High Definition Multimedia Interface Research Articles

Heads-up 3-Dimensional Visualization to Enhance Video Endoscopy During Vitreoretinal Surgery

Purpose: To describe 2 cases in which video endoscopy was combined with heads-up 3-dimensional (3D) visualization. Methods: The imaging modalities of the heads-up 3D visualization system and video endoscopy were combined by converting the endoscope’s S-Video output into a high-definition multimedia interface. The technique was used in 2 cases that included lens dislocation and endophthalmitis. Results: In the 2 cases, the heads-up split-screen view simplified the surgical setup. Simultaneously viewing the endoscopic image and widefield 3D image anecdotally appeared to improve ergonomics, help keep the probe oriented, and assist in guiding surgical movements endoscopically. Conclusions: These cases show the advantages of a heads-up 3D system to simultaneously view endoscopic and widefield images during ophthalmic endoscopy in vitreoretinal surgery.

Reconfigurable low-density decoder for multi-level wireless local area networks

Formulation of the problem. With the rapid development of multimedia equipment and the development of technology, ultra-high-quality equipment with a resolution of 3840 ×2160 (4K2K) pixels, such as ultra-high definition television projectors (UHDTV), has been developed. Most devices use high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) lines as transmission media, which are expensive and have length limitations; therefore, wireless transmission is an ideal solution. Devices for augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR), mirroring mobile device screens, etc. also, as a rule, wireless transmission is used. Thus, wireless data transmission with a frequency of 60 GHz plays an important role in the era of the fifth generation (5G), where special attention is paid to high transmission speed, large data volume and low latency. Purpose. Development of a reconfigurable low-density parity decoder architecture with suitable hardware for IEEE 802.15.3c, 802.11g and 802.11ay standards. Practical significance. The reconfigurable Low-Density Parity Decoder (LDPC) is designed with suitable hardware for use in three 60 GHz wireless transmission standards: IEEE 802.15.3c, 802.11g and 802.11ay. This architecture flexibly supports 12 types of parity check matrices. The switching network uses an architecture that allows universal switching between different inputs and provides low hardware complexity. The control node block uses a switchable reconfigurable 8/16/32 structure to match different string weights at different encoding rates and uses a minimum sum algorithm to simplify the procedure for finding the minimum value.

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2023

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2023

A novel and practical method to add video monitoring to tilt table testing.

We describe a novel, practical, and inexpensive method to add video recording during tilt table testing (TTT): Open-Access-Video-TTT. The Open-Access-Video-TTT set-up uses a personal computer (PC) to capture screen video data from a non-invasive-beat-to-beat (NIBTB) haemodynamic blood pressure (BP) device, combined with video recording of a patient, using Open Broadcaster Software (OBS®). The new Open-Access-Video-TTT set up was tested with both the Finometer (model Finapres Nova®, Medical Systems, the Netherlands) and the Task Force® Touch Cardio monitor (CNSystems, Austria). For this, the Finapres Nova® was enabled in 'remote' mode and Real Video Network Computing (RealVNC®) was installed on the PC/laptop. The Task Force® has a DisplayPort (DP) port, for which a DP/ high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cable and a video capture card is used to merge the signals to the PC/laptop. With this method the combined images are stored as a new video signal. TTT can be performed with any routine protocol. Open Access-Video-TTT worked well for both the Finapres NOVA® and the Task Force Monitor ®. This novel method can be used easily by all physicians who wish to add video recording during TTT who do not have access to an electroencephalogram machine.

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in HDMI Splitter Selection Using Complex Proportional Assessment Method

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) technology is used for devices such as HDTVs, Projectors, and DVD players. One HDMI cable can only connect one device, even though, when needed, one computer or laptop can be displayed on several televisions or projectors using HDMI Splitter. HDMI Splitter is an accessory that displays content on multiple screens. HDMI Splitter has been circulated with various brands that offer different capabilities and specifications. Therefore, Therefore, thorough consideration is needed in choosing the right HDMI Splitter. This study aims to build a decision support system with the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach using Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS). The COPRAS method solves the selection problem by calculating the utility level of alternatives, which shows the extent to which an alternative is better or worse than other alternatives through a comparison process. Based on existing studies, the utility values of each alternative were obtained, namely: Robot HDMI Splitter producing a value of 53.73%, Vention HDMI Splitter producing a value of 65.63%, Bafo HDMI Splitter producing a value of 97.13, and PX HDMI Splitter producing a value of 100%. Hence, based on testing through the black box, the best alternative is PX HDMI Splitter.

