High Sulfide Concentrations Research Articles

Distribution and behaviour of reduced sulfur substances in the oligotrophic and hydrothermal waters of the Western Tropical South Pacific

Reduced sulfur species (RSS) are involved in essential biological and chemical processes, including metal complexation, yet little is known about their occurrence and behaviour in marine systems. Here, we present a quantitative and qualitative data set of species-specific RSS in open ocean samples collected during the GEOTRACES Tonga GPpr14 cruise. The cruise traversed differing biogeochemical provinces, from the mesotrophic Melanesian waters and the North Fiji Basin, through the hydrothermally active Lau Basin, eastward to the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre. Using cathodic stripping voltammetry in acidified samples (pH 2), we measured the concentration of two RSS, with peak potentials of -0.18 and -0.09 V in equivalents of thioacetamide (TA) and glutathione (GSH) respectively. GSH-like compounds were only present in the upper 200 m at concentrations up to 6.2 nM eq. GSH, consistent with other cathodic stripping voltammetry as well as chromatography-based studies. In contrast, RSS−0.18 V2 compounds were detected at all depths at concentrations ranging from 48 nM to 980 nM eq. TA. Both RSS−0.18 V2 and GSH-like compounds were present at higher levels in the hydrothermally-impacted region of the Lau Basin relative to other stations. The highest levels, along with high sulfide concentrations, were detected in a hydrothermal plume sample, indicating that hydrothermal vents are a direct or indirect source of these compounds. Elevated levels of RSS−0.18 V2 compounds were detected throughout almost the entire water column at a station located in the North Fiji Basin. We also employed the qualitative technique of cathodic pseudopolarography on unbuffered samples (pH ~ 8.5). Pseudopolarograms of marine RSS were compared to sulfide, GSH and TA standards. Pseudopolarography supports the presence of GSH in marine samples. However, while a compound that is electrochemically similar to TA is often detected in marine samples, TA itself is not thought to be naturally present. This is supported by our pseudopolarograms of RSS−0.52 V8.5 which often lacked the characteristic TA reduction wave but suggested the presence of other unidentified RSS compounds.

Effect of sulfidogenesis on ferrihydrite geochemistry and associated arsenic fate.

The behavior of arsenic (As) in groundwater is closely related to the sulfidation of ferrihydrite. In the ternary ferrihydrite-As-sulfide system, ferrihydrite can either initially adsorb As before sulfide reduction or first encounter sulfide and then interact with the aqueous As, altering As fate. However, their relative contributions to the mineralogical transformation of ferrihydrite and subsequently associated As mobilization/redistribution remain poorly understood. Therefore, batch experiments combined with chemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic analyses were conducted to clarify the geochemistry of ferrihydrite and its influence on As behavior. Results indicated that in the pre-sorption groups, the secondary minerals were predominantly presented in amorphous phase due to the retardative effect of As. At low sulfide concentrations (S/Fe=0.04), the content of residual ferrihydrite was large, which favored As immobilization. At high sulfide concentrations (S/Fe=0.8), however, As was initially released into the solution and subsequently re-immobilized by secondary minerals. The adsorption capacity of the secondary minerals for As decreased with the increase in amorphous mackinawite formation. In the pre-sulfidation groups, rapid ferrihydrite reduction promoted the formation of crystalline minerals, significantly reducing their adsorption capacity. At low sulfide concentrations, the released As was partially adsorbed on the surface of crystalline goethite and lepidocrocite. At high sulfide concentrations, magnetite formed and favored As immobilization through its incorporation into magnetite particles. These results provide important insights into the geochemistry of Fe, S, and As in groundwater systems.

