High Consumption Of Green Tea Research Articles

Association of green tea consumption with prediabetes, diabetes and markers of glucose metabolism in rural Vietnam: a cross-sectional study.

The literature on green tea consumption and glucose metabolism has reported conflicting findings. This cross-sectional study examined the association of green tea consumption with abnormal glucose metabolism among 3000 rural residents aged 40-60 years in Khánh Hòa province in Vietnam. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of green tea consumption (0, < 200, 200-< 400, 400-< 600 or ≥ 600 ml/d) with prediabetes and diabetes (based on the American Diabetes Association criteria). Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between green tea consumption and the log-transformed homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (a marker of insulin resistance) and the log-transformed homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) (a marker of insulin secretion). The OR for prediabetes and diabetes among participants who consumed ≥ 600 ml/d v. those who did not consume green tea were 1·61 (95 % CI = 1·07, 2·42) and 2·04 (95 % CI = 1·07, 3·89), respectively. Higher green tea consumption was associated with a higher level of log-transformed HOMA-IR (Pfor trend = 0·04) but not with a lower level of log-transformed HOMA-β (Pfor trend = 0·75). Higher green tea consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of prediabetes, diabetes and insulin resistance in rural Vietnam. The findings of this study indicated prompting the need for further research considering context in understanding the link between green tea consumption and glucose metabolism, especially in rural settings in low- and middle-income countries.

Green Tea Consumption and the COVID-19 Omicron Pandemic Era: Pharmacology and Epidemiology.

In spite of the development of numerous vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the approval of several drugs for its treatment, there is still a great need for effective and inexpensive therapies against this disease. Previously, we showed that green tea and tea catechins interfere with coronavirus replication as well as coronavirus 3CL protease activity, and also showed lower COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in countries with higher green tea consumption. However, it is not clear whether green tea is still effective against the newer SARS-CoV-2 variants including omicron. It is also not known whether higher green tea consumption continues to contribute to lower COVID-19 morbidity and mortality now that vaccination rates in many countries are high. Here, we attempted to update the information regarding green tea in relation to COVID-19. Using pharmacological and ecological approaches, we found that EGCG as well as green tea inhibit the activity of the omicron variant 3CL protease efficiently, and there continues to be pronounced differences in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality between groups of countries with high and low green tea consumption as of December 6, 2022. These results collectively suggest that green tea continues to be effective against COVID-19 despite the new omicron variants and increased vaccination.

Interaction of Pyrogallol-Containing Polyphenols with Mucin Reinforces Intestinal Mucus Barrier Properties.

High consumption of polyphenol-rich green tea, coffee, fruits, and vegetables is associated with a low risk of human chronic diseases. Recent studies highlight the relevance of polyphenol-mediated gut microbiota modulation and its impact on mucus barrier. Herein, we study the direct interaction of epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and tannic acid (TA) with intestinal mucin by isothermal titration calorimetry and multiple particle tracking and the impact on mucus barrier using ex vivo mucus and Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures. Results show that pyrogallol-containing polyphenols EGCG and TA exhibit strong binding to intestinal mucin and reinforce mucus barrier, whereas EC does not. ECGG and TA also mitigate gliadin-mediated cytotoxicity and inflammation. The chemical binding of EGCG and TA to the nucleophilic thiol groups of mucins shows their roles as cross-linkers of mucin networks. These results bring a novel understanding of the health benefits of polyphenols and provide support for the consumption of pyrogallol-containing beverages like green tea as a potential dietary therapy for gluten-related disorders.