Virtual Bronchoscopy-Guided Transbronchial Biopsy Simulation Using a Head-Mounted Display: A New Style of Flexible Bronchoscopy.

Background/need. The increases in reference images and information during bronchoscopy using virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) and fluoroscopy has potentially created the need for support using a head-mounted display (HMD) because bronchoscopists feel difficulty to see displays that are at a distance from them and turn their head and body in various directions. Methodology and device description. The binocular see-through Moverio BT-35E Smart Glasses can be connected via a high-definition multimedia interface and have a 720p high-definition display. We developed a system that converts fluoroscopic (live and reference), VBN, and bronchoscopic image signals through a converter and references them using the Moverio BT-35E. Preliminary results. We performed a virtual bronchoscopy-guided transbronchial biopsy simulation using the system. Four experienced pulmonologists performed a simulated bronchoscopy of 5 cases each with the Moverio BT-35E glasses, using bronchoscopy training model. For all procedures, the bronchoscope was advanced successfully into the target bronchus according to the VBN image. None of the operators reported eye or body fatigue during or after the procedure. Current status. This small-scale simulation study suggests the feasibility of using a HMD during bronchoscopy. For clinical use, it is necessary to evaluate the safety and usefulness of the system in larger clinical trials in the future.

Reconstruction of Video Information Through Leakaged Electromagnetic Waves From Two VDUs Using a Narrow Band-Pass Filter

This paper proposes a method to reconstruct an original video display from electromagnetic leakage by using the characteristics of digital video interfaces (e.g., digital visual interface (DVI) and high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI)). Moreover, it is proven that the analysis is applicable through a very narrow multiband pass filter when multiple video display units (VDUs) with identical video properties (resolution, refresh rate, etc.) are placed together and emanate simultaneously. The proposed method is verified with our reconstruction system and is expected to contribute to improving the security of video display signals by raising awareness regarding information leakage risks.

Low-Cost Endoscope Camera System for Neurosurgical Cadaveric Laboratory Dissections

Many training institutions in low-income countries do not have the resources to purchase and maintain a clinical-grade endoscopy tower dedicated to the laboratory. This project aimed to create a low-cost endoscope camera system using online-sourced materials to allow the operators to practice endoscopic surgical techniques in a cadaver laboratory setting. A low-cost endoscope system was created using a 34MP camera with recording capabilities and direct streaming to high-definition multimedia interface in full high resolution, with an adjustable focal length coupler and a light-emitting diode light source. The system cost was $443, as the endoscope and the monitor were already in the laboratory. The system was successfully employed to practice endoscopic dissections in 3 cadaveric specimens with good visualization of relevant structures. This article demonstrated how to produce a low-cost endoscope camera system for laboratory training in neuroendoscopy.

Do-It-Yourself Augmented Reality Heads-Up Display (DIY AR-HUD): A Technical Note.

We present a "Do-It-Yourself" method to build an affordable augmented reality heads-up display system (AR-HUD) capable of displaying intraoperative images. All components are commercially available products, which the surgeons may use in their own practice for educational and research purposes. Moverio BT 35-E smart glasses were connected to operating room imaging modalities (ie, fluoroscopy and 3D navigation platforms) via a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) converter, allowing for continuous high-definition video transmission. The addition of an HDMI transmitter-receiver makes the AR-HUD system wireless. We used our AR-HUD system in 3 patients undergoing instrumented spinal fusion. AR-HUD projected fluoroscopy images onto the surgical field, eliminating shift of surgeon focus and procedure interruption, with only a 40- to 100-ms delay in transmission, which was not clinically impactful. An affordable AR-HUD capable of displaying real-time information into the surgeon's view can be easily designed, built, and tested in surgical practice. As wearable heads-up display technology continues to evolve rapidly, individual components presented here may be substituted to improve its functionality and usability. Surgeons are in a unique position to conduct clinical testing in the operating room environment to optimize the augmented reality system for surgical use.

