CI: 0.68-0.78), k=0.77 (95% CI: 0.71-0.82) respectively. There was no difference in OA between the 2-grade and 3-grade classification systems. Hepatologists had significantly higher levels of consistency in grading OV. This may have implications to create alternative training models for residents and fellows in the recognition and grading of OV.

Drilling Technique Can Minimize Plunging.

Vibratory and acoustic feedback, drill sharpness, and material density have each been shown to influence the depth of plunging when drilling through bicortical bone. We hypothesized that drilling technique can also influence the depth of plunging. Six subjects of various training levels (PGY1 to 16-year experienced surgeon) were asked to drill through a cortical bone surrogate, third-generation Sawbones tube with similar density and compressive modulus of healthy cortical bone. Using a sharp 4.5-mm drill bit and System 6 drill, each participant drilled 30 holes wearing surgical gloves to mimic tactile feedback and using 3 different techniques (10 holes each). The techniques were single-handed smooth, single-handed bounce, and 2-handed smooth drilling. A 60 frame-per-second high-definition video recorder was placed a standard distance from the model and used to calculate the depth of plunging. Analysis of variance with Fisher PLSD post hoc was used to compare techniques (significance P < 0.05). The average ± SD plunge depths were 13.0 ± 4.2 mm (range 6.2-26.8 mm) for single-handed smooth, 17.2 ± 5.0 mm (range 8.0-28.8 mm) for single-handed bounce, and 10.6 ± 3.5 mm (range 5.8-19.2) for 2-handed smooth techniques. Difference among all 3 groups reached statistical significance. Bounce technique had the greatest average depth and variance. The 2-handed technique demonstrated the least plunge and the lowest variance, indicating the highest degree of control. This study supports the use of a 2-handed technique for drilling when intraoperative circumstances permit.

Modified gopro hero 6 and 7 for intraoperative surgical recording--transformation into a surgeon-perspective professional quality recording system

Background: Recent innovation in wearable action camera with high-definition video recording enables surgeons to use camera for their surgical procedures. In this study, GoPro's latest HERO6 (and 7) Black edition camera was modified step by step to allow for a completely wireless surgeon-perspective recording with both a battery life and memory capacity never previously obtained with such a high level of digital video quality. With our system, a surgeon can record for more than 14 hours and 26 minutes in 1080 pixels at 60 fps without breaking scrub. By modifying the newest generation devices, we have successfully erased all prior shortcomings of the prior generation GoPro cameras for surgical recording. Our modified GoPro HERO 6 camera gave us professional-like recording quality for a total cost inferior to 850 US Dollars. It is of critical importance as the world of video-based surgical training will continue to be a primary area of development in the future, because it represents a novel and effective way for young generations of surgeons to attain technical excellence and knowledge in surgery.

Modified GoPro Hero 6 and 7 for Intraoperative Surgical Recording—Transformation Into a Surgeon-Perspective Professional Quality Recording System

Recent innovations in wearable action cameras with high-definition video recording enable surgeons to use cameras for their surgical procedures. In this study, the GoPro HERO 6 (and 7) Black edition camera was modified step by step to allow for a completely wireless surgeon-perspective recording with a battery life and memory capacity never previously obtained with such a high level of digital video quality. With this system, a surgeon can record for more than 14hours 26minutes in 1,080 pixels at 60 frames per second without breaking scrub and capture the operating surgeon's direct view of the field. By modifying the newest generation of devices, the authors successfully eliminated all shortcomings of the prior generation of GoPro cameras for surgical recording. The modified GoPro HERO6 camera produced professional recording quality for a total cost lower than US$850. This is critically important, because video-based surgical training will continue to be a primary area of development in the future and represents a novel and effective way for young generations of surgeons to attain technical excellence and knowledge in surgery.

