High Chloride Diet Research Articles

Participation of Chloride Channels in Cardiovascular and Kidney Health. Effects of High Chloride Diets on Blood Pressure in an Experimental Model of Saline Overload

Participation of Chloride Channels in Cardiovascular and Kidney Health. Effects of High Chloride Diets on Blood Pressure in an Experimental Model of Saline Overload

The effect of dietary chloride and bicarbonate on blood pH, haematological variables, pulmonary hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens

1. The effect of supplementing grower diets with bicarbonate or chloride on haematological variables, pulmonary hypertension syndrome and ascites in broilers exposed to cold temperature was investigated. 2. High concentrations of dietary chloride had no effect on the pH of the venous blood but a low chloride/high bicarbonate diet significantly increased blood pH. There was no consistent effect of dietary chloride or bicarbonate concentrations on growth performance, although in 1 experiment birds given a low chloride/high bicarbonate diet consumed less food and gained less weight than controls. 3. Birds fed on high-chloride diets tended to have a higher incidence of ascites and pulmonary hypertension than controls. Birds fed on low-chloride and high-bicarbonate diets had significantly lower pulmonary hypertension and lower heart weights, which may have indicated a decrease in pulmonary and systemic blood pressure. 4. We conclude that increasing dietary bicarbonate and reducing dietary chloride has potential as a low cost and effective method to reduce the pulmonary hypertension which leads to ascites in broiler chickens.

Hypocalcemia induced by intravenous administration of disodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate and its effects on excretion of calcium in urine of cows fed a high chloride diet.

Evidence supports the theory that a diet that is rich in nonmetabolizable anions fed to dairy cows during the dry period reduces the risk of hypocalcemic paresis puerperalis. When cows are fed a diet that is rich in anions instead of cations, more Ca is absorbed in the intestine and excreted in urine. We hypothesized that, in cows fed a diet that was rich in anions, the increased flow of Ca through the body could be drained to support the maintenance of plasma Ca concentration around parturition. The hypothesis was tested by binding plasma Ca through intravenous administration of Na2-EDTA and measuring excretion of Ca in urine. In a 2-period x 14-d crossover study, six, nonpregnant, nonlactating, multiparous cows were fed either a diet that was rich in cations (dietary cation-anion difference = +332 meq/kg of dry matter) or rich in anions (dietary cation-anion difference = -230 meq/kg of dry matter). On the last day of each feeding period, Na2-EDTA was infused intravenously until the amount of plasma Ca that was not bound to EDTA reached approximately 1 mmol/L. The amount of EDTA that could be infused was significantly greater when the cows were fed the diet that was rich in anions. During the infusion of Na2-EDTA the rate of Ca excretion in urine dropped to almost 0 when the diet that was rich in anions was fed. After feeding the diet that was rich in cations, excretion of Ca in urine was negligible and was not reduced further by Na2-EDTA infusion. Thus, in cows fed a diet that was rich in anions, the Ca intended for excretion with urine can be used when plasma Ca is under stress as would occur at the onset of lactation. However, the amount of Ca derived from plasma, interstitial fluid, and the skeleton during Na2-EDTA infusion was quantitatively much more important to the supply of Ca than was the reduction in excretion of Ca in urine. Most likely, this relationship would also be true when the production of colostrum begins.

Effect of chloride on renal blood flow in angiotensin II induced hypertension

The effect of selective dietary sodium and (or) chloride loading on blood pressure and renal blood flow (RBF) in the rat angiotensin II (AII) model of hypertension was determined. AII (200 ng/min) or saline was infused intraