High Concentrations Of Compounds Research Articles

Applications And Uses of Coffee Silver Skin (CSS): A Systematic Analysis

Objective: Considerando el tema relativamente nuevo con potencial de exploración, el objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el café con piel plateada o Coffee Silver Skin (CSS), así como sus principales aplicaciones y usos en (nuevos) productos, por- productos, aditivos tecnológicos e ingredientes funcionales. Theoretical Framework: During various stages of coffee processing, as well as other crops, by-products are produced in large quantities, generating pollution to the environment, due to their disposal without the appropriate added value that can be achieved with them, if they are studied and approved. for consumption. Among other residues, there is the silver coffee film or Coffee Silver Skin (CSS), obtained in the roasting stage of the beans, highly available in Brazil. Method: The bibliographic method of organization and search was used for the proposed study, bringing a collection of publications on the topic “Coffee Silver Skin”, with quotation marks, from the historical series of the CAFe network on the Periódicos CAPES portal from 2016 to 2024 (until 26/ 09/2024). Results and Discussion: In this research, 29 articles on the topic were used. Only from 2016 onwards did articles begin to be published and have a high degree of impact, and in the year 2023 there was the largest number of publications on this subject with greater relevance and greater impact on the scientific production of the database. data. These numbers demonstrate that this scientific field is still in the process of developing research and techniques. Research Implications: According to the data obtained, we can see that several uses have been indicated for coffee silver film (CSS), such as: phenolic compounds, functional biscuits, sound absorption and other applications in this type of industry, dietary products, fertilizers and covering film for agriculture. Originality/Value: Coffee and coffee waste combined with their high concentration of fiber, coloring pigments, antioxidant compounds and proteins have immense potential as new products and need to be better explored.

Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of CYP450 genes in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with a focus on anthocyanin accumlation

BackgroundIn plants, Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) constitutes the largest family of metabolic enzymes and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including plant growth and development. Eggplants are well-known for their peel’s high concentration of anthocyanin compounds that provide significant health benefits to humans. The accumulation of anthocyanins in eggplant peels is an important process during growth and development. Therefore, it is essential to identify the CYP450 genes in eggplant (SmCYPs) and analyze their expression profiles during the period of anthocyanin accumulation in the peel.ResultsA total of 180 SmCYPs were identified in the eggplant genome and classified into eight subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. These SmCYPs exhibited highly conserved gene structure (exon/intron) and protein motifs, especially within their respective subgroup. Sixteen pairs of genes with collinearity were identified through gene duplication analysis. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that SmCYPs are involved in various responses, including growth and development, stress responsiveness, and light responsiveness. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that all SmCYPs were expressed in various eggplant tissues, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits; with diverse expression patterns among members. The expression patterns of SmCYPs in eggplant peel also exhibited diversity during different stages of anthocyanin accumulation. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated similar expression patterns for 15 selected SmCYPs as observed in the transcriptome data. Metabolomics analysis further suggested that SmCYPs are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways related to flavonoid and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis. Notably, three specific SmCYPs (SmCYP73A1/75A/98A1) play a significant role in flavonoid biosynthesis, particularly in anthocyanin synthesis in eggplant.ConclusionGenome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, expression profile analysis, and exploration of metabolic pathways related to SmCYPs provide valuable insights into the roles of these genes in anthocyanin accumulation in various tissues and organs, including eggplant peel. The findings from this study lay a foundation for the functional analysis of SmCYPs involvement in anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant peel, providing a molecular basis for breeders to cultivate novel varieties of eggplants with high levels of anthocyanin content.

Application of an 800 Gold Microelectrode Array for Rapid Voltammetric Detection of Nitrite Pollution in Environmental Waters

Abstract A simple voltammetric procedure for direct determination of nitrites in natural water samples is described. Measurements are carried out in an inert medium of 0.1 M KCl. The procedure is based on the oxidation of N(III) to N(V) as a result of a change in electrode potential from +0.40 V to +0.96 V. The use of a combined electrode consisting of approximately 800 gold microelectrodes enables undisturbed determinations to be performed in the presence of high concentrations of organic compounds at a level of 20 mg L−1. The calibration plot for NO2− was linear in the range from 2 × 10−6 to 8 × 10−4 M with a detection limit of 6 × 10−7 M. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to nitrate determination in three natural water samples with passable results.

Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.): Dual Therapeutic and Nutritional Potential in Food and Medicine

Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f., SA) is a well-known culinary seasoning in China and Vietnam. Actually, SA also has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine in China with a long history. Phytochemical analysis has revealed that SA contains a high concentration of essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds that contribute to its diverse pharmacological properties. These properties include anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-oxidation, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, anti-diarrheal and promoting hair growth. Various preclinical studies have shown that SA extracts and their active constituents may have potential therapeutic applications in preventing and treating various diseases. However, a comprehensive report on the relationship between the active ingredient, biological activity and food characteristics of SA is rare. The medicinal value of SA has not been well valued and developed. This review provides an overview of the botanical chemistry and pharmacological properties of SA, as well as its potential innovative applications in food and personal care products, aiming to provide theoretical support for its further development and utilization. Graphical abstract: http://links.lww.com/AHM/A138

Vocs pollution and respiratory exposure in commercial and residential underground parking garages

The indoor air quality in Underground Parking Garages (UPGs) has deteriorated significantly, primarily due to the high concentrations of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by idling or low-speed motor vehicles. However, the compositional characteristics and respiratory exposure to VOCs in UPGs have not been quantitatively analyzed. To establish a method for investigating the respiratory exposure to VOCs among different populations in UPGs, a three-dimensional dynamic diffusion model of indoor pollutants was developed based on monitoring data from 116 components in various UPGs in a large city in northern China. The results indicated that air pollution in underground spaces poses significant health risks to workers and children. Furthermore, a comprehensive approach is essential for improving ventilation capacity and air quality in underground transportation spaces.

Effects of fig and pineapple powder on metabolite compounds and health-promoting properties in fermented goat meat sausage.

The objective of this research was to identify the metabolite compounds and health-promoting properties of goat meat fermented sausages containing different amounts of fig and pineapple powder (0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%), which are presented by F1, F2, F3 and P1, P2, P3, separately. Fermented sausages were manufactured from the lean meat of female goats. The samples extracted from the goat meat fermented sausages were evaluated for their metabolite compounds, antioxidants, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The results showed that the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity were the highest in F3 (p<0.05), whereas the hydroxyl radical (°OH) scavenging capacity was the highest in P3 (p<0.05). In addition, F3 and F2 showed the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (p<0.05), whereas F3 and P3 showed the highest copper chelating activity (p<0.05). Based on the metabolite compounds, hydrophobic amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and bitter amino acids were abundant in F3. Both F3 and P3 contained high concentrations of umami-producing compounds. The incorporation of 0.5% fig powder into goat meat fermented sausage showed improved biological activities based on metabolite compounds.

Removal of airborne particulate matter by evergreen tree species in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Urban air quality stands as a pressing concern in cities globally, with airborne particulate matter (PM) emerging as a significant threat to human health. An investigation was carried out to examine the potential of four prevalent evergreen roadside tree species grown at different locations in Dhaka to capture PM using their leaves. The distribution of PM by mass and quantity in Dhaka are presented for the first time for Bangladesh and these results will also be applicable to countries with similar climates and tree species. Separate gravimetric analyses were carried out to quantify PM in three different size ranges (0.2–2.5 μm, 2.5–10 μm, and 10–100 μm) accumulated on surfaces and trapped within waxes by using the rinse and weigh method. The method is validated for the first time through SEM-EDX analysis, which confirmed that the increase in weight from chloroform-rinsed leaves was exclusively attributable to particle deposition on the filter. The chemical composition of the deposited PM2.5 was analyzed quantitatively by determining the concentration of twenty-five trace elements employing ICP-MS. SEM-EDX analysis revealed the significance of leaf microstructural traits in effectively capturing PM. Significant variations in the deposition of PM were found among different species for two PM categories (surface PM and wax-embedded PM) and three size fractions (large, coarse, and fine) (one-way ANOVA; p < 0.05). The quantity of wax retained on the foliage of trees documented in these locations also varied (p < 0.05). Among the species studied, Ficus benghalensis demonstrated a greater ability to retain PM. Mangifera indica was identified to be the most efficient collector of wax-related PM and appears to be the ideal species for traffic-heavy areas distinguished by high concentrations of organic compounds from vehicle emissions.

Combustion reactivity of sewage sludge hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization via thermogravimetric analysis

Wastewater treatment plant sludge contains a high concentration of organic compounds that can be used to produce fuel viahydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This study investigated the combustion reactivity and kinetic parameters of hydrochars produced to understand the combustion behavior of the solid fuel derived from HTC. The hydrochar was produced at various temperatures ranging from 150 to 300 °C, reaction times ranging from 30 to 150 min, and solid loadings ranging from 10% to 30%. The combustion behavior of sewage sludge (SS) and hydrochar was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis with a constant air flow rate (100 mL/min) and heating rate (10 °C/min) from ambient temperature to 900 °C. It was observed that the HTC temperature, reaction time, and solid loading influenced the combustion characteristics and kinetics of the hydrochar. Additionally, the hydrochar exhibited higher ignition and burnout temperatures and a lower peak temperature than SS, indicating superior performance and reactivity in combustion. The combustion kinetic analysis also revealed that the hydrochar had a range of lower activation energy (29.12–41.60 kJ/mol) than SS (52.95 kJ/mol). Therefore, hydrochar derived from SS has the potential to be used as a substrate for solid fuel production for future renewable energy sources.

Assessment of chemical composition of blackberries and mulberries from Covilhã region, Portugal

Berries have gained popularity recently due to the health benefits associated with their bioactive compounds. This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, colour, phytochemicals content and mineral content of three common berries, two types of blackberries (Rubus fruticosus and R. ulmifolius) and one mulberry (Morus nigra), collected in the Covilhã region, Portugal. R. fruticosus presented the greatest length, weight, moisture, firmness and darker colour, while R. ulmifolius showed the greatest width. On the other hand, M. nigra showed the highest ash content (2.49±0.40 %). A total of 20 phenolics were identified and quantified by chromatographic techniques. Using ICP-MS and FAAS, 13 essential and 14 non-essential elements were quantified. Additionally, 54 volatiles were detected through HS-SPME/GC-MS, several compounds were herein reported for the first time in these berries. Our results show that these berries contain a high concentration of high-value bioactive compounds, significantly influencing their nutritional value, aroma and appeal to consumers, providing data to make it possible to choose more attractive and superior blackberry and mulberry varieties that meet consumer demands.

Corrosion mitigation of carbon steel in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions by Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. leaf extract

It is widely recognized that corrosion has been a persistent issue throughout human history. Over time, various effective strategies have been suggested and successfully employed to combat this problem. Among them, the utilization of inhibitors stands out as a promising, versatile, and easily applicable method. Considering the drawbacks associated with previous substances such as environmental concerns and high operational expenses, plant extracts have emerged as an effective alternative. In there, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. stands out as a popular species characterized by a high concentration of polar compounds that is crucial for the formation of a protective film layer on carbon steel. Consequently, this work centers on investigating the corrosion inhibition behavior of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. leaf water-extract (SPWE) for carbon steel in different solutions, including 1.0 M HCl, 0.5 M H2SO4, and co-volume acidic mixture, by employing electrochemical and surface techniques. The findings reveal that 2000 ppm of SPWE proved inhibition efficiency exceeding 94.24, 66.27, and 95.02% (estimated by Tafel extrapolation) for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl, 0.5 M H2SO4, and acidic mixture solutions, respectively. High inhibition performance was also ensured by high polarization resistances (Rp) observed on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR). Increasing corrosion resistance could be due to the protective layer formed on the inhibited samples, while severe corrosion occurred on the uninhibited steel due to extensive damage across the entire surface. Hence, the study underscores the noteworthy impact of chloride and sulfate ions on corrosive inhibition process of SPWE.

Characterization and evaluation of gold mill tailings as an additive in cement-stabilized products

Abstract Gold mill tailings (GMT) are waste from gold mill processing plants usually collected and stored in tailings storage facilities (TSF) and left for years in many abandoned mines in the world. GMT is in large amounts and contains high concentrations of chemicals and compounds that may harm human lives and the ecosystem if not well-maintained. A characterization study is conducted on GMT from a small-scale mill processing plant in Agusan del Sur, Philippines, and its potential utilization as an additive to sand and cement in making cement-stabilized products is also evaluated. The elemental and oxide composition, the presence of free and total cyanide, and particle size analysis were determined. Different proportions of gold mill tailings, cement, and sand were prepared and tested for compressive strength and water absorption. The results showed that the GMT contained some potentially valuable elements like tin, zinc, and europium. GMT also contains potentially hazardous elements like lead (663ppm), arsenic (157ppm), and mercury (17ppm). The free cyanide in the effluent is also found at 1.9 ppm. These elements and compounds are potentially hazardous in case of tailings seepage or overflow to groundwater and neighboring agricultural lands. The evaluation of cement-stabilized samples shows that the GMT from the study area can be utilized as an additive to cement and sand in the production of cement-stabilized products however it must be properly treated and handled to ensure the safety of workers. The TCLP result showed that the product is non-toxic and non-reactive. The construction and proper maintenance of a TSF for small-scale gold milling plants in the study area is recommended to prevent environmental, health, and safety risks.

Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Significance of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove): A Review

Background: Syzygium aromaticum Linn. (clove) is a dried flower bud from the Myrtaceae family, native to Indonesia's Maluku islands. Clove essential oil is recognized for its diverse biological activities, including antiseptic, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Its high concentration of bioactive compounds, particularly eugenol, caryophyllene, and eugenol acetate, contributes significantly to these effects, making clove a subject of increasing scientific interest. Methods: This review compiles and analyzes updated information on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of clove and its primary constituent, eugenol. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on peer-reviewed studies that detail the extraction methods, chemical composition, and bioactivity assays of clove essential oil. Results: Clove essential oil contains approximately 16-18% of essential oils, with eugenol constituting 59-88% of its composition. The oil exhibits notable antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties. Clove has shown efficacy against various pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Helicobacter pylori. Furthermore, eugenol demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines and showed promise in managing metabolic disorders and enhancing immune responses. Conclusion: Clove and eugenol possess extensive therapeutic potential, warranting further investigation to unlock their applications in modern medicine. Despite their benefits, attention to their toxicity and safety profiles is essential for ensuring appropriate usage in therapeutic contexts. This review highlights the need for continued research to validate traditional uses and explore novel applications of clove and its bioactive components.

An Indoor Air Quality Analysis in Newly Constructed Apartments

This study analyzes the indoor air quality inspections of newly constructed apartments by the Busan Institute of Health and Environment for the last three years (2021-2023). Of the 41 inspections, 33 exceeded the recommended standard, and the average excess rate was 80.5%. When classified by measuring households, 148 out of 332 exceeded the standards, whereas, the average excess rate by household was 44.6%. Benzene was exceeded in two out of the 332 households; therefore, the excess rate was only 0.6%. However, the relative standard deviation was the largest, showing as the highest item in the scattergram. The average concentration of toluene was 1,006.0 µg/m3, which was 100.6% of the recommended standard and was exceeded by 138 households; hence, the excess rate was 41.6%. All six items(Formaldehyde, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene) reached the highest concentration in spring or summer when the indoor temperature increased. The average concentration of toluene in July was 1,922 µg/m3, close to 1.9 times the recommended standard; toluene is considered an item of particular concern in summer. In the correlation analysis with indoor temperature, the formaldehyde coefficient of determination was 0.4855, regarded as somewhat significant; it was difficult to confirm the correlation with temperature for the other five items, including benzene. In correlation with relative humidity, formaldehyde showed the same tendency as indoor temperature, with a coefficient of determination of 0.4404, which is believed to be due to its small molecular weight and high solubility. Due to the chimney effect, high concentrations of volatile organic compounds could be confirmed at low atmospheric pressure in the upper floors, and this trend was most evident for formaldehyde. For most items(Formaldehyde, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Styrene), a negative correlation was confirmed in which the emission amount decreased as the number of households increased. For large apartment houses, it is believed that it is due to sufficient bake-out and flush-out according to the adequate construction period and the use of eco-friendly and high-end building materials. Small apartments are classified together with many small houses. The emission concentration of small houses is relatively high because the proportion of the surface area where pollutants are released is high.

매립지 침출수 처리에서 질산화 공정 최적화 : pH 및 무기탄소원농도가 질소 제거에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to solve problems that arise in the nitrification of landfill leachate due to the increase in waste generation and diversification of components associated with domestic economic growth. Landfill leachate contains high concentrations of nitrogen compounds and organic substances thus, it is a potential cause of environmental pollution. The study findings confirmed that the nitrification process was inhibited when the metal (Cu) concentration was more than 2.5ppm: further, the nitrification rate could be greatly improved by replenishing alkalinity and adjusting pH. Additionally, appropriate Do and pH alone did not have a sufficient effect on nitrification. This study is expected to contribute to the development of new treatment technology that can minimize the use of chemicals and suppress the generation of secondary toxic substances in the landfill leachate treatment process.

