High Content Of Α-linolenic Acid Research Articles

Extraction and Purification of Kiwifruit Seed Oil Using Three-Phase Partitioning: An Efficient and Value-Adding Method for Agro-Industrial Residue Utilization

Kiwifruit seeds are usually discarded as waste in the kiwifruit processing industry. However, kiwifruit seeds are rich in oil, which implies their value as a potential resource. Therefore, three-phase partitioning (TPP) using ammonium sulfate and n-butanol has been developed to extract kiwifruit seed oil (KSO) from discarded kiwifruit seeds. The factors influencing the extraction process have been investigated. The highest extraction yield of 36.06% for KSO was obtained under the following conditions: an extraction time of 18 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 4:1, an amount of ammonium sulfate of 28.5 wt%, and a phase ratio (top phase/bottom phase) of 1/1. The composition of obtained KSO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the results indicated the high content of α-linolenic acid. This simple and low-cost method can be used as an efficient approach for utilizing the value of kiwifruit seeds.

Beneficial Effects of Dietary Flaxseed Oil through Inflammation Pathways and Gut Microbiota in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Flaxseed oil (FO) has displayed potential anti-diabetes properties by providing a high content of α-linolenic acid. However, the effects and mechanisms of FO on type 1 diabetes are still unclear. The present study aims to explore the effects of different doses of FO feeding on hepatic inflammation and gut microbiota in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Forty-eight six-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided into a control group (CON), a diabetic group (MOD), a diabetes with 7.0% w/w FO feeding group (FO-L), and a diabetes with 10.5% w/w FO feeding group (FO-H) for six weeks. The 7.0% w/w and 10.5% w/w FO feeding groups exhibited potential recovery of the number and size of pancreas tissues. The fasting blood glucose level was significantly decreased only after 4 weeks of feeding with 10.5% w/w FO in diabetic mice. The 10.5% w/w FO feeding group significantly decreased the postprandial blood glucose level of mice in the OGTT test. Hepatic glycogen levels were dramatically upregulated in the mice fed with both 7.0% w/w and 10.5% w/w FO. FO feeding significantly attenuated hepatic LPS, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. In addition, we observed that 7.0% w/w and 10.5% w/w FO feedings notably downregulated hepatic gene and protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and P65. Furthermore, only 10.5% FO regulated fecal microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum, Lactococcus family, and Muribaculaceae and Streptococcaceae family and genus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Therefore, we conclude that FO feeding plays a role in anti-inflammation via the regulation of hepatic LPS/TLR4/MyD88 pathways and gut microbiota. In addition, different doses of FO supplementation may exhibit varying mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced mice.

The chromosome-level genome of Eucommia ulmoides provides insights into sex differentiation and α-linolenic acid biosynthesis.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a typical dioecious plant endemic to China that has great medicinal and economic value. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level female genome of E. ulmoides obtained by PacBio and Hi-C technologies. The size of the female genome assembly was 1.01 Gb with 17 pseudochromosomes and 31,665 protein coding genes. In addition, Hi-C technology was used to reassemble the male genome released in 2018. The reassembled male genome was 1.24 Gb with the superscaffold N50 (48.30 Mb), which was increased 25.69 times, and the number of predicted genes increased by 11,266. Genome evolution analysis indicated that E. ulmoides has undergone two whole-genome duplication events before the divergence of female and male, including core eudicot γ whole-genome triplication event (γ-WGT) and a recent whole genome duplication (WGD) at approximately 27.3 million years ago (Mya). Based on transcriptome analysis, EuAP3 and EuAG may be the key genes involved in regulating the sex differentiation of E. ulmoides. Pathway analysis showed that the high expression of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase coding gene EU0103017 was an important reason for the high α-linolenic acid content in E. ulmoides. The genome of female and male E. ulmoides presented here is a valuable resource for the molecular biological study of sex differentiation of E. ulmoides and also will provide assistance for the breeding of superior varieties.