Biogeochemical sulfur transformations in the cohesive and permeable tidal flat sediments of Jade Bay (North Sea)

Intertidal flats are highly productive coastal marine ecosystems which are affected by fast changes in environmental conditions and host dynamic biogeochemical cycles in their sediments. Bioturbation by burrowing organisms and roots of plants strongly affects speciation and cycling of redox-sensitive elements in intertidal sediments. In this work, we have studied the impact of sediment type and vegetation on the cycling of redox-sensitive elements including sulfur, iron, and manganese in sandy and muddy tidal flats sediments in the Jade Bay (North Sea) and adjacent area. The redox speciation of these elements was analyzed in the pore-waters and the total sediment. The isotopic compositions of sulfur species were measured in non-vegetated sediments and in sediments which are inhabited by various plants. In the cohesive sediments, which are not affected by vegetation, a decrease in sulfate concentration, coupled with the presence of relatively high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the pore-waters and the presence of sulfide minerals as well the isotopic compositions of sulfur species are consistent with fast rates of sulfate reduction in the sediments. In the cohesive sediments affected by roots of Salicornia stricta and sediments desiccation, a cryptic sulfur cycle, which is characterized by microbial sulfate reduction coupled to fast reoxidation of hydrogen sulfide by Fe(III) (hydr)oxides and, possibly, by oxygen is present. Below the roots penetration depth, speciation of redox-sensitive elements is similar to those in the baren sediments. In the cohesive sediments affected by the roots of Spartina anglica and Triglochin maritima, which have longer roots, a cryptic sulfur cycle was detected in the upper 30 cm of sediments. At the sites that are characterized by permeable surface sediments and alternating permeable and cohesive layers in the deeper sediments, the composition of the sediment has a similar or even more significant impact on the speciation of the redox-sensitive elements than penetration of relatively weak roots of Spartina anglica. These sediments are characterized by the formation of hydrogen sulfide and sulfide oxidation intermediates in the cohesive layers and their diffusion to (and oxidation at) the boundaries between cohesive and permeable sediments. We conclude that in the cohesive sediment, the penetration of roots and desiccation leads to the formation of overall oxidized conditions in the sediments, while in the sediments with alternating layers, permeability may provide a more significant control for speciation of redox-sensitive elements.

Arsenic Methylation by a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium from Paddy Soil Harboring a Novel ArsSM Fusion Protein.

Microbial arsenic (As) methylation is an important process of As biogeochemistry. Only a few As-methylating microorganisms have been isolated from paddy soil, hindering the mechanistic understanding of the process involved. We isolated 54 anaerobic and 32 aerobic bacteria from paddy soil with a high As methylation potential. Among the 86 isolates, 14 anaerobes, including 7 sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), but none of the aerobes were able to methylate arsenite [As(III)] or monomethylarsenite [MMA(III)] or both, suggesting that the As-methylating ability is much more prevalent in anaerobes than in aerobes. We performed a detailed investigation on As methylation by a SRB isolate, Solidesulfovibrio sp. TC1, and identified a novel bifunctional enzyme consisting of a fusion of As(III) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferase (ArsM) and a radical SAM protein. The enzyme (ArsSM) can catalyze As(III) methylation to MMA and DMA and subsequent adenosylation of DMA to form 5'-deoxy-5'-dimethylarsinoyl-adenosine (DDMAA), which is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of arsenosugars. High concentrations of sulfide produced by SRB did not affect As(III) methylation to MMA but inhibited MMA methylation to DMA. Genes encoding ArsSM fusion proteins are widespread in anaerobes, particularly SRB, suggesting that ArsSM-carrying anaerobes may play an important role in As methylation in an anoxic environment.

Rhodoquinone-dependent electron transport chain is essential for Caenorhabditis elegans survival in hydrogen sulfide environments

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has traditionally been considered as an environmental toxin for animal lineages; yet, it plays a signaling role in various processes at low concentrations. Mechanisms controlling H2S in animals, especially in sulfide-rich environments, are not fully understood. The main detoxification pathway involves the conversion of H2S into less harmful forms, through a mitochondrial oxidation pathway. The first step of this pathway oxidizes sulfide and reduces ubiquinone (UQ) through sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQRD/SQOR). Because H2S inhibits cytochrome oxidase and hence UQ regeneration, this pathway becomes compromised at high H2S concentrations. The free-living nematode C. elegans feeds on bacteria and can face high sulfide concentrations in its natural environment. This organism has an alternative ETC that uses rhodoquinone (RQ) as the lipidic electron transporter and fumarate as the final electron acceptor. In this study, we demonstrate that RQ is essential for survival in sulfide. RQ-less animals (kynu-1 and coq-2e KO) cannot survive high H2S concentrations, while UQ-less animals (clk-1 and coq-2a KO) exhibit recovery, even when provided with a UQ-deficient diet. Our findings highlight that sqrd-1 uses both benzoquinones and that RQ-dependent ETC confers a key advantage (RQ regeneration) over UQ in sulfide-rich conditions. C. elegans also faces cyanide, another cytochrome oxidase inhibitor, whose detoxification leads to H2S production, via cysl-2. Our study reveals that RQ delays killing by the HCN-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. These results underscore the fundamental role that RQ-dependent ETC serves as a biochemical adaptation to H2S environments, and to pathogenic bacteria producing cyanide and H2S toxins.

The impact of weather Condition Changes on Vertical Distribution of Sulfides in Lake Maninjau Based on Observation Data

Sulfide is a crucial parameter in volcanic lakes, as its levels and fluctuations in the lake determine the origin of sulfide and the extent of its impact on the lake ecosystem. In stratified lakes, the sulfide produced tends to be retained beneath the oxic layer. The sulfides rise towards the surface as the oxic layer thins triggered by decreased water column thermal stratification. Meanwhile, the strength or weakness of thermal stratification is greatly influenced by weather conditions. Lake Maninjau is a volcanic lake with a relatively high sulfide content. Its vertical distribution in the water column is highly dependent on the stratification of the water column. When stratification disappears, sulfide rises to the surface (locally known as tubo belerang) and has a negative impact on surface biota. The objective of this study is to examine the distribution of sulfides in the water column of Lake Maninjau under two different weather conditions. We perform two surveys to measure physicochemical parameters and sulfide concentration on 26‒29 November 2022 and 25‒26 August 2023 considering the seasonal pattern. We found that air temperatures and sunshine duration combined with precipitation and wind speed drive the thermal stratification of the water column. The lower air temperature, shorter sunshine duration, higher precipitation, and stronger wind speed in the first survey (west monsoon) compared with the second survey (east monsoon) resulted in lower stratification and triggered the elevated sulfide to the surface. In the middle of the lake, the surface sulfide measured during the first survey was 4.16 µg/L. Meanwhile, in the second survey, it was only observed at 1.16 µg/L. The distribution of sulfides within the water column of Lake Maninjau is regulated by the stratification of the water column, a process directly impacted by weather conditions.

Decomposition of Sulfide Phases and Subsequent Matte Collection in the Black Top of a Platinum Group Metal Smelter

ABSTRACT This study explored, on a laboratory scale, how matte separates from the gangue in the black top of a PGM smelter. Two PGM concentrates, one with high sulfide content (17.3 mass%, Platreef concentrate) and the other with low sulfide content (1.3 mass%, UG-2 concentrate), were studied in the temperature range of 800°C to 1480°C, which is the temperature gradient across the black top. The results showed that effective matte separation occurs at temperatures when the matte is completely molten, and a substantial amount of liquid silicate phase has formed. The main matte separation mechanism is the coalescence of sulfide prills and their gravitational settling through the continuous path created by the liquid silicate phase. Complete matte separation occurs at lower temperatures in Platreef concentrate (1400°C in Platreef concentrate vs. 1480°C in UG-2 concentrate), due to the higher concentration of liquid silicate phase of lower viscosity, as well as the higher amount of sulfide minerals in this concentrate. PGMs already dissolve and collect in a nickel-iron-based alloy associated with the matte at temperatures as low as 900°C.

Assessment of Human Health Risk Indices Due to Metal Contamination in the Surface Water of the Negro River Sub-Basin, Áncash.