The Effect of Different Surfactants and Polyelectrolytes on Nano-Vesiculation of Artificial and Cellular Membranes.

Nano- and micro-sized vesicular and colloidal structures mediate cell-cell communication. They are important players in the physiology of plants, animals, and humans, and are a subject of increasing interest. We investigated the effect of three surfactants, N-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Triton X-100 (TX100), and two anionic polyelectrolytes, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) and sodium polymethacrylate (NaPMA), on nanoliposomes. In addition, the effect of SDS and TX100 on selected biological membranes (erythrocytes and microalgae) was investigated. The liposomes were produced by extrusion and evaluated by microcalorimetry and light scattering, based on the total intensity of the scattered light (Itot), hydrodynamic radius (Rh), radius of gyration (Rg), shape parameter p (=Rh/Rg,0), and polydispersity index. The EPs shed from erythrocytes and microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The Rh and Itot values in POPC liposome suspensions with added CPC, SDS, and TX100 were roughly constant up to the respective critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the surfactants. At higher compound concentrations, Itot dropped towards zero, whereas Rh increased to values higher than in pure POPC suspensions (Rh ≈ 60-70 nm), indicating the disintegration of liposomes and formation of larger particles, i.e., various POPC-S aggregates. Nanoliposomes were stable upon the addition of NaPSS and NaPMA, as indicated by the constant Rh and Itot values. The interaction of CPC, SDS, or TX100 with liposomes was exothermic, while there were no measurable heat effects with NaPSS or NaPMA. The SDS and TX100 increased the number density of EPs several-fold in erythrocyte suspensions and up to 30-fold in the conditioned media of Dunaliella tertiolecta at the expense of the number density of cells, which decreased to less than 5% in erythrocytes and several-fold in Dunaliella tertiolecta. The SDS and TX100 did not affect the number density of the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum, while the number density of EPs was lower in the conditioned media than in the control, but increased several-fold in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results indicate that amphiphilic molecules need to be organized in nanosized particles to match the local curvature of the membrane for facilitated uptake. To pursue this hypothesis, other surfactants and biological membranes should be studied in the future for more general conclusions.

Rotary Evaporator Design And Equipment Performance To Increase The Concentration Of Moringa Leaf Extract

The process of extracting active compounds from Moringa leaves requires efficient techniques so that active compounds can be isolated in high concentrations without damaging the chemical structure. The tool commonly used is a rotary evaporator. This research analyzes the percentage of solvent evaporation using a Rotavap Extractor and a conventional rotary evaporator. Both tools aim to maximize solvent evaporation by retaining active compounds from the extract. This research compares the effectiveness of the two tools based on the percentage of solvent evaporated and the viscosity of Moringa leaf extract with different time variations (40, 60, 80 minutes). The percentage of solvent that evaporates has an important role in determining the concentration and viscosity of Moringa leaf extract. As more solvent evaporates, the extract becomes more concentrated, increasing the viscosity due to the high concentration of active compounds. The percentage of solvent evaporated and viscosity show the same trend between the conventional rotary evaporator and the rotavap extractor, this indicates that both devices work with similar efficiency in evaporating solvent from Moringa leaf extract.

Aroma enhancement of dealcoholized wines using enzyme treatment and glycosidic aroma precursors

This research has studied the treatment of dealcoholized wines with glycosidic enzymatic preparation and glycosidic aroma precursors extract isolated from aromatic grapes in order to enhance the aroma profile of non-alcoholic white wines. The effect of the addition of the precursors extract and the enzymatic treatment was studied after 15 and 30 d of storage, using dealcoholized wine as control. The analysis of free and bound volatile compounds was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after isolation using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The application of multivariate statistical analysis confirmed differences in the free and bound volatile profile of the studied samples when applicated the different treatments after 15 d and 30 d of storage. The combination of both treatments increased in a significant way the aromatic profile of Verdejo dealcoholized wine, showing high concentrations of terpenic and bencenic compounds due to the addition of precursors extract from an aromatic grape variety. This brings to light that this technique could be considered as a possible way of enhancing the aroma profile of dealcoholized wines in La Mancha region, as well as a way of using by-products from the wine industry, thus contributing to the concept of circular economy.

Insight into simultaneous urea hydrolysis and total nitrogen removal in textile printing wastewater: Focus on the impact of sodium sulfate salinity

The textile printing industry discharges large volumes of effluent containing high concentrations of urea and nitrogenous compounds. Anoxic-oxic (AO) treatment is a promising method for treating printing wastewater. However, the effect of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) salinity on the urea hydrolysis and nitrogen removal simultaneously in the AO process has received little attention. In this study, five batch reactors were used to treat synthetic printing wastewater with high urea and nitrogen concentrations. A strategy was applied to increase the Na2SO4 concentration from 0 to 19 g/L in the anoxic stage of each reactor. The effect of Na2SO4 on urea hydrolysis, total nitrogen removal and COD removal, sludge characteristics, and bacterial community structure were investigated. The findings showed that urea hydrolysis increased with increasing Na2SO4 concentration. The main mechanism of urea removal was intracellular hydrolysis, with a urea removal efficiency (URE%) of approximately 98% in all batch reactors. In addition, under the stress of Na2SO4, the total nitrogen and COD removal performances were partially inhibited. The most significant removal performances after AO treatment were observed at 0 g/L Na2SO4, with nitrogen and COD removal efficiencies of 88% and 95%, respectively. When Na2SO4 concentration reached 19 g/L, the sludge settling performance and compactness were enhanced. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) components in the sludge were dependent on their ability of removing organics. Bacterial community diversity analysis revealed that the enrichment of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gemmatimonadota phyla in the anoxic stages of batch reactors was related to intracellular urea hydrolysis. Bacteriodota and Chloroflexi were responsible for total nitrogen removal in all anoxic and oxic stages. This research will develop the understanding of Na2SO4 salinity impact on simultaneous urea hydrolysis and nitrogen removal during AO treatment process.

Saccharification of fructans and simultaneous alcoholic fermentation for sustainable production of agave distillates

ABSTRACT In a world where climate change and sustainability are at the forefront, innovative solutions are more pressing than ever. In the production process of distillates, the critical stage is the cooking of agave for thermal hydrolysis of fructans. This stage determines the efficiency of the process, incurs the highest production cost, and has a detrimental impact on the environment. In this study, we investigate the saccharification of agave fructans in fresh juice using fructanases produced in situ by Kluyveromyces marxianus as an alternative to traditional agave cooking. furthermore, we explore both sequential and simultaneous alcoholic fermentation processes using a native mixed culture to improve the overall yield and obtain a distillate with enjoyable sensory characteristics. The results show that saccharification and simultaneous fermentation allow for obtaining a fermented product containing an average of 7% alcohol. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis shows that the distillate is essentially an ethanol – water mixture with a broad profile and high concentration of volatile compounds. The composition of the distilled product provides a well-balanced sensory experience that is highly valued by consumers. Hence, for the first time, a novel, efficient, low-cost, and sustainable process for producing agave distillates has been successfully designed.

Experimental investigation and Monte Carlo simulation of landfill leachate treatment using physicochemical method and a non-thermal plasma reactor

ABSTRACT Leachate treatment is one of the challenging subjects in the field of waste management. Leachate as a dumpling sites hazardous byproduct due to the high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and toxic compounds with dark colour is a potential pollutant of the environment, causing a lot of problems in the absence of treatment and direct discharge to the environment. In this study, the combinatory performance of sequential chemical flocculation and coagulation process and non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology on leachate from the Sarāvān city former controlled landfill, Iran, was investigated. The outcomes of Jar test illustrated that hydrated aluminium sulphate (PAC) was selected the best coagulant compared with hydrated aluminium sulphate (HAS) and ferric chloride (FC) to remove suspended solids and colour. The optimised parameters for 10% PAC pre-treatment were obtained 3 g lime and cationic 0.1 g polyelectrolyte per 1 litre of leachate. After pre-treatment by using jar test, NTP was used to remove turbidity, colour, COD and so forth. The sequential system-based all stages of pretreatment and NTP diminished the turbidity and colour removal to 98.6% and 99.2%, respectively. Furthermore, COD, BOD5, TSS, and TDS were also reduced. As a result, combination of pre-treatment and NTP technology are able to remove the landfill leachate effectively. Monte Carlo calculations exhibited that Al3+ and H2O2 had the most effects to decompose HA (Humic acid) compound in physicochemical pre-treatment and treatment stages.