Genetic Diversity of Korean Black Soybean (Glycine max L.) Germplasms with Green Cotyledons Based on Seed Composition Traits

The demand for black soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with green cotyledons is increasing because of their health benefits. Therefore, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of black soybean germplasms and to develop a new soybean cultivar. This study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity among 469 black soybean germplasms with green cotyledons based on seed composition traits. Twenty seed composition traits were analyzed to conduct correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis, which indicated that black soybean germplasms were divided into four clusters. Black soybean germplasms in cluster 1 had higher crude fat, lutein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents, but lower cyanidin-3-glucoside content than those in clusters 2 and 3. However, germplasms in clusters 2 and 3 had the highest cyanidin-3-glucoside content. Moreover, germplasms in cluster 1 had significantly higher palmitic acid content than those in clusters 2 and 3. Germplasms in clusters 2 and 3 had relatively high α-linolenic acid content. Germplasms in cluster 4 had the highest oleic acid content. This study highlights the genetic diversity of black soybean germplasms with different seed composition traits, and the results of this study can be beneficial for soybean breeding programs, enabling them to develop new black soybean cultivars with green cotyledons and improved seed composition traits.

Fatty acid composition of mayonnaise based on sunflower and linen oil

The study demonstrates the peculiarities of the fatty acid composition of oils and samples of mayonnaise prepared on the basis of these oils. The fatty acid profile of sunflower and linseed oil samples and control and experimental mayonnaise samples was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. It was established that the ratio between PUFAs of the ω-9/ω-6/ω-3 families in the investigated sunflower oil samples is 177 : 553 : 1. This is due to the high content of linoleic and oleic acids. In the studied samples of linseed oil, the content of α-linolenic acid is 52 %, and the content of oleic (ω-9) and linoleic (ω-6) acids is 22.3 and 16.2%, respectively. Therefore, the ratio between ω-9/ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs in the studied samples of linseed oil is 1.4 : 1 : 3.2. It was established that mayonnaise (Control – K), which was prepared on refined sunflower oil with its content of 71.78 %, was characterized by a high content of PUFAs of the ω-6 family and a low content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family. The ratio of PUFAs of the ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 families in this sample of mayonnaise is 1:13:7.3. In the sample of mayonnaise (Experiment – E) with a content of 35.03 % of sunflower and linseed oils, the total content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family is 24.0 %, which is 20.3 % more than in K. Such an increase in the content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family is due to the high content of α-linolenic acid – 23.1 %. The total content of PUFAs of the ω-6 family in mayonnaise E is 33.6 %, which is 16.04 % less than in sample K. The content of PUFAs of the ω-9 family in sample E is not significantly different from that in sample L. The ratio between the content PUFA of the ω-3/ω-6/ω-9 families in sample E is 1:1.4:1.1. Sample E of mayonnaise has a lower total content of saturated fatty acids, which was 14.88 %, compared to 18.26 % in sample K. Thus, replacing 50 % of sunflower oil with linseed oil in the manufacturing process of mayonnaise sample E gives a number of positive advantages compared to sample K, which contains only sunflower oil in its composition. Thus, the total content of PUFAs of the ω-6 family decreases, the total content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family increases, the ratio between the content of PUFAs of the ω-3 / ω-6 / ω-9 families is balanced, the content of saturated fatty acids decreases and, accordingly, the content of unsaturated fatty acids increases. The results of the analysis of the fatty acid composition of mayonnaise sample E allow recommending this emulsion oil-fat product as a functional product due to the high content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family and the balanced ratio between the content of PUFAs of the ω-3 / ω-6 / ω-9 families.

Pseudotargeted Lipidomics Strategy Enabling Comprehensive Profiling and Precise Lipid Structural Elucidation of Polyunsaturated Lipid-Rich Echium Oil.