Green Tea Consumption and Risk of Depression Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between green tea consumption and depression symptom risk, using subgroup analyses concerning study design, geographical region of study, adjustment factors, age, cut-off for the highest consumption category, and depression assessment methods applied. We used PubMed to search for relevant literature. The inclusion criteria were studies that (a) investigated this association as a primary or secondary outcome; (b) published in English; (c) assessed and reported hazard ratios or odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depression symptoms, or included sufficient information to allow their calculation; (d) included at least two groups differentiated based on green tea consumption (e.g., high and low); (e) reported the prevalence of depression symptoms in each group; and (f) reported the sample size for each group. Eight articles were found to meet all criteria. The results indicated that high green tea consumption is inversely associated with depression symptoms. The pooled OR was 0.66 (95% CI 0.58-0.74), and significant heterogeneity was not observed. Subgroup analysis showed that study design impacted results (cohort study [one study]: OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.04-2.14; cross-sectional study [seven studies]: OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.59-0.75). These findings suggest that green tea consumption reduces the risk of depression symptoms. This association was also observed in the cohort study included, but the results in which did not reach the significant level. Therefore, further cohort studies are needed to confirm the potential causal relationship in this regard.

Association between Green Tea Consumption and Abdominal Obesity Risk in Middle-Aged Korean Population: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

The prevalence of general and abdominal obesity is increasing with rapid economic growth and the westernization of dietary habits in Korea, especially in the middle-aged population. Data were obtained from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), which recruited 10,030 participants between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Information on green tea consumption was obtained from the food frequency questionnaire and categorized as none, <1 cup, between 1 and <4 cups, and ≥4 cups. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs to examine any possible associations between green tea consumption and the risk of abdominal obesity after controlling for potential confounders. High consumption of green tea was associated with a 44% lower odds ratio for abdominal obesity (none vs. ≥4 cups/week: OR, 0.56; 95% CI 0.41-0.78; p for trend = 0.001). When stratified by sex, an inverse association between green tea consumption and abdominal obesity was observed only in women (none vs. ≥4 cups/week: OR, 0.71; 95% CI 0.57–0.88; p for trend = 0.004). No significant association was found among men. Our findings indicate that green tea consumption has beneficial effects in the prevention of abdominal obesity in middle-aged Korean women.

Green tea consumption and SARS-CoV-2 infection among staff of a referral hospital in Japan

Background & AimThis study examined the association between green tea consumption and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among Japanese.MethodsParticipants were staff of a large referral hospital in Tokyo. Green tea consumption was ascertained via a questionnaire. SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified through in-house records of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases or antibody tests. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to green tea consumption.ResultsOf 2640 participants (767 men and 1873 women; aged 21–75 years), 74 (2.8%) were confirmed or suspected to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the epidemic. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 infection was not significantly associated with green tea consumption. There was a suggestion of a decrease in the odds of this infection associated with green tea consumption of ≥4 cups/day (odds ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.20–1.31).ConclusionsGreen tea consumption was not appreciably associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A lower odds of infection among those who consumed high green tea consumption deserves further investigation.

Green tea consumption is associated with annual changes in hippocampal volumes: A longitudinal study in community-dwelling middle-aged and older Japanese individuals

BackgroundTo investigate the association between green tea consumption and the annual rate of change of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and hippocampal volumes in community-dwelling middle-aged and older Japanese individuals. MethodsA prospective cohort study with two years of follow-up was conducted as part of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) project. A total of 1693 participants (862 men and 831 women, aged 40–89 years) were included. Green tea consumption (mL/day) data were collected with a 3-day dietary record. Volumes of GM, WM, and the hippocampus were estimated by T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging and FreeSurfer software. The GM ratio, WM ratio, and hippocampal ratio (HR) were calculated as the percentages of total intracranial volume, respectively. ResultsThe mean (SD) annual rate of change of hippocampal volume [(HR at baseline - HR at follow-up)/HR at baseline/follow-up years×100%] was 0.499 (1.128) (%). In the multivariable-adjusted general linear model, green tea consumption was negatively associated only with the annual rate of change of hippocampal volume (%) [β (95% CI) for each 1 mL/day increase in green tea consumption = -20.2E-5 (-35.0E-5 to -5.3E-5); P-value = 0.008]. No associations were observed for the annual rate of change of GM or WM volumes. The results remained significant when the analysis was limited to those with stable green tea consumption and were especially evident among individuals aged 65 years and older and among women. ConclusionsIn this study, higher green tea consumption was associated with less annual hippocampal atrophy, and each additional 100 mL/day of green tea intake was related to a reduction of approximately 5% in annual hippocampal atrophy. This association was especially evident among older individuals and among women. Further study in different settings is needed to confirm this association.

