High Common-mode Noise Rejection Research Articles

Coherent Population Trapping with High Common-Mode Noise Rejection Using Differential Detection of Simultaneous Dark and Bright Resonances

Coherent manipulation of atomic states is highly desirable in numerous applications spanning from fundamental physics to metrology. In this study, we propose and demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, the simultaneous observation in a vapor cell of dark and bright resonances that provide, through a differential-detection stage, an output coherent-population-trapping atomic resonance that benefits from a doubled amplitude and high common-mode noise rejection. This advanced spectroscopic scheme might be of interest for the development of high-performance vapor-cell atomic clocks, sensors, or high-resolution spectroscopy experiments.

Magnetic Near-Field Measurement With a Differential Probe to Suppress Common Mode Noise

To measure the magnetic near field with high common-mode noise rejection, a probe with the differential and symmetrical structure forming a detection loop is developed. Such measurement is performed by using a two-port vector network analyzer (VNA) and validated by using a microstrip line as a device under test (DUT). In comparison to the measurement with traditional single-output magnetic near field probe, the electric field suppression of the proposed measurement can be improved by at least 10 dB in the frequency range of $3\sim 11$ GHz, while the other characteristics remain unchanged.

Gradient-Type Magnetoelectric Current Sensor with Strong Multisource Noise Suppression.

A novel gradient-type magnetoelectric (ME) current sensor operating in magnetic field gradient (MFG) detection and conversion mode is developed based on a pair of ME composites that have a back-to-back capacitor configuration under a baseline separation and a magnetic biasing in an electrically-shielded and mechanically-enclosed housing. The physics behind the current sensing process is the product effect of the current-induced MFG effect associated with vortex magnetic fields of current-carrying cables (i.e., MFG detection) and the MFG-induced ME effect in the ME composite pair (i.e., MFG conversion). The sensor output voltage is directly obtained from the gradient ME voltage of the ME composite pair and is calibrated against cable current to give the current sensitivity. The current sensing performance of the sensor is evaluated, both theoretically and experimentally, under multisource noises of electric fields, magnetic fields, vibrations, and thermals. The sensor combines the merits of small nonlinearity in the current-induced MFG effect with those of high sensitivity and high common-mode noise rejection rate in the MFG-induced ME effect to achieve a high current sensitivity of 0.65–12.55 mV/A in the frequency range of 10 Hz–170 kHz, a small input-output nonlinearity of <500 ppm, a small thermal drift of <0.2%/ in the current range of 0–20 A, and a high common-mode noise rejection rate of 17–28 dB from multisource noises.

Novel laboratory methods for determining the fine scale electrical resistivity structure of core

High-resolution electrical resistivity measurements are made on saturated rocks using novel laboratory instrumentation and multiple electrical voltage measurements involving in principle a four-point electrode measurement but with a single, moving electrode. Flat, rectangular core samples are scanned by varying the electrode position over a range of hundreds of millimetres with an accuracy of a tenth of a millimetre. Two approaches are tested involving a contact electrode and a non-contact electrode arrangement. The first galvanic method uses balanced cycle switching of a floating direct current (DC) source to minimise charge polarisation effects masking the resistivity distribution related to fine scale structure. These contacting electrode measurements are made with high common mode noise rejection via differential amplification with respect to a reference point within the current flow path. A computer based multifunction data acquisition system logs the current through the sample and voltages along equipotentials from which the resistivity measurements are derived. Multiple measurements are combined to create images of the surface resistivity structure, with variable spatial resolution controlled by the electrode spacing. Fine scale sedimentary features and open fractures in saturated rocks are interpreted from the measurements with reference to established relationships between electrical resistivity and porosity. Our results successfully characterise grainfall lamination and sandflow cross-stratification in a brine saturated, dune bedded core sample representative of a southern North Sea reservoir sandstone, studied using the system in constant current, variable voltage mode. In contrast, in a low porosity marble, identification of open fracture porosity against a background very low matrix porosity is achieved using the constant voltage, variable current mode. This new system is limited by the diameter of the electrode that for practical reasons can only be reduced to between 0.5 and 0.75 mm. Improvements to this resolution may be achieved by further reducing the electrode footprint to 0.1 mm × 0.1 mm using a novel high-impedance, non-contact potential probe. Initial results with this non-contact electric potential sensor indicate the possibility for generating images with grain-scale resolution.