The accelerated loss of glacial cover in the Cordillera Blanca in Áncash, Peru, exposes the underlying rocks with high concentrations of sulfides from the Chicama Formation to oxidation and leaching processes, generating acid rock drainage (ARD) in glacial and periglacial areas. These are transported by surface runoff, contaminating the surface water with high concentrations of metals and sulfates, as well as increasing the acidity, which poses a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the risk indices for human health due to metal contamination were evaluated at 19 surface water sampling points distributed in the Río Negro sub-basin. Hydrochemical analyses revealed average metal concentrations in the following order: Fe (28.597 mg/L), Al (3.832 mg/L), Mn (1.085 mg/L), Zn (0.234 mg/L), Ni (0.085 mg/L), Co (0.053 mg/L), Li (0.036 mg/L), Cu (0.005 mg/L), and Pb (0.002 mg/L). The risk was determined by calculating the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and the Hazard Index (HI). The average HPI value was 360.959, indicating a high level of contamination (HPI ≥ 150). The human health risk assessment indicated that adverse effects caused by iron, lithium, and cobalt in children and adults should be considered. Through the use of Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, it was identified that SO42-, Fe, S, Al, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Li originate from natural sources, associated with the generation of ARD in glacial and periglacial areas.

Detection of Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria to Oxidize Hydrogen Sulfide in Biogas from Pig Farm by NGS and DNA Microarray Technique

A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released from pig farming is one of the major environmental problems affecting surrounding communities. In modern pig farms, the bioscrubber is used to eliminate H2S, which is found to be driven mainly by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) community. Therefore, in this study, molecular biology techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and DNA microarray are proposed to study the linkage between enzyme activity and the abundance of the SOB community. The starting sludge (SFP1) and recirculating sludge (SFP2) samples were collected from the bioscrubber reactor in the pig farm. The abundance of microbial populations between the two sampling sites was considered together with the gene expression results of both soxABXYZ and fccAB. Based on the NGS analysis, the members of phylum Proteobacteria such as Halothiobacillus, Acidithiobacillus, Thiothrix, Novosphingobium, Sulfuricurvum, Sulfurovum, Sulfurimonas, Acinetobacter, Thiobacillus, Magnetospirillum, Arcobacter, and Paracoccus were predominantly found in SFP2. The presence of Cyanobacteria in SFP pig farms is associated with increased biogas yields. The microarray results showed that the expression of soxAXBYZ and fccAB genes involved in the oxidation of sulfide to sulfate was increased in Halothiobacillus, Paracoccus, Acidithiobacillus, Magnetospirillum, Sphingobium, Thiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum, Sulfuricurvum, Arcobacter, and Thiothrix. Both NGS and DNA microarray data supported the functional roles of SOB in odor elimination and the oxidation of H2S through the function of soxABXYZ and fccAB. The results also identified the key microbes for H2S odor treatment, which can be utilized to monitor the stability of biological treatment systems and the toxicity of sulfide minerals by oxidation.

In situ synthesis of porous metal-organic frameworks NH2-UiO-66 on tea stem biochar and application in odours adsorption

Multiple odour nuisance in livestock farming is a notorious problem that has a significant impact on the living environment of surrounding communities. Adsorbents based on metal-organic framework (MOF) materials show great promise for controlling odour pollution, as they offer a high specific surface area, a controllable structure and an abundance of active sites. However, the MOF formation process is prone to problems such as pore clogging or collapse and reduced porosity, which limits its further application. In this study, a series of odour adsorbents were prepared by in situ growth of NH2-UiO-66 on tea stem biochar (TSBC) using a hydrothermal method and named UiO (Zr)-TSBCx. The physical and chemical properties and composition of UiO (Zr)-TSBCx have been systematically characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption and XPS. The release of odours from the pig farm effluent was monitored using in-situ continuous Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), and the obtained primary compositions were tested for further adsorption. In dynamic adsorption experiments focused on butyric acid, UiO (Zr)-TSBC2 showed a high adsorption capacity of 3.99 × 105 μg/g and exceptional structural stability. UiO (Zr)-TSBC2 showed variable adsorption efficiencies for different odorous gases, with the best performance for the removal of ammonia, toluene and butyric acid. It also demonstrated the ability to rapidly mitigate instantaneous high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol and toluene resulting from agitation. Additionally, based on the relationship between the adsorption amount and the structural characteristics of the adsorbent as well as the nature of the odours, a possible adsorption mechanism of UiO (Zr)-TSBC2 for a variety of odours released from pig farm effluent was proposed. This work demonstrates a novel approach to promote deodorization applications in livestock and poultry farming environments by the in-situ growth of NH2-UiO-66 on biochar prepared from tea stem.