Is the Association between Green Tea Consumption and the Number of Remaining Teeth Affected by Social Networks?: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study Project.

Consumption of green tea without sugar, as well as social networks, are associated with a lower risk of tooth loss. There is a possibility of confounding both factors because tea is often drunk with friends. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether green tea consumption is beneficially associated with the number of remaining teeth, while considering social networks. This cross-sectional study was based on the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) in 2016. Self-administered questionnaires containing questions about green tea consumption were mailed to 34,567 community-dwelling residents aged ≥ 65 years. We used the number of remaining teeth as a dependent variable, and green tea consumption and the number of friends met over the past month (social network size) as independent variables. Linear regression models with multiple imputation were used. A total of 24,147 people responded (response rate = 69.9%), and 22,278 valid data were included into our analysis. Participants’ mean age was 74.2 years (standard deviation = 6.3), and 45.9% were men. Among the participants, 52.2% had ≥ 20 teeth, 34.2% drank 2–3 cups of green tea per day, and 32.6% met ≥ 10 people over the past month. After adjusting for all potential confounders, both higher green tea consumption and a larger social network size were associated with more remaining teeth (both p for trend < 0.001). The association of green tea was greater among those with smaller social networks (p for interaction < 0.05). The protective association of green tea was remarkable among people with smaller social networks.

Protective Effect of Green Tea Consumption on Colorectal Cancer Varies by Lifestyle Factors.

The inconsistent findings regarding green tea intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in several epidemiological studies might result from variations in lifestyle factors. Therefore, we examined whether increased green tea intake was associated with a decreased risk of CRC and how the risk of CRC was altered by the protective effect of green tea consumption and five health-related factors. A case-control study including 2742 participants (922 cases and 1820 controls) was conducted in Korea. Green tea consumption was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The risk of CRC was approximately 40% less in the participants in the highest green tea intake tertile than in participants in the lowest green tea intake tertile. Of the five lifestyle factors examined, high body mass index and physical inactivity were independent risk factors for CRC. Regarding the interactions between tea consumption and lifestyle factors, high green tea consumption was associated with a decreased risk of CRC, with or without considering lifestyle factors. However, moderate green tea consumption increased the risk of CRC among ever-smokers, ever-drinkers and the high-inflammatory diet group. Increased consumption of green tea might be helpful to reduce the risk of CRC in those with an unhealthy lifestyle.

Green tea consumption and mortality in Japanese men and women: a pooled analysis of eight population-based cohort studies in Japan.

The aim of our study was to assess the association between green tea consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a pooled analysis of eight Japanese population-based cohort studies. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), derived from random effects models, were used to evaluate the associations between green tea consumption, based on self-report at baseline, and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. During a mean follow-up of 17.3years, among 313,381 persons, 52,943 deaths occurred. Compared with individuals who consumed < 1 cup/day, those in the highest consumption category (≥ 5 cups/day) had a decreased risk of all-cause mortality [the multivariate-adjusted HR was 0.90 (95% CI 0.87-0.94) for men and 0.82 (0.74-0.90) for women]. A similar inverse association was observed for heart disease mortality [HR 0.82 (0.75-0.90) for men, and 0.75 (0.68-0.84) for women], and cerebrovascular disease mortality [HR 0.76 (0.68-0.85) for men, and 0.78 (0.68-0.89) for women]. Among women, green tea consumption was associated with decreased risk of total cancer mortality: 0.89 (0.83-0.96) for the 1-2 cups/day category and 0.91 (0.85-0.98) for the 3-4 cups/day category. Results for respiratory disease mortality were [HR 0.75 (0.61-0.94)] among 3-4 cup daily consumers and [HR 0.66 (0.55-0.79)] for ≥ 5 cups/day. Higher consumption of green tea is associated with lower risk for all-cause mortality in Japanese, especially for heart and cerebrovascular disease. Moderate consumption decreased the risk of total cancer and respiratory disease mortality in women.