Visual-Feedback-Based Frame-by-Frame Synchronization for 3000 fps Projector–Camera Visual Light Communication

This paper proposes a novel method for synchronizing a high frame-rate (HFR) camera with an HFR projector, using a visual feedback-based synchronization algorithm for streaming video sequences in real time on a visible-light communication (VLC)-based system. The frame rates of the camera and projector are equal, and their phases are synchronized. A visual feedback-based synchronization algorithm is used to mitigate the complexities and stabilization issues of wire-based triggering for long-distance systems. The HFR projector projects a binary pattern modulated at 3000 fps. The HFR camera system operates at 3000 fps, which can capture and generate a delay signal to be given to the next camera clock cycle so that it matches the phase of the HFR projector. To test the synchronization performance, we used an HFR projector–camera-based VLC system in which the proposed synchronization algorithm provides maximum bandwidth utilization for the high-throughput transmission ability of the system and reduces data redundancy efficiently. The transmitter of the VLC system encodes the input video sequence into gray code, which is projected via high-definition multimedia interface streaming in the form of binary images 590 × 1060. At the receiver, a monochrome HFR camera can simultaneously capture and decode 12-bit 512 × 512 images in real time and reconstruct a color video sequence at 60 fps. The efficiency of the visual feedback-based synchronization algorithm is evaluated by streaming offline and live video sequences, using a VLC system with single and dual projectors, providing a multiple-projector-based system. The results show that the 3000 fps camera was successfully synchronized with a 3000 fps single-projector and a 1500 fps dual-projector system. It was confirmed that the synchronization algorithm can also be applied to VLC systems, autonomous vehicles, and surveillance applications.

Detection of compromising radiation from modern data transfer interfaces using the example of high definition multimedia interface

Recently the technical channel of information leakage from electromagnetic emanation more and more interesting for specialists in the field of information security. At the same time, new versions of data transfer interfaces are being developed, that quickly distribute around the world. The use methods to detecting informative frequencies are based on the principles of operation of old data transfer interfaces, consider only the harmonics of the signal, excluding information about its type and interfaces that transmit information to. Accordingly, these methods to detecting informative frequencies of modern data transfer interfaces, such as high definition multimedia interface, do not reflect the completeness and may contain errors, which negatively affects the measurement stage. The article suggests a method to detecting informative signals of compromising emanation from modern data transmission interfaces, such as high definition multimedia interface, using an anechoic chamber, special test program and control program for measuring equipment. The proposed method will be useful both for educational purposes and for beginners in the field of technical information security.

Development and Initial Results of a Brain PET Insert for Simultaneous 7-Tesla PET/MRI Using an FPGA-Only Signal Digitization Method.

In study, we developed a positron emission tomography (PET) insert for simultaneous brain imaging within 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanners. The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detectors. The PET scanner features a 16.7-cm-long axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide entire human brain images without bed movement. The PET scanner early digitizes a large number of block detector signals at a front-end data acquisition (DAQ) board using a novel field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-only signal digitization method. All the digitized PET data from the front-end DAQ boards are transferred using gigabit transceivers via non-magnetic high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cables. A back-end DAQ system provides a common clock and synchronization signal for FPGAs over the HDMI cables. An active cooling system using copper heat pipes is applied for thermal regulation. All the 2.17-mm-pitch crystals with two-layer DOI information were clearly identified in the block detectors, exhibiting a system-level energy resolution of 12.6%. The PET scanner yielded clear hot-rod and Hoffman brain phantom images and demonstrated 3D PET imaging capability without bed movement. We also performed a pilot simultaneous PET/MR imaging study of a brain phantom. The PET scanner achieved a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm at the center FOV (NU 4) and a sensitivity of 18.9 kcps/MBq (NU 2) and 6.19% (NU 4) in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards.