Echium oil has great nutritional value as a result of its high content of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω-3) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω-3). However, the comprehensive lipid profiling and exact structural characterization of bioactive polyunsaturated lipids in echium oil have not yet been obtained. In this study, we developed a novel pseudotargeted lipidomics strategy for comprehensive profiling and lipid structural elucidation of polyunsaturated lipid-rich echium oil. Our approach integrated untargeted lipidomics analysis with a targeted lipidomics strategy based on Paternò-Büchi (PB)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using 2-acetylpyridine (2-AP) as the reaction reagent, allowing for high-coverage lipid profiling and simultaneous determination of C═C locations in triacylglycerols (TGs), diacylglycerols (DGs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterol esters (SEs) in echium oil. A total of 209 lipid species were profiled, among which 162 unsaturated lipids were identified with C═C location assignment and 42 groups of ω-3 and ω-6 C═C location isomers were discovered. In addition, relative isomer ratios of certain groups of lipid C═C location isomers were revealed. This pseudotargeted lipidomics strategy described in this study is expected to provide new insight into structural characterization of distinctive bioactive lipids in food.

Effects of Different Processing Treatments on Almond (Prunus dulcis) Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, Fatty Acids, and Sensorial Characteristics.

Almond is one of the most commonly consumed nuts worldwide, with health benefits associated with availability of bioactive compounds and fatty acids. Almond is often eaten raw or after some processing steps. However, the latter can positively or negatively influence chemical and sensorial attributes of almonds. This work was carried out to assess the effects of two processing treatments, namely; roasting and blanching on (i) contents of bioactive compounds, (ii) contents of fatty acids (3) antioxidant activities (4), sensorial characteristics of four neglected Portuguese almond cultivars (Casanova, Molar, Pegarinhos and Refêgo) and two foreign cultivars (Ferragnès and Glorieta). Results showed that in general, levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities increased with roasting and decreased with blanching. Fatty acid profiles of raw kernels of all cultivars were generally identical although Refêgo exhibited a high content of α-linolenic acid. Following roasting and blanching, content of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased while saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and several health lipid indices decreased. Roasting positively affected perception of skin color and sweetness of Ferragnès and Glorieta as well as skin roughness of Molar and Pegarinhos. Blanching on the other hand led to positive changes in textural properties of Refêgo and Pegarinhos. This study reveals the nutritive benefits of consuming neglected almond cultivars in Portugal, and the novel data reported here could be of interest to growers, processing companies and consumers.

The anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory effects and sub-chronic toxicological evaluation of perilla seed oil.

Perilla seed oil (PSO) is the main constituent of perilla seeds currently being used in the food industry, however it also has great clinical potential in the regulation of lung function as a nutrition supplement because of the high content of α-linolenic acid (ALA). In this study, the pharmacological activities including anti-tussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory effect of PSO were performed. Furthermore, the 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity with a 30 day recovery period was evaluated in Wistar rats. The pharmacological studies demonstrated that PSO inhibited cough frequency induced by capsaicine in mice. PSO also inhibited the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release from the calcium ionophore A23187-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to some extent. In this sub-chronic toxicity study, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, necropsy, and histopathology were used to evaluate the toxicity of PSO. Lower body weight and various negative impacts on liver related parameters without histopathological lesion were observed in the 16 g kg-1 groups. No clinically significant changes were discovered in the 4 g kg-1 group during the test period. In summary, PSO exhibited anti-tussive and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and in vitro. These sub-chronic toxicity studies inferred that the 'no-observed adverse effect level' (NOAEL) of PSO in Wistar rats was determined to be 4 g kg-1 . These results may provide a safety profile and a valuable reference for the use of PSO. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of breed on meat quality and global acceptance of native lambs and their crosses