Modifiable factors associated with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: The Murakami cohort study

ObjectivesModifiable risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (OA) have not been studied in detail. This study aimed to determine lifestyle-related modifiable factors of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in an East Asian population. Study designThis 5-year cohort study involved 11,091 individuals (age range 40–72 years) living in the Murakami region of Niigata, Japan, who did not have a history of knee OA. At baseline, information on sociodemographic characteristics, body size, lifestyle, and living condition was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Main outcome measuresIncident symptomatic knee OA observed at hospitals and orthopaedic clinics in the five years to 2016. Clinical grades of knee OA were based on the Kellgren-Lawrence scale. P for trend was assessed to examine linear associations between predictors and the outcome in multiple logistic regression analysis. ResultsThe mean age of participants was 58.1 (SD 9.3) years. The number of cases of grade 2 or more incident knee OA was 429. In men, older age (P for trend < 0.0001), higher BMI (P for trend < 0.0001), higher METs score (P for trend = 0.0150), less smoking (P for trend = 0.0249), and lower green tea consumption (P for trend = 0.0437) were associated with incident knee OA. In women, older age (P for trend < 0.0001), higher BMI (P for trend < 0.0001), and alcohol consumption (P = 0.0153) were associated with incident knee OA. ConclusionsSeveral lifestyle-related factors were found to be associated with incident knee OA and exhibited sex-dependent differences. In particular, higher consumption of green tea was associated with a lower incidence of knee OA in men.

Association between Green Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Middle-Aged and Older Korean Men: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study.

Green tea consumption is known to have varying effects on health and disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between green tea consumption and risk of stroke in Korean adult men. Data were obtained from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study, which included 50,439 subjects aged 40 years and older. Information regarding dietary intake was collected from semi-quantified food frequency questionnaires consisting of 106 items. Green tea consumption was categorized as none, <1 cup/d, 1 to <3 cups/d, and ≥3 cups/d. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine a possible association between green tea consumption and risk of stroke by controlling for potential confounders. Subgroup analyses by age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, and alcohol consumption were also performed. Compared with green tea non-drinkers, individuals that consumed 1 to <3 cups/d or ≥3 cups/d of green tea had multivariable adjusted OR (CI) of stroke of 0.75 (0.59~0.97) and 0.62 (0.39~0.98), respectively, after adjusting for age and various confounders. In the subgroup analyses, an inverse association between green tea consumption and risk of stroke was identified among younger, non-hypertensive, and non-diabetic men. Higher consumption of green tea was inversely associated with stroke risk in middle-aged and older Korean men.

High Consumption of Green Tea Suppresses Urinary Tract Recurrence of Urothelial Cancer via Down-regulation of Human Antigen-R Expression in Never Smokers.

Smoking is a risk factor for carcinogenesis and progression of urothelial cancer (UC). Green tea polyphenol inhibits these malignant behaviors and suppresses human antigen R (HuR) expression, which is associated with malignant aggressiveness. This study aimed to clarify the anti-cancer effects of green tea based on the smoking status of UC patients. Three hundred and sixty (260 with bladder cancer, BC and 100 with upper tract UC) patients were divided into three groups based on consumption of green tea: low (<1 cup/day, n=119), middle (1-4 cup/day, n=160), and high (>5 cup/day, n=81). HuR immunoreactivity was evaluated immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed specimens. In never smokers, multivariate analysis showed that the frequency of green tea consumption was a significant predictor (middle: hazard ratio, HR, 0.36, p=0.002; high: HR, 0.20, p=0.003) of urinary tract recurrence. A high consumption of green tea was associated with low rates of urinary tract recurrence and up-grading in UC patients. In BC, high consumption was associated with a lower risk of up-grading (p=0.011) and up-staging (p=0.041) in recurrent cancer. HuR expression in the high-consumption group was lower (p=0.019) than that in other groups. These significant findings were not detected in ever smokers. High consumption of green tea suppressed urinary tract recurrence and the risks of up-grading and up-staging by recurrence in never smokers. Our results suggested that HuR expression played important roles in such mechanisms.