Multimedia Encrypted Experiment of Reconfigurable Wavelength Hopping Protection against Eavesdroppers over a Wireless Wavelength Division Multiplexing Network

To enhance the video transmission security of a physical layer over wireless optical communication, an optical switch configured in front of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) router is proposed for implementing reconfigurable wavelength hopping configuration over a wavelength division multiplexing network for protection against eavesdropping. In the practical experiment of an AWG/optical-switch-based random wavelength hopping scheme, a simulated pseudorandom noise generator algorithm was designed and embedded into a master‐slave microprocessor (e.g., Arduino chips) to generate a time series of electrical signals for triggering an optical switch. The path of the optical switch was randomly varied to change the space transmission of the AWG router. Therefore, varying wavelengths were assigned as the carriers of authorized users to realize the AWG/optical-switch-based wavelength hopping scheme. An optical spectrum analyzer and an oscilloscope were used for monitoring measurement. The experimental results indicated that eavesdroppers cannot accurately interpret analog, digital, audio, and uncompressed high-definition multimedia interface signals of 10 MHz, 1 MHz, 3.125 MHz (encoded into 6.25 MHz), and 1.485 GHz, respectively. According to the experimental results, authorized and unauthorized users are characterized by a large difference in the retrieved energy signal, which ensures the safety and privacy of the proposed AWG/optical-switch-based reconfigurable wavelength hopping scheme over a wireless optical communication network.

HDMI-Watch: Smart Intrusion Detection System Against HDMI Attacks

The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the backbone and the de-facto standard for Audio/Video connections between video-enabled devices. Today, nearly ten billion HDMI devices are used to distribute A/V signals in homes, offices, concert halls, and sporting events. An important component in HDMI is the Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) protocol, which allows HDMI devices to share an HDMI distribution to communicate and interact with each other. In this work, we identify security and privacy issues in HDMI networks by taping into CEC protocol vulnerabilities, using them to implement realistic proof-of-work attacks on HDMI distribution networks. We study how current insecure CEC protocol practices and carelessly implemented HDMI distributions may grant an adversary a novel attack surface for HDMI devices, otherwise thought to be unreachable through traditional network means. We first present HDMI-Walk , a novel attack vector, that can be used by an attacker to gain arbitrary control of HDMI devices and perform malicious analysis of devices, eavesdropping, Denial-of-Service attacks, targeted device attacks, and even facilitate other well-known existing attacks through HDMI. To defend against these new HDMI-based threats on a smart network system, we further propose HDMI-Watch, a novel intrusion detection system to detect unexpected CEC-based activity within an HDMI distribution. HDMI-Watch operates as a standalone smart intrusion detection framework within an HDMI distribution, passively monitoring and thus imposing no additional overhead to CEC communication. To test HDMI-Watch 's performance, we evaluated our system in a realistic HDMI testbed with a variety of consumer HDMI-enabled devices. Our extensive evaluation results show that the proposed system achieves an average 98% accuracy in classifying unexpected CEC behavior and identifies attacks occurring without any form of modification required to existing devices in an HDMI distribution.

Differential Signaling Compromises Video Information Security Through AM and FM Leakage Emissions

Video display units (VDUs) using differential signaling technology significantly increase the risk of compromising video information security through leakage emissions. This article shows that differential signaling cables act as substantial video leakage sources. A concept is proposed that explains the video leakage principles of VDUs using differential signal cables such as the high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cable, digital visual interface (DVI) cable, and the low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) cable. The emanations of the LVDS cable are closely examined by measuring simultaneously the differential video signal on the LVDS lines and its near- and far-field leakage emissions. From these measurements, several conclusions are drawn that give new insights into the video eavesdropping risk of VDUs using differential signaling methods. Furthermore, a novel video image reconstruction method is proposed that exploits the compromising emanations of a VDU by using frequency demodulation techniques. This article shows that leaked video emanations of VDUs using differential signaling cables are not only amplitude modulated (AM) but also frequency modulated (FM). This strongly implies that the possible algorithmic toolset of malicious video eavesdroppers is much larger than currently assumed. This article investigates several VDU setups at a distance of 10 m, including an ultrahigh-definition video display, three different HDMI cables and two notebooks. Additionally, the AM-based and FM-based video image reconstruction results are discussed and compared.

Quantifying and Ranking Quality for Acquired Recordings on Digital Video Recorders.

As the closed-circuit television (CCTV) security industry transitioned from analog media to digital video recorders (DVRs) with digital storage, the law enforcement community struggled with the means with which to collect the recordings. New guidelines needed to be established to determine the collection method which would be efficient as well as provide the best quality evidence from live DVRs. A test design was developed to measure, quantify, and rank the quality of acquisition methods used on live systems from DVRs typically used in digital CCTV systems. The purpose was to determine guidelines for acquiring the best quality video for investigative purposes. A test pattern which provided multiple quantifiable metrics for comparison between the methods of acquisition was used. The methods of acquisition included direct data download of the proprietary file and open file format as well as recording the video playback from the DVR via the available display monitor connections including the composite video, Video Graphics Array (VGA), and high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI). While some acquisition methods may provide the best quality evidence, other methods of acquisition are not to be discounted depending on the situation and need for efficiency. As an investigator that needs to retrieve video evidence from live digital CCTV systems, the proprietary file format, overall, provides the best quality evidence. However, depending on the circumstance and as recording technology continues to evolve, options other than the proprietary file format may provide quality that is equal to or greater than the proprietary file format.

Research on Anti-Radiation Noise Interference of High Definition Multimedia Interface Circuit Layout of a Laptop

In this paper, several aspects were studied, including the effect of an electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise interference strategy with High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) 1.4, the analysis of a test on a printed circuit board (PCB) layout, and a comparison of the near field intensity radiation distribution between an EMI with a modified HDMI layout and an original layout. In this study, the near field detection instrument of APREL EM-ISight was employed to analyze the distribution of the strength of an electromagnetic noise field. After the practical validation, we found that the PCB layout complies with the standards after the modifications. Meanwhile, the PCB layout satisfies the requirements of most laptop HDMI-related products for EMI.

Software-Based Video–Audio Production Mixer via an IP Network

Modern television production has promoted the simultaneous use of several cameras and sound sources, which increases the complexity and costs of broadcasting studios. This paper describes the design and implementation of a video-audio production mixer via an IP network. It is presented as a potential replacement for traditional professional production systems on the basis of cost reduction, as it is a software-based system that uses the existing technologies and can be built in community television stations and economic private productions. A prototype combining five cameras, a title generator, a multimedia player, microphone sound, music, and other resources for video recording or Internet live streaming has been implemented. The system also features a voice intercommunication capability to support teamwork. This technology has been mounted using different high-definition cameras with High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) outputs, desktop computers, mobile phones and other non-dedicated equipment available for free or at a low cost. Although it works on non-dedicated hardware, this system provides video routing, sound managing, and audiovisual mixing with an approximate total delay of only 1.4 s. It has been mounted mostly on Linux environments to guarantee reliability and the extensive use of free software, which demonstrates the feasibility of building a cost-effective video-audio production mixer, using the available devices and techniques.

A Fully Synthesizable Ultra-${N}$ Audio Frequency Multiplier for HDMI Applications

This brief develops a highly programmable and fully synthesizable large-N frequency multiplier. It is based on Time-Average-Frequency Direct Period Synthesis (TAF-DPS) and its purpose is to generate audio frequencies in HDMI (high definition multimedia interface) applications in which frequency multiplication ratio is extremely large. The proposed multiplier is a full digital feed-forward frequency control loop. The output frequency is produced by performing a fractional frequency division of the oscillator clock with TAF-DPS. The source of electrical oscillation in the TAF-DPS is a free-running inverter ring that consists of inverters. The novel structure is implemented in a TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process. The implementation is fully digital HDL coding → simulation → synthesis → place & route without any need for analog simulation. The hardware cost is equivalent to 3150 two-input NAND gates. The proposed structure can achieve fast frequency switching within two input reference clock cycles. The multiplication ratio is evaluated experimentally to be as high as 106 with an input signal of 50 Hz; this is the largest ratio and lowest input frequency to be reported to the best of our knowledge. Besides generating an audio clock for HDMI applications, this frequency multiplier is very suitable for frequency measurements and system-on-a-chip applications.

LG DISPLAY DOUBLES DOWN ON OLED

LG DISPLAY DOUBLES DOWN ON OLED