Process simulation, optimization, and cost analysis of a proposed sulfur recovery unit by applying modified Claus technology

Removing sour gas from any suitable gas sweetening technology in a cost-effective and environmentally responsible manner is a major challenge. This paper discusses how to safely and economically dispose of small amounts of acid gases resulting from the amine sweetening process. A two-stage Claus desulfurization unit was studied and simulated to treat acid gases resulting from natural gas sweetening operations in Ras Gharib oil fields (Egypt). These acid gases are used as feedstock for the proposed plant to produce a valuable product, such as elemental sulfur, which is used as a raw material in many industries. Although many sulfur recovery techniques are available for various conditions and applications, the Claus process is a critical and widely used method for recovering elemental sulfur from gaseous hydrogen sulfide. This work represents the potential benefits of treating acid gases with high hydrogen sulfide content. In addition, operational variables that could affect sulfur production and sulfur recovery efficiency of the studied Claus unit were studied and optimized. Aspen HYSYS simulation software (version 9) was used to evaluate the economic aspects and optimize the operational parameters of the unit for producing sulfur from acid background gases. The results showed that the maximum sulfur production was achieved at a catalytic converter reactor temperature of 270 °C and 210 °C for the first and second catalytic reactor, respectively, with an air flow rate of 933.3 kg mol/h. The economic study of the proposed desulfurization unit showed that the Claus unit would be economically acceptable with an expected return on investment of approximately 10% and an average payback period of 10 years. Moreover, the introduced plant has a positive impact on the environment by reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the gas from 69.58 to 0.16%.

Laser remelting of high-velocity arc-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coating for improving corrosion resistance in 3.5 % NaCl solution with varying Na2S concentrations

In this study, high-velocity arc-spraying (HVAS) was employed to produce Fe-based amorphous coatings, and subsequent to that, laser remelting (LR) technology was applied on the as-sprayed coatings (ASC) to prepare laser remelted coatings (LRC). The corrosion resistance of both coatings was tested in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions containing varying Na2S concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100, and 200 ppm) to accurately simulate the corrosion environment of offshore components. The corrosion behavior was investigated using electrochemical workstation, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental results revealed that LR resulted in the elimination of defects in Fe-based amorphous coatings, a substantial reduction in porosity, the disappearance of the laminar structure, and the achievement of a homogeneous composition. The corrosion tendency of ASC and LRC both exhibited a pattern of initially decreasing, then increasing and finally decreasing with increasing sulfide concentration. This was attributed to the deposition of corrosion products on the surface and the dissolution of the corrosion products. When the sulfide concentration exceeded 50 ppm, the corrosion current density of both coatings slowly and was lower than that at 20 ppm, indicating that both coatings possessed strong corrosion resistance at higher sulfide concentrations. Highly polarized anions in solution (e.g. HS−, S2−) occupied vacancies in the passivation film, destabilizing the coating's passivation film and consequently diminishing its corrosion resistance. From the electrochemical analysis, it was evident that LRC exhibited greater corrosion resistance than ASC at all sulfide-containing solution concentrations, which was attributed to its smoother surface, denser structure and more stable passivation film.