Association between green tea/coffee consumption and biliary tract cancer: A population-based cohort study in Japan.

Green tea and coffee consumption may decrease the risk of some types of cancers. However, their effects on biliary tract cancer (BTC) have been poorly understood. In this population-based prospective cohort study in Japan, we investigated the association of green tea (total green tea, Sencha, and Bancha/Genmaicha) and coffee consumption with the risk for BTC and its subtypes, gallbladder cancer, and extrahepatic bile duct cancer. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model. A total of 89555 people aged 45-74years were enrolled between 1995 and 1999 and followed up for 1138623 person-years until 2010, during which 284 cases of BTC were identified. Consumption of >720mL/day green tea was significantly associated with decreased risk compared with consumption of ≤120mL/day (hazard ratio=0.67 [95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.97]), and a non-significant trend of decreased risk associated with increased consumption was observed (P-trend=0.095). In the analysis according to the location of the primary tumor, consuming >120mL green tea tended to be associated with decreased risk of gallbladder cancer and extrahepatic bile duct cancer. When Sencha and Bancha/Genmaicha were analyzed separately, we observed a non-significant trend of decreased risk of BTC associated with Sencha but no association with Bancha/Genmaicha. For coffee, there was no clear association with biliary tract, gallbladder, or extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Our findings suggest that high green tea consumption may lower the risk of BTC, and the effect may be attributable to Sencha consumption.

Green tea, black tea consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Several studies have assessed the association between green and black tea consumption and the risk of endometrial cancer (EC) and have yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to systematically analyze the effect of green tea and black tea on EC risk. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and China Biological Medicine Database were searched through February 2, 2015 to identify studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. Overall relative risk (RR) was estimated based on the highest and lowest levels of green/black tea consumption. Dose-response relationships were evaluated with the data from categories of green/black tea intake in each study. For green tea, the summary RR indicated that the highest green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of EC (RR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.66-0.92). Furthermore, an increase in green tea consumption of one cup per day was associated with an 11 % decreased risk of developing EC. (RR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.84-0.94). For black tea, no statistically significant association was observed in the meta-analysis (highest versus non/lowest, RR 0.99, 95 % CI 0.79-1.23; increment of one cup/day, RR 0.99, 95 % CI 0.94-1.03). The power of the estimate of green tea and black tea with risk of EC was 84.33 and 5.07 %, respectively. The quality of evidence for the association between green and black tea with EC risk was moderate and very low, respectively. The results from this meta-analysis indicate that green tea, but not black tea, may be related to a reduction of EC risk. Large population-based randomized controlled trials and large prospective cohort studies are required to obtain a definitive conclusion and determine the mechanisms underlying this association.

季節ごとの浴槽浴・温泉施設訪問、緑茶多飲が日本人の健康にもたらす効果

季節ごとの浴槽浴・温泉施設訪問、緑茶多飲が日本人の健康にもたらす効果

Epigenetic Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols in Cancer

Epigenetics describes heritable alterations of gene expression and chromatin organization without changes in DNA sequence. Both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of DNA can affect gene expression and the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Epigenetic changes are reversible and may be targeted by dietary interventions. Bioactive compounds from green tea (GT) such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate have been shown to alter DNA methyltransferase activity in studies of esophageal, oral, skin, Tregs, lung, breast and prostate cancer cells, which may contribute to the chemopreventive effect of GT. Three out of four mouse model studies have confirmed the inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on DNA methylation. A human study demonstrated that decreased methylation of CDX2 and BMP-2 in gastric carcinoma was associated with higher GT consumption. It is the goal of this review to summarize our current knowledge of the potential of GT to alter epigenetic processes, which may be useful in chemoprevention.