High viscous oil–water two–phase flow: experiments &amp; numerical simulations

An experimental study on highly viscous oil-water two-phase flow conducted in a 5.5 m long and 25.4 mm internal diameter (ID) pipeline is presented. Mineral oil with viscosity ranging from 3.5 Pa.s – 5.0 Pa.s and water were used as test fluid for this study. Experiments were conducted for superficial velocities of oil and water ranging from 0.06 to 0.55 m/s and 0.01 m/s to 1.0 m/s respectively. Axial pressure measurements were made from which the pressure gradients were calculated. Flow pattern determination was aided by high definition video recordings. Numerical simulation of experimental flow conditions is performed using a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics code. Results show that at high oil superficial velocities, Core Annular Flow (CAF) is the dominant flow pattern while Oil Plug in Water Flow (OPF) and Dispersed Oil in Water (DOW) flow patterns are dominant high water superficial velocities. Pressure Gradient results showed a general trend of reduction to a minimum as water superficial velocity increases before subsequently increasing on further increasing the superficial water velocity. The CFD results performed well in predicting the flow configurations observed in the experiments.

High-Definition Video Recording: Taking Sport Technology to the Operating Room.

Filming surgeries for teaching purposes, publications, and patient records has become increasingly popular as the systems for digital recording have evolved, becoming high-quality systems, both smaller and lighter. Digital recording allows long-term storage, retrieval, and database organization. In addition, sharing digital contents has also become easier since video sharing sites and social networks make it possible to upload these contents onto the Internet. We describe a simple and economical system for surgeons to record surgeries in high definition under sterile conditions without any interference with the surgeon's line of vision.

The intraosseous have it: A prospective observational study of vascular access success rates in patients in extremis using video review.

Quick and successful vascular access in injured patients arriving in extremis is crucial to enable early resuscitation and rapid OR transport for definitive repair. We hypothesized that intraosseous (IO) access would be faster and have higher success rates than peripheral intravenous (PIV) or central venous catheters (CVCs). High-definition video recordings of resuscitations for all patients undergoing emergency department thoracotomy from April 2016 to July 2017 were reviewed as part of a quality improvement initiative. Demographics, mechanism of injury, access type, access location, start and stop time, and success of each vascular access attempt were recorded. Times to completion for access types (PIV, IO, CVC) were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test adjusted for multiple comparisons, while categorical outcomes, such as success rates by access type, were compared using χ test or Fisher's exact test. Study patients had a median age of 30 years (interquartile range [IQR], 25-38 years), 92% were male, 92% were African American, and 93% sustained penetrating trauma. A total of 145 access attempts in 38 patients occurred (median, 3.8; SD, 1.4 attempts per patient). There was no difference between duration of PIV and IO attempts (0.63; IQR, 0.35-0.96 vs. 0.39 IQR, 0.13-0.65 minutes, adjusted p = 0.03), but both PIV and IO were faster than CVC attempts (3.2; IQR, 1.72-5.23 minutes; adjusted p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Intraosseous lines had higher success rates than PIVs or CVCs (95% vs. 42% vs. 46%, p < 0.001). Access attempts using IO are as fast as PIV attempts but are more than twice as likely to be successful. Attempts at CVC access in patients in extremis have high rates of failure and take a median of over 3 minutes. While IO access may not completely supplant PIVs and CVCs, IO access should be considered as a first-line therapy for trauma patients in extremis. Therapeutic, level III.

Subsea spectral identification of shipwreck objects using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and linear discriminant analysis

Abstract Underwater LIBS is an evolving technology which offers unique advantages over traditional methods, not only do it offers the composition of liquids with high reliability; it also provides the elemental composition of solids with little or no user manipulation. Because of this advantage, LIBS has been used as a tool for inspecting materials in underwater archaeology, where knowledge of the chemical composition may provide valuable clues on the origin of materials in shipwrecks and submerged buildings. This study attempts to provide undersea LIBS instrumentation with the data processing tools intended to make shipwreck inspection surveys easier and faster. The new tool has been designed to sort the readings obtained by a LIBS system when inspecting unknown pieces found in the sea bottom and assign their composition to one of several groups of common materials found in shipwrecks. The tool involves linear discriminant analysis that was first validated in the laboratory with a training set of samples collected from wreckages. Then, the method was used in an underwater survey in the Mediterranean Sea to sort the materials found in a shipwreck. In combination with high-definition video recording, this approach can provide an understanding of the materials and a permanent record of the unknown assets, this eliminating the need for underwater archaeologists to make handwritten notes of individual pieces while surveying shipwrecks.

Feasibility Study of Utilization of Action Camera, GoPro Hero 4, Google Glass, and Panasonic HX-A100 in Spine Surgery.

Study for feasibility of commercially available action cameras in recording video of spine. Recent innovation of the wearable action camera with high-definition video recording enables surgeons to use camera in the operation at ease without high costs. The purpose of this study is to compare the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of commercially available action cameras in recording video of spine surgery. There are early reports of medical professionals using Google Glass throughout the hospital, Panasonic HX-A100 action camera, and GoPro. This study is the first report for spine surgery. Three commercially available cameras were tested: GoPro Hero 4 Silver, Google Glass, and Panasonic HX-A100 action camera. Typical spine surgery was selected for video recording; posterior lumbar laminectomy and fusion. Three cameras were used by one surgeon and video was recorded throughout the operation. The comparison was made on the perspective of human factor, specification, and video quality. The most convenient and lightweight device for wearing and holding throughout the long operation time was Google Glass. The image quality; all devices except Google Glass supported HD format and GoPro has unique 2.7K or 4K resolution. Quality of video resolution was best in GoPro. Field of view, GoPro can adjust point of interest, field of view according to the surgery. Narrow FOV option was the best for recording in GoPro to share the video clip. Google Glass has potentials by using application programs. Connectivity such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enables video streaming for audience, but only Google Glass has two-way communication feature in device. Action cameras have the potential to improve patient safety, operator comfort, and procedure efficiency in the field of spinal surgery and broadcasting a surgery with development of the device and applied program in the future. N/A.

Quantification of the thermal hazard from metallic and organic dust flash fires

An in-house constructed nominally 20-L flash fire apparatus was used to evaluate and compare the flash fires fueled by an organic dust (non-dairy coffee creamer) a metal dust (aluminum) and a flammable gas (methane). Dispersion was achieved using an injection system similar to the injection systems found in standard Siwek 20-L combustion chambers and a 10-J spark igniter was used to ignite the fuels. A heat flux gauge, thermocouples, a high-definition video recorder and an infrared wavelength camera were used to evaluate the severity of the flash fires. Multiple concentrations of dusts and a stoichiometric methane mixture were tested. All measurement methods showed reasonable agreement when ranking the severity of different deflagrations, but thermocouple and heat flux gauge measurements were sensitive to the position of the flame relative to the sensors, leading to some inconsistency. Analysis of IR measurements taken at 30 Hz provided fireball dimensions, growth rates, and relative temperatures for dust-fueled deflagration, but were unable to accurately assess the high-turbulence premixed methane flash fires due to the high flame speeds and 30 frames per second limitation. The IR camera was also limited to a maximum temperature of 1200 °C, which is inadequate for the temperature of some metal dust deflagrations, including aluminum and requires adjustment of the material emissivity, which would require additional analysis and testing. Measurement strategies for a next-generation flash fire testing apparatus are proposed based on the results of this study.

The effectiveness of continuous intravitreal adrenaline as mydriatic adjuvant on pars plana vitrectomy in diabetic patient, a randomized clinical trial

IntroductionDilated pupil is an important factor for good visualization during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Despite its side effects, intravitreal adrenaline has been used to maintain pupil dilation. ObjectiveTo assess the effect of intravitreal adrenaline infusion on pupil dilation in patients with diabetic retinopathy undergoing PPV. MethodsThis study included 30 eyes of 30 patients with progressive diabetic retinopathy underwent PPV. Pupils of all eyes were dilated by topical application of a combination of 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine, and eyes were randomized 1:1 to continuous intravitreous infusion of adrenaline (0.5mg/500ml in balanced salt solution) or vehicle control. Surgical procedures were recorded with a high definition video recorder. Normalized pupillary area (NPA) was measured on recorded images before and at the end of surgery. ResultsPost-operative NPA differed significantly between the two groups (p=0.04). By contrast, pre-operative NPA (p=0.81) and changes in NPA (p=0.17) did not. ConclusionIntravitreal infusion of adrenaline did not have a significant effect on pupil dilation, compared with non-adrenaline, in patients with diabetic retinopathy undergoing PPV.

PWE-078 Magnification Endoscopy with I-Scan Imaging and Acetic Acid Chromoendoscopy in Barrett’s Oesophagus Improves Neoplasia Detection

Introduction Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) is the pre-cursor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic surveillance is performed in BE patients to detect dysplasia as an early treatment target. Current surveillance relies on random quadrantic biopsies every 1–2 cm through the BE with targeted biopsies for areas of suspicion. This strategy samples less than 5% of the BE mucosa. We present a novel endoscopic classification system utilising magnification chromo-endoscopy with i-Scan (PENTAX HOYA, Japan) image enhancement technology and acetic acid to improve dysplasia recognition in BE. Methods High definition (HD) video recordings of suspicious lesions were collected from patients with non-dysplastic (ND-BE) and dysplastic (D-BE) BE undergoing endoscopy at a high volume tertiary centre. Lesions were recorded with magnification endoscopy in all i-Scan modes both before and after application of 2% acetic acid (ACA) before sampling with biopsy forceps or endoscopic mucosal resection to confirm the histological diagnosis. Six expert endoscopists scored videos using a previously validated mucosal (M) and vascular (V) classification system. Normal mucosa was defined as regular circular or villous pits (M1) and abnormal mucosa defined as distorted or irregular pits or featureless mucosa (M2). Normal vascular pattern was defined as regular and uniform vessels (V1) and abnormal vascular pattern was defined as irregular, dilated corkscrew vessels (V2). Dysplasia was classified if the lesion was felt to be either M2 or V2. Results 63 lesions (36 D-BE, 27 ND-BE) were recorded (30 before ACA and 33 after ACA) for analysis. Experts’ average accuracy for dysplasia prediction was 67.8% pre ACA and 75.9% after ACA (p = 0.01). ACA improved the sensitivity of our novel classification system for neoplasia detection from 81% to 88% (p = 0.04). Interobserver Kappa values were 0.253 pre ACA and 0.369 after ACA. Conclusion Experts can diagnose D-BE in up to three-quarters of cases using i-Scan magnification endoscopy with acetic acid. ACA improves the sensitivity of diagnosing D-BE. The novel classification system for BE neoplasia has fair agreement between expert endoscopists. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

V7-04 MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL BLADDER EXSTROPHY CONSORTIUM: TECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION OF DISTAL EPISPADIAS REPAIR IN A BOY

You have accessJournal of UrologyPediatrics1 Apr 2016V7-04 MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL BLADDER EXSTROPHY CONSORTIUM: TECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION OF DISTAL EPISPADIAS REPAIR IN A BOY John Ward, David Chu, Jason Van Batavia, Aseem Shukla, Dana Weiss, Joseph Borer, Evalynn Vasquez, John Kryger, Travis Groth, Michael Mitchell, and Douglas Canning John WardJohn Ward More articles by this author , David ChuDavid Chu More articles by this author , Jason Van BataviaJason Van Batavia More articles by this author , Aseem ShuklaAseem Shukla More articles by this author , Dana WeissDana Weiss More articles by this author , Joseph BorerJoseph Borer More articles by this author , Evalynn VasquezEvalynn Vasquez More articles by this author , John KrygerJohn Kryger More articles by this author , Travis GrothTravis Groth More articles by this author , Michael MitchellMichael Mitchell More articles by this author , and Douglas CanningDouglas Canning More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.561AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Distal male epispadias is a relatively rare entity in the spectrum of exstrophy-epispadias complex. We present a video of a recent distal male epispadias repair that includes skin closure with a rotational skin flap as described by Salle. Preoperative videourodynamics had demonstrated a marginally continent bladder neck, but otherwise normal bladder function. METHODS Technique was male epispadias repair without osteotomy performed at 9 months of life. No pelvic diastasis was present. High-definition video recording was used for real-time local and remote observation and future teaching, analysis, and review as part of the Multi-Institutional Bladder Exstrophy Consortium (MIBEC). RESULTS Our video demonstrates the repair of a mid-shaft distal male epispadias. The penis was initially degloved with a dorsal incision that circumscribes the urethral plate. The corpus spongiosum was then carefully separated off the corpora cavernosal bodies ventrally before moving dorsally. The proximal extent of dissection was the penopubic junction. The corpus spongiosum with dorsal urethral plate was isolated on a vessel loop. Distally, glans wings were made. The glans was never completely disassembled from the corpora cavernosal bodies. A urethroplasty was performed over an 8F urethral stent, and then replaced with a 6F stent that was sutured in place. Next, the neo-urethra and neo-meatus were advanced distally and the urethral plate situated more ventrally. Glansplasty was performed followed by reapproximation of corpora cavernosal bodies dorsally over the urethra without significant medial rotation. Finally, a ventral transverse island penile shaft skin flap was rotated 270 degrees counterclockwise around the penis using the technique of Salle to form a lateral-lying suture line. Three months later the meatus appeared orthotopic and the repair had healed well, with the exception of a small noticeable scar at the location of the suture line of the Salle skin flap (Figure 1). CONCLUSIONS Distal male epispadias repair can be performed effectively in the setting of MIBEC. High-quality video recording of such rare repairs can aid in future teaching and review. The Salle skin closure offers promise to avoid a dorsal penile shaft scar but requires long-term outcomes. © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e723 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information John Ward More articles by this author David Chu More articles by this author Jason Van Batavia More articles by this author Aseem Shukla More articles by this author Dana Weiss More articles by this author Joseph Borer More articles by this author Evalynn Vasquez More articles by this author John Kryger More articles by this author Travis Groth More articles by this author Michael Mitchell More articles by this author Douglas Canning More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Reduced Detection of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in an Inner Harbour Channel During Pile Driving Activities

There is limited information on the impacts of anthropogenic noise on dolphin behaviour, making assessment and mitigation of impacts from anthropogenic noises difficult. As the use of echolocation and other vocalizations are of vital importance for cetaceans, it is important to better understand the potential impact of anthropogenic acoustic disturbance. The small Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) community that inhabits the Fremantle Inner Harbour regularly travels through an area where impact and vibratory pile driving occurred during wharf upgrading. The overall aim of this study was to measure the noise energy created by pile driving associated with wharf construction activities in the Fremantle Inner Harbour and to determine whether the reduced detection of dolphins within the vicinity of the wharf was associated with pile driving activities. Measuring noise was accomplished with noise loggers and a hand-held digital acoustic recorder, under water, allowing identification of signals produced by impact and vibratory pile drivers and calculating the energy of recorded noise. Dolphin detections in the Inner Harbour were conducted by examination of high-definition video recordings. The association of pile driving and dolphin detections was assessed using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs), using observations before and during pile driving. The final model indicated that there was a difference in detections between the two treatments, with more dolphin detections observed when there was no pile driving activity taking place (mean = 0.26 +/- 0.03 SE) than during pile driving (mean = 0.18 +/- 0.04 SE). Knowledge generated by this study on the impact of noise on bottlenose dolphins improves the scientific basis for managing

Orthotic Insoles Show no Acute Effects on Knee Kinematics during Pedaling in Experienced Cyclists