International projections point to the growth in global production of sheep meat, mainly from developing countries. However, the exigencies of consumers on characterization of production systems, nutritional information, and sensorial analysis to target the preferences must be answered. The aim of this study was to characterize the meat quality and the global acceptance of Brazilian native ovine breeds and their crosses, and discuss these aspects on the current basis of human health and wellbeing. Three native breeds (Morada Nova, Rabo Largo, and Santa Inês) that were managed in semi-intensive systems and raised in semi-arid Brazilian regions were used. Chemical composition and fatty acid analysis, sensory evaluation and health indices were accessed. The combined effects of breed, sex and breed by sex interaction produced differentiation in meat fatty acid (FA) profiles. The cholesterol contents ranged between 51 and 59.1 mg/100 g. The Morada Nova lambs showed the lowest lipid content (1.93%). The Morada Nova x Rabo Largo crossbreed breed has the potential to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid. The high content of α-linolenic acid, which is considered hypocholesterolemic, was responsible for better health indices. The moderate acceptability obtained in sensory traits is compatible with the requirements of the consumer market. The combination of nutritional and sensory traits associated with human health and wellbeing that is presented by these native ovine breeds qualifies them as a good choice of red meat to be included in a larger proportion in human food.
 Keywords: fatty acids, healthier meat, semi-arid region, sheep

Kinetic, rheological and thermal studies of flaxseed (Linum usitatissiumum L.) oil and its utilization.

In present study kinetic, thermal and rheological characteristics of oil isolated from flaxseed were studied and because of high content of α-linolenic acid (essential omega-3 fatty acid), flaxseed oil was incorporated in muffins by replacing fat/shortening at different levels (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). To evaluate rheological behaviour, the experimental data of flow behaviour for flaxseed oil was fitted to Power law model, consistency index (K) and flow behaviour index (n) and Arrhenius parameters (activation energy and frequency factor) were evaluated. The n value of the oil treated at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C were found between 0.8 to 0.9, which suggested the non-Newtonian fluid behaviour of flaxseed oil. Thermal properties of flaxseed oil was evaluated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The flaxseed oil possessed three endothermic and one shoulder peak. Gas chromatography revealed the fatty acids composition qualitatively and quantitatively and flaxseed oil is dominated by unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated oil was replaced with flaxseed unsaturated fat and results showed that substituting oil with flaxseed fat at level upto 20% produced muffins possessed the better texture, colour, aroma, mouth feel and overall quality score. Practical application: Moderndietlifestyledemandsofhealthynaturalfoodsrepresentachallengeforfoodmanufacturerstoleadtowardsthehealthynewtrends.Fats imparts lubrication, texture, flavour and acceptability therefore used as major ingredients in bakery goods. Fats contains saturated fatty and dietary intake of saturated fatty acids in excess amount leads to many health disorders. Therefore, substitution of saturated fatty acid with PUFAs (omega-3 and omega-6) for the protection against diseases and metabolic disorders may be a solution for healthy and nutritious product development.

Assessment of the Properties of Rapeseed Oil Enriched with Oils Characterized by High Content of α-linolenic Acid

Functional foods include cold-pressed oils, which are a rich source of antioxidants and bioactive n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of rapeseed oils supplemented with Spanish sage and cress oils. Seven oil mixtures consisting of 70% of rapeseed oil and 30% of sage and/or cress oil were prepared for the analyses. The oil mixtures were analyzed to determine their acid value, peroxide value, oxidative stability, and fatty acid composition. In terms of the acid value and the peroxide value, all mixtures met the requirements for cold-pressed vegetable oils. The enrichment of the rapeseed oil with α-linolenic acid-rich fats resulted in a substantially lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 acids in the mixtures than in the rapeseed oil. The mixture of the rapeseed oil with the sage and cress oils in a ratio of 70:10:20 exhibited higher oxidative stability than the raw materials used for enrichment and a nearly 20% α-linolenic acid content. The oils proposed in this study can improve the ratio of n-6:n-3 acids in modern diets. Additionally, mixing the cress seed oils with rapeseed oil and chia oil resulted in a reduction in the content of erucic acid in the finished product. This finding indicates that cress seeds, despite their high content of erucic acid, can be used as food components. The production of products with a positive effect on human health is one of the most important factors in the sustainable development of agriculture.

Dietary chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) improve acute dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis in rats.

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are rich in omega fatty acids. Dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis are diseases that require effective treatments in obese and non-obese patients. The aim was to evaluate the effect of chia intake on acute tyloxapol (TI)-induced dyslipidemia, on acute carbon tetrachloride (TC)-induced steatohepatitis, and on mixed damage (TC+TI) in non-obese rats. Four experimental groups were fed for 4weeks a diet with established rodent food (DE), and four groups were fed a diet with 15% added chia (DC). Plasma samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, biochemical liver damage markers, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Liver samples were used to quantify glycogen, catalase, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α. A histopathological analysis was performed. DC intake partially or totally prevented steatohepatitis, and reduced lipids in the dyslipidemic groups. The hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of chia may be correlated to its high content of α-linolenic acid (omega-3) and phenolics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Metabolic syndrome is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are currently the most common causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for NAFLD and NASH. Non-obese patients may have NAFLD or NASH. Metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia are more strongly associated with NAFLD in non-obese than in obese patients. This is the first study evaluating the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of chia seed intake on acute dyslipidemia and/or steatohepatitis caused by the individual or combined administration of the inducers tyloxapol and carbon tetrachloride, respectively, in non-obese rats. The pharmacological effects of dietary chia are correlated to its high content of omega-3 and omega-6 (1:1), protein, dietary fiber, and phenolics. The results suggest that inclusion of chia in diets of non-obese patients with dyslipidemia and/or NAFLD/NASH may improve their health state and preventing cirrhosis or HCC.

Extraction Process, Identification of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, Sterols and Phenolic Constituents, and Antioxidant Evaluation of Seed Oils from Five Fabaceae Species

The present study aimed to extract seed oils and characterize the chemical composition, including fatty acid profiles, tocopherols, sterols, and total phenolics of oils and extracts from five Fabaceae seeds: Glycine soja, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgarisand, and Phaseolus coccineus. The composition and content of all substance layers in total lipids of the extracted seed oils from five Fabaceae species contain: polar lipid (PL), sterol (ST), diacylglycerol (DG), triacylglycerol (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and hydrocarbon and wax (HC + W). Antioxidant activity determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was also estimated. Among these examined samples, Phaseolus vulgarisand and Phaseolus coccineus seed oils showed high content of α-linolenic acid (59.39% and 49.38%, respectively). Linoleic acid was abundantly found in Vigna angularis (49.01%). Ferunic and caffeic acid, γ-tocopherol, and β-sistosterol were the main ingredients present in the species studied. The V. angularis seed extract displayed significant antioxidant activity.

Bioactive Compounds, Nutritional Quality and Oxidative Stability of Cold-Pressed Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) Oils

In this study, 29 cold-pressed camelina (Camelina sativa L.) oils, pressed from seeds grown in Poland and purchased directly from local producers, were analyzed. The degree of change in the tested oils’ characteristic hydrolytic and oxidative lipid values was determined. Oxidative stability was determined using the Rancimat and PDSC methods. Fatty acid and phytosterol contents were determined by GC-FID, and tocopherols by HPLC. The analyzed oils were characterized by good, but variable, quality, and met the requirements specified for cold-pressed edible oils. Highly desirable fatty acid composition, low SFA content (about 6%), high α-linolenic acid content (34.7–37.1%), and optimal PUFA n-3 to PUFA n-6 ratio (1.79–2.17) were shown. The high nutritional value of camelina oils was confirmed on the basis of high contents of tocopherols (55.8–76.1 mg/100 g), phytosterols (331–442 mg/100 g), and carotenoids (103–198 mg of β-carotene/kg). The optimal nutritional quality indices were as follows: 0.05–0.07 for the atherogenicity index (AI), and 0.1–0.2 for the thrombogenicity index (TI). The significant impact of primary (PV) and total oxidation (TOTOX) of camelina oil on oxidative stability was evaluated using Rancimat and PDSC methods. Both methods were also confirmed to be appropriate for the assessment of the oxidative stability of camelina oils.

INVESTIGATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL REGIMES OF PRESSING SEEDS OF THE CAMELINA

The article analyzes the consumption and metabolism of fats, the ratio of omega-3 / omega-6 fatty acids in the diet. The main sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered, and the introduction of non-traditional vegetable oils into the composition of food rations, in particular, of rye seed oil, has been proposed. A comparative analysis of the technology of cold and hot pressing of reddish seed is carried out. The technological regimes that influence the pressing process are investigated, it is established that the main factors are the degree of seed contamination and the moisture content of the seeds. The organoleptic and physicochemical indices of quality of hot and cold pressing of reddish oil are determined. The method of gas chromatography examined the fatty acid composition of reddish oil, which is characterized by high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and especially high content of α-linolenic acid (33.8%). Autocatalytic oxidation of oil at storage temperature (20 ± 2) ºС with free access of light and air and oxidation of oil in the refrigerator at storage temperature (5 ± 2) ºС was studied. The warranty period for storing red and white hot and cold pressed oil has been established. The degree of oxidation of the oil is estimated from the growth of the peroxide value. The use of redhead oil as a source of essential α-linolenic acid in food and fat-and-oil products is justified.

Long-Term Dietary Intake of Chia Seed Is Associated with Increased Bone Mineral Content and Improved Hepatic and Intestinal Morphology in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) provide an unusually high content of α-linolenic acid with several potential health benefits, but few studies have examined the long-term intake of n-3 fatty acid-rich plant foods such as chia. In this work, we investigated some of the effects of a diet containing 10% chia seeds versus a conventional isocaloric diet for 10 and 13 months on body measurements, musculoskeletal system, the liver, and the intestines of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats assigned into two groups. The n-6/n-3 ratios for the control and chia diets were 7.46 and 1.07, respectively. For the first 10 months of the diet, the body parameters and weights were similar, but at 13 months, the bone mineral content (BMC) of the chia-fed rats was significantly higher than that of the controls whether in total or proximal areas of the left tibia. Also, significant positive correlations were found between the age of the chia group and the bone mineral density, BMC, weight of the musculoskeletal system, final body weight, and skin weight. Liver and intestinal examinations showed improved morphology associated with lower lipid deposit in hepatocytes and increased intestinal muscle layers and crypt size in the chia group. This study provides new data suggesting the potential benefits associated with the long-term intake of chia seeds.

Metabolomic analysis by UAE-GC MS and antioxidant activity of Salvia hispanica (L.) seeds grown under different irrigation regimes

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an emerging crop with a high content of α-linolenic acid and metabolites of industrial and pharmaceutical interest but information on metabolome variations in response to agricultural management is scarce. We investigated the yield and metabolic profile of the seeds of two chia populations, one commercial black (B) and one long-day flowering genotype (G8), in response to two irrigation levels: replacement of 100% ET0 (I) or rainfed (NI). Seed yield was higher in irrigated plots in G8 only (0.255 kg m−2 for I vs 0.184 kg m−2 for NI) while it was very low regardless of irrigation in B due to late flowering. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of seeds followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed differences in fatty acids and the major classes of organic compounds due to both genotype and irrigation, especially in the non-polar phase where irrigated samples showed a higher content of α-linolenic and other fatty acids and a lower oleic/linoleic ratio (47.4 in NI vs. 39.6 in I). The antioxidant activity, expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ranged from 1.317 ± 0.027 to 2.174 ± 0.010 mmol TEAC/g of defatted chia seed after 2 and 40 min respectively, and was negatively affected by irrigation. The total polyphenolic content (TPC) measured with the Folin-Ciocalteu method, also decreased with irrigation. According to our results irrigation can affect chia yield, metabolome and antioxidant behavior but some of the effects are genotype-dependent.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the biofuel plant Sacha Inchi, Plukenetia volubilis

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) is a potential woody oil seed plant for producing healthy vegetable oil due to high content of α-linolenic acid in its seeds. In this study, we report the structure of the complete chloroplast genome of P. volubilis using high-throughput next-generation sequencing technology. The circular chloroplast genome is 161,733 bp in size, containing a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR) of 27,382 bp each, which were separated by a large single copy region (LSC) of 88,843 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 18,126 bp. The chloroplast genome harbors 135 genes, including 92 protein-coding genes, 35 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Based on the phylogenetic relationships between the chloroplast genome of P. volubilis and those of the other species, P. volubilis is most closely related to castor bean (Ricinus communis).

Crambe tataria sebeók seeds and plants grown in vitro and in vivo fatty acid composition comparison

Methods of in vitro conservation offer a number of advantages for endangered species preservation. Crambe tataria Sebeók biochemistry study (fatty acid (FA) composition, antioxidant activity (AOA), polyfructan and total soluble protein content) is fairly importaint and could show the potential value of this species in agriculture, Food and Chemical Industry or pharmacology including its use as a source of valuble genetic material and could lead to new promising sources of biofuel discovery. Also, comparison of in vitro and in vivo cultured plants could point out to the effect of in vitro culture methods on plants biochemical composition Fatty acid (FA) content was determined using Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) of fatty acid ethers. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Total soluble protein content was measured using Bradford method and polyfructan content determination was based upon ketosugars ability to color in the acidic environment with resorcinol. Plants that were grown under in vitro and in vivo conditions and seeds were used in this research. Obtained data showed that C. tataria plants had high AOA and total soluble protein content along with high total FA content along with high content of α-Linolenic acid and absence of erucic acid. Difference in biochemical composition between plants grown in aseptic and not aseptic conditions was shown.

Spray dried microparticles of chia oil using emulsion stabilized by whey protein concentrate and pectin by electrostatic deposition

Chia seed oil has a high content of α-linolenic acid (60%) and linoleic acid (20%). Use of this oil in different products is limited due to its liquid state, and the presence of insaturation is a trigger for oxidation. In this context, to facilitate the incorporation of chia oil in food products and increase its protection against oxidation, the aim of this work was to produce chia oil microparticles by spray drying using emulsions stabilized by whey protein concentrate (ζ-potential +13.4 at pH3.8) and pectin (ζ-potential −40.4 at pH3.8) through the electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition technique and emulsions prepared with only whey protein concentrate. Emulsions stabilized by whey protein concentrate and stabilized by whey protein concentrate-pectin were prepared using maltodextrin (10 DE) and modified starch (Hi-Cap® 100). They were characterized in relation to stability, droplet size, ζ-Potential and optical microscopy. The microparticles were characterized in relation to moisture content, water activity, particle size, microstructure and oxidative stability by the Rancimat method. Emulsions stabilized by whey protein concentrate-pectin with added maltodextrin 10 DE and emulsions stabilized by whey protein concentrate with added modified starch (Hi-Cap® 100) were stable after 24h. Emulsions stabilized by whey protein concentrate and by whey protein concentrate-pectin showed droplets with mean diameter ranging from 0.80 to 1.31μm, respectively and ζ-potential varying from −6.9 to −27.43mV, respectively. After spray drying, the microparticles showed an mean diameter ranging from 7.00 to 9.00μm. All samples presented high encapsulation efficiency values, above 99%. Microparticles produced with modified starch showed a smoother spherical surface than particles with maltodextrin 10 DE, which presented a wrinkled surface. All microparticles exhibited higher oxidative stability than chia oil in pure form.