Tunable differential‐mode bandpass filters with wide tuning range and high common‐mode suppression

Tunable differential-mode filters with wide tuning range and high common-mode suppression are proposed. Step-impedance resonators terminated with varactors are proposed and used to construct the tunable filter. Symmetrical parallel coupled lines terminated with varactors are used as a negative coupling bisection, which results in convenient tuning of coupling coefficient and bandwidth control. Capacitors are placed at the four ports to adjust the external quality factor. With these techniques and the choice of a high capacitance ratio varactor, a wide tuning range up to 75% has been achieved. Tunable differential-mode filters with constant absolute bandwidth (ABW) and constant fractional bandwidth (FBW) are realised, respectively. The constant ABW filter has a -3 dB bandwidth of 95 ± 10 MHz and an insertion loss of 5.7 - 2.5 dB. The constant FBW filter has a -3 dB bandwidth of 9.8 ± 1.2% and an insertion loss of 6.0 - 1.7 dB. In addition, a capacitor is loaded on the symmetry plane to misalign common-mode resonant frequencies, resulting in high common-mode noise rejection in the whole frequency range.

젤리스 금속 전극으로 측정가능한 휴대용 디지털 심전도계의 개발

심장 질환의 이상 현상은 항상 나타나는 것이 아니므로 오랜 시간 동안 심장상태를 관찰해야 한다. 하지만, 의료장비는 크기, 장비 조작, 비용 면에서 개인이 소유하여 장시간 동안 건강 체크를 하기에는 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는, 젤리스 금속 전극으로 측정 가능한 휴대용 디지털 심전도계를 제작하였다. 전극은 기존의 젤 타입 전극 대신 젤리스 금속 전극을 사용함으로써 기존 젤 타입 전극의 단점이었던 피부발진 또는 가려움증 유발 등의 문제점을 개선하였다. 전체 심전도계는 크게 아날로그 계측 회로부와 디지털 회로부로 구성하였다. 아날로그 계측 회로부는 동상모드 잡음을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 op-amp와 smd타입의 수동소자를 사용하여 18*25mm 크기로 설계 및 구현하였다. 디지털 회로부에서는 마이크로 컨트롤러를 이용하여 아날로그 신호인 심장신호를 디지털 신호로 변환하여 TFT-LCD에 디스플레이할 수 있도록 하였다. 완성된 휴대용 심전도계의 크기는 25*80*50mm이고, 무게는 약 150g 정도로써 가볍고 휴대하기 용이하게 소형으로 제작하였다. Heart condition should be observed for long periods of time because it does not appear abnormal all the time. However, there are many difficulties checking our health for a long time due to its size, operation of equipment, and cost. To solve these problems, an electrocardiograms(ECG), specially interfacing three gel-less metal electrodes for low cost portable applications, is designed and implemented. Gel-less metal electrodes are used for ECG monitoring system instead of gel-type electrodes that can cause skin rashes and itching problem. The whole ECG system consists of two parts-analog and digital circuits. The analog measurement circuit that has a 18*25mm size is made up of op-amps maintaining a sufficiently high common-mode noise rejection and passive elements of SMD type. Analog heart signal is converted to digital stream suitable for display on a TFT-LCD by an 8-bit microcontroller. The size of the completed ECG system is 25*80*50mm and its weighing is about 150g, which is small enough to be easily used. Therefore, the implemented ECG system can be used as a portable one.