Orthotic insoles have the potential to change knee kinematics in cyclists by modifying the angle at which force is transferred from the rider’s foot to the pedal. Adjusting knee kinematics may positively affect pain and performance in road cyclists; however, there is a paucity of controlled research examining this question. PURPOSE: To determine if the use of orthotic insoles in cycling shoes would alter the pedaling mechanics of nine healthy, experienced, male cyclists (age: 32±6.3 y; height: 1.78±0.06 m; weight: 83.6±11.9kg) and to examine if the insole that allowed the lowest level of lateral knee movement would be related to the rider’s arch height and would produce the greatest improvements in knee kinematics. METHODS: The cyclists were evaluated during four VO2max tests, using four different insole conditions (flat [no insole], low, medium, and high arch support) in a random order. High-definition video recordings were used to measure lateral knee movement. Tests were performed at least 48 hours apart to control the levels of fatigue. RESULTS: The non-flat insole that resulted in the lowest level of lateral knee movement was identified for each leg. Spearman rank-order correlations showed no relationship between arch height and this “best fit” insole. Because the best fit insole was not the same between feet for most participants, general linear mixed models were run two ways, with the best insole for the dominant leg and non-dominant leg identified as the overall “best fit” insoles. For the dominant leg, best fit insoles produced significantly less knee movement (5.23±.34cm) than high (6.04±.36cm; p=.015) or medium (6.54±.39cm; p=.001) levels of arch support. CONCLUSION: These findings imply that orthotic insoles may alter pedaling mechanics, but appear to offer no benefit over riding without insoles and may actually be detrimental at greater insole heights.

The expert and the machine

In this essay, the role of human expertise in the face of technological advance is discussed. There are many examples of technology that have become sufficiently advanced that the previous need to develop expert-level skills before being able to perform at a high level is either vastly reduced or eliminated. For instance, digital cameras can create sharp, beautiful photos with essentially zero technical skill, and high-definition video recordings are available on smartphones and iPads. The question is not only whether these technologies eliminate the need for expertise (thus substituting engineering for expertise) but also if in doing so they foster the development of new types of creative expertise (such as an ability to use photography as part of a social media strategy, for instance). The article concludes by arguing that machines contribute to an increasingly capable constellation of people and machines, which together allow more people to develop their talents into expressions of creative expertise.

Roughness measurement by laser profiler and acoustic scattering strength of a sandy bottom

The roughness of a sandy seabed off Panama City, FL, was measured with a laser profiler. This was the site of the target and reverberation experiment of 2013 (TREX13) in which propagation loss and reverberation strength were measured. The area may be characterized as having small scale roughness due to bioturbation overlaying larger sand ripples due to current activity. The area was largely composed of sand with shell hash crossed by ribbons of softer sediment at regular intervals. The roughness measurements were concentrated in the areas where the ribbons intersected the designated sound propagation track. Laser lines projected on the sand were imaged by a high-definition video recorder. The video images were processed to yield bottom profiles in three dimensions. Finally, the roughness data are used to estimate acoustic bottom scattering strength. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research, Ocean Acoustics Program.]

Use of eyewear for high definition video recording in surgical training

u p he requirement of the European Working Time Directive EWTR) that operating time for trainees should be reduced as highlighted the need to maximise the educational benets from every encounter.1 The ability to video procedures rom the operator’s perspective offers a unique opportunity or in-depth analysis of surgical performance, and provides bjective feedback that can then be used for appraisal and ssessment. The use of head-mounted cameras is not new, but the quipment used previously tended to be rather cumbersome nd expensive.2 Modern small digital video recorders can ow be incorporated into spectacle frames with increased efinition. We have used the Sunnycam® (Nemesis GB Ltd, orcester, UK) high definition (HD) video recording sunlasses (with the patient’s consent) to record operations for eaching and training purposes (Fig. 1). The sunglasses are nexpensive, lightweight, and cable-free during use. An addiional benefit is that the clear wraparound lenses also protect he eyes. The rechargeable battery and SD (secure digital) emory card are incorporated into the arms of the glasses, nd the camera is on the bridge of the nose. We have used he glasses to record procedures in theatre, as well as in utpatients.3 The camera, which can autofocus and accomodate for any changes in light levels, is capable of recording