Application of immobilized biological fillers for the hydrolytic acidification and denitrification of sulfide-containing tannery wastewater

This study investigated the application of immobilized biological fillers in the hydrolytic acidification (HA) and denitrification (DN) of actual sulfide-containing tannery wastewater (TWW) through pilot-scale systematic experiments, which provided technical insights for the engineering application of immobilized bio-filler in practical TWW treatment. HA fillers and DN fillers could effectively realize the enrichment and maintenance of functional flora even under long-term inhibition of high sulfide concentration. The HA fillers demonstrated efficient conversion of organic nitrogen. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the range of 3–6 h, the HA reactor achieved an average organic nitrogen conversion concentration of about 100 mg/L, accounting for 56.2 %-68.5 % of the total organic nitrogen in the TWW. Under this condition, the highest average organic nitrogen conversion and mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation efficiencies were achieved, at 32.95 mgNH4+-N/(L·h) and 179.42 mgCOD/(L·h), respectively. Free ammonia (FA) may contribute to pH stabilization in the HA reactor. Denitrification fillers could utilize the endogenous organic matter in the actual TWW hydrolyzed acidified solution, and realize stable biological nitrogen removal effect with no additional carbon source. The denitrification rate reached 76.3 mg NO3--N/(L·h) and the ΔC/ΔN of the denitrification ranged from 3 to 4.

Modeling the effects of sidestreams recycling on wastewater treatment plant performance operated by anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) processes using GPS-X8 simulation

The water separated by sludge treatment processes is known as the sidestreams, such as the centrate, underflow belt thickener, and supernatant gravity thickener. The sidestreams have significant amounts of contaminants, particularly nutrients, and are returned to the wastewater treatment plant head. Returning the sidestreams to the head of the plant causes both technical and financial problems. This paper models the effect of sidestreams on the treatment of mainstream in full-scale conventional activated sludge systems operated with anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O). The effects of sidestreams nutrients and inert materials, the pollutants fate in the A2/O system, oxygen consumed, and energy required by sidestreams are modeled using GPS-X8 simulation. The results showed that the discharge ratio of the sidestreams to the mainstream is 4 %. The proportion of the pollutants present in the sidestream to the mainstream were 4.3 %, 4.7 %, 8.8 %, 21 %, 40 %, and 11 % for BOD, COD, TSS, NH4, PO4, and H2S, respectively. The GPS-X model showed that high orthophosphate and hydrogen sulfide concentrations were seen in the anaerobic zone. While all other pollutants begin to decay, phosphates and hydrogen sulfide gas also begin to decrease gradually in anoxic and oxic zones, noting the high concentrations of nitrates and sulfates in the oxic zone. An added 10 % of oxygen is needed for the sidestreams ammonia oxidation, which is more than the amount needed for the oxidation of BOD. The percentage of alkali used to improve the nitrification process due to the ammonia in the sidestreams was 30 % of the specified amount of ammonia in the mainstream. This study proved that the plant's sidestreams adversely increased oxygen, energy, and alkali consumption.

Photosynthetic process for removing H2S and CO2 from biogas using the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana

Biogas is an alternative source of energy that contributes on reducing the emissions of polluting gas in comparison to fossil fuels as well as promoting the treatment of organic waste. However depending on the substrate used in its production, it may have a high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S); in these cases a treatment is necessary to make its use viable, for comply with current legislation and avoid damage to materials and health. Currently, the most widely used methods are physical-chemical, such as absorption, adsorption, membrane separation, and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), among others. However, these methods are expensive and generate waste that needs to be treated. In this sense, biological methods have proved to be promising alternatives, especially photosynthetic processes using microalgae. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency in removing CO2 and H2S from biogas through a bench-scale purifier prototype consisting of a photobioreactor and an absorption column, in a continuous biogas flow system. The experiment lasted 240 hours, during which 9 m³ of biogas were treated. In the first 24 hours, the flow rate was 1 L/min, resulting in an average removal of 60.8% of H2S and 20.2% of CO2. Between 24 hours and 240 hours of the study, the average biogas flow rate was 0.54 L/min, and an improvement in removal was observed, reaching 83.4% of H2S and 29.7% of CO2. The system showed efficiency in biogas treatment. However, possibilities for improvement were identified in terms of biogas flow and process, which could further enhance the results presented here.

Salt Water Exposure Exacerbates the Negative Response of Phragmites australis Haplotypes to Sea-Level Rise.

The response of coastal wetlands to sea-level rise (SLR) largely depends on the tolerance of individual plant species to inundation stress and, in brackish and freshwater wetlands, exposure to higher salinities. Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan wetland reed that grows in saline to freshwater marshes. P. australis has many genetically distinct haplotypes, some of which are invasive and the focus of considerable research and management. However, the relative response of P. australis haplotypes to SLR is not well known, despite the importance of predicting future distribution changes and understanding its role in marsh response and resilience to SLR. Here, we use a marsh organ experiment to test how factors associated with sea level rise-inundation and seawater exposure-affect the porewater chemistry and growth response of three P. australis haplotypes along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. We planted three P. australis lineages (Delta, European, and Gulf) into marsh organs at five different elevations in channels at two locations, representing a low (Mississippi River Birdsfoot delta; 0-13 ppt) and high exposure to salinity (Mermentau basin; 6-18 ppt) for two growing seasons. Haplotypes responded differently to flooding and site conditions; the Delta haplotype was more resilient to high salinity, while the Gulf type was less susceptible to flood stress in the freshwater site. Survivorship across haplotypes after two growing seasons was 42% lower at the brackish site than at the freshwater site, associated with high salinity and sulfide concentrations. Flooding greater than 19% of the time led to lower survival across both sites linked to high concentrations of acetic acid in the porewater. Increased flood duration was negatively correlated with live aboveground biomass in the high-salinity site (χ2 = 10.37, p = 0.001), while no such relationship was detected in the low-salinity site, indicating that flood tolerance is greater under freshwater conditions. These results show that the vulnerability of all haplotypes of P. australis to rising sea levels depends on exposure to saline water and that a combination of flooding and salinity may help control invasive haplotypes.

Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

Carbonate rocks cover about 23% of Albania, with exploitable karst water resources estimated at 2.84 × 109 m3/year (about 65% of the total exploitable groundwater resources in the country). The Kruja tectonic zone is characterized by the presence of SE–NW-oriented carbonate structures, rich in fresh and thermal groundwaters. More than 80% of the thermal springs in Albania are present in this tectonic zone. One of its most interesting carbonate structures, with the presence of both cold and thermal waters, is the small karst structure of Makaresh, with a surface of 22 km2. The purpose of this article is to describe the hydrogeological characteristics of this massif; based on the physico-chemical characteristics, groundwaters of the study area are classified as cold waters (belonging to the local flow system) and thermal waters (originating in intermediate/deep flow systems). The former are mainly of HCO3-Ca or HCO3-Ca-Mg type (electrical conductivity 580–650 μS/cm, Temperature 13.9–16.6 °C). Thermal waters are mainly of the Cl-Na-Ca type (EC 7200–7800 μS/cm, T 18.5–22.5 °C); they are further characterized by high hydrogen sulfide concentration, up to about 350 mg/L. The presence of two groundwater types in the Makaresh massif is connected to the presence of two groundwater circulation systems. The main factors of the groundwater physico-chemical quality are the dissolution of rocks and minerals contained therein, the presence of hypogenic speleogenesis, and the mixing of the groundwater of the two systems. The hydrogeological studies proved that karst rocks contain considerable freshwater resources, partly used for water supply. Thermal waters are not currently exploited due to their temperature, but they are potentially suitable for thermal uses by drilling boreholes to a depth of about 1000 m.

Microbiology of Big Soda Lake, a multi-extreme meromictic volcanic crater lake in the Nevada desert.

Big Soda Lake, Nevada, is a multi-extreme meromictic lake, whose hypersaline hyperalkaline bottom waters feature permanent anoxia and high concentrations of arsenic, sulphide and ammonia. These properties make Big Soda Lake-and the adjacent Little Soda Lake-a fascinating system for exploring life's boundaries, discovering novel microbial taxa and identifying biotechnologically useful strains. To date, the taxonomic diversity and metabolic capabilities of microorganisms in this system remain largely unknown. Here, we fill this gap using microbiome surveys across the Big and Little Soda Lake water columns, including 16S rRNA sequencing, fungal ITS2 sequencing and gene- and genome-resolved metagenomics. We accompany these surveys with measurements of salinity, pH, temperature, oxygen, ammonium and ammonia concentrations. Our analyses reveal rich bacterial communities, taxonomically and functionally differentiated along Big Soda Lake's oxycline and, to lesser extent, between lakes. Fungal communities were dominated by a small number of families, while nearly no archaea were detected. Pathways related to perchlorate reduction, anoxygenic phototrophy, fermentation, dissimilatory metabolism of arsenite/arsenate, sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds and hydrogen, were particularly prevalent. A total of 129 high-quality bacterial and archaeal metagenome-assembled genomes (completeness ≥ 80%, contamination ≤ 5%) were recovered, yielding insight into the taxonomic distribution of microbial metabolic pathways.

Enhancement of sulfide removal and sulfur recovery in piggery wastewater via lighting-anaerobic digestion with bioaugmentation of phototrophic green sulfur bacteria.

Anaerobic pig wastewater treatment commonly generates high sulfide concentrations in the treated wastewater. This study aims to apply phototrophic green sulfur bacteria (PGB) to promote sulfide removal in lighting-anaerobic digestion (lighting-AD) treating pig wastewater. Initially, batch AD tests of pig wastewater with/without PGB addition were carried out under dark (D) and light (L) conditions. The results showed that the lighting-AD with PGB gave a higher growth rate of PGB (0.056h-1) and the highest COD/sulfide removals as compared to the dark-AD with PGB and lighting-AD solely. More experiments under various light intensities were performed in order to find an optimal intensity for PGB growth concurrently with metagenomic changes concerning treatment performance. It appeared that sulfide removal rates had increased as increasing light intensity up to 473lx by giving the highest rate of 12.5mg L-1 d-1 with the highest sulfur element content in the biomass. Contrastingly, many PGB species disappeared at 1350lx exposure subsequently sharply decreasing the rate of sulfide removal. In sum, the application of low light intensities of 400-500lx with bioaugmented PGB could promote PGB growth and activity in sulfide removal in pig wastewater in the lighting of the AD process.

Role of bottom water chemistry in the formation of fibrous magnesium calcite at methane seeps in the Black Sea

ABSTRACTClimate change poses a significant challenge for life on Earth. Different climate modes have been shown to come along with changes of the magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio of seawater, and such changes are believed to control the primary mineral phase of marine authigenic carbonates. However, factors controlling marine carbonate phases other than seawater Mg/Ca ratios exist. Fibrous cements forming at methane seeps in the Black Sea provide new insight into the factors governing elemental and mineral phase compositions of fibrous carbonates. In this study, the distribution of aragonite and fibrous Mg calcite cements from three seep sites in the Black Sea is described as a function of water depth. The Mg/Ca ratio of seawater, as well as the ratio in shallow pore water, is close to four at the examined sites. Fibrous Mg calcite post‐dated aragonite cement in seep carbonates from shallow water depth of 120 to 190 m, whereas Mg calcite is the only cement at a greater depth of ca 2000 m. The primary formation of fibrous Mg calcite is confirmed by its zonation under cathodoluminescence, crystal morphologies agreeing with competitive growth, uniformly distributed MgCO3 contents and precipitation in equilibrium with local conditions calculated from δ18O values. The MgCO3 contents (4.5 to 12.2 mol%) are negatively correlated with δ13C values, indicating that the incorporation of Mg into the calcite crystal structure was favoured by high concentrations of sulphide generated by sulphate‐driven anaerobic oxidation of methane. Unlike open oceanic basins, stratification in the Black Sea leads to euxinic conditions in the deeper water column, favouring fibrous Mg calcite formation. This observation is consistent with sulphide catalysis as a critical agent for the formation of low‐Mg calcite to very high‐Mg calcite at high Mg/Ca ratios and is possibly relevant to carbonate cements forming during times of oceanic euxinia.