The Impact of Green Tea and Coffee Consumption on the Reduced Risk of Stroke Incidence in Japanese Population

Few prospective studies have examined the impact of both green tea and coffee consumption on strokes. We investigated the association of the combination of those consumption with stroke incidence in a general population. We studied 82 369 Japanese (aged 45-74 years; without cardiovascular disease [CVD] or cancer in 1995 and 1998 for Cohort I and II, respectively) who received 13 years of mean follow-up through the end of 2007. Green tea and coffee consumption was assessed by self-administered food frequency questionnaire at baseline. In the 1 066 718 person-years of follow-up, we documented the incidence of strokes (n=3425) and coronary heart disease (n=910). Compared with seldom drinking green tea, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all strokes were 0.86 (0.78-0.95) and 0.80 (0.73-0.89) in green tea 2 to 3 and ≥ 4 cups/d, respectively. Higher green tea consumption was associated with inverse risks of CVD and strokes subtypes. Compared with seldom drinking coffee, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all strokes were 0.89 (0.80-0.99), 0.80 (0.72-0.90), and 0.81 (0.72-0.91) for coffee 3 to 6 times/week and 1 and ≥ 2 times/day, respectively. Coffee consumption was associated with an inverse risk of CVD and cerebral infarction. Higher green tea or coffee consumption reduced the risks of CVD and stroke subtypes (especially in intracerebral hemorrhage, P for interaction between green tea and coffee=0.04). None of the significant association was observed in coronary heart disease. Higher green tea and coffee consumption were inversely associated with risk of CVD and stroke in general population.

Green tea and coffee consumption is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population.

To examine the association between the consumption of green tea, coffee and caffeine and depressive symptoms. Cross-sectional study. Consumption of green tea and coffee was ascertained with a validated dietary questionnaire and the amount of caffeine intake was estimated from these beverages. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for depressive symptoms with adjustments for potential confounders. Two workplaces in north-eastern Kyushu, Japan, in 2009. A total of 537 men and women aged 20-68 years. Higher green tea consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. Compared with participants consuming ≤1 cup/d, those consuming ≥4 cups green tea/d had a 51% significantly lower prevalence odds of having depressive symptoms after adjustment for potential confounders, with significant trend association (P for trend = 0·01). Further adjustment for serum folate slightly attenuated the association. Coffee consumption was also inversely associated with depressive symptoms (≥2 cups/d v. <1 cup/d: OR = 0·61; 95% CI 0·38, 0·98). Multiple-adjusted odds for depressive symptoms comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of caffeine consumption was OR = 0·57 (95% CI 0·30, 1·05; P for trend = 0·02). Results suggest that higher consumption of green tea, coffee and caffeine may confer protection against depression.

Dietary Patterns and Osteoporosis Risk in Postmenopausal Korean Women

ObjectivesThe prevalence of osteoporosis and related fractures has increased rapidly in Korean women. Proper nutrition intake is associated with the prevention of osteoporosis. We analyzed the association between dietary patterns and the risk of osteoporosis during a 4-year follow-up in postmenopausal Korean women. MethodsPostmenopausal women (n = 1,725) who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were enrolled. Food intake was assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and a quantitative ultrasound device was used to measure the speed of sound at the radius and tibia. ResultsThree major dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis based on baseline intake data: traditional (high intake of rice, kimchi, and vegetables), dairy (high intake of milk, dairy products, and green tea), and western (high intake of sugar, fat, and bread). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risk for osteoporosis. An inverse association was detected between the dairy dietary pattern and the osteoporosis incidence [relative risk (RR): 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42–0.93, p-trend = 0.055 in radius; RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.90, p-trend = 0.048 in tibia]. Individuals in the highest quintile for the traditional dietary pattern (p-trend = 0.009 in tibia) and western dietary pattern (p-trend = 0.043 in radius) demonstrated a higher risk of osteoporosis incidence than those in the lowest quintile. ConclusionThese results suggested that high consumption of milk, dairy products, and green tea may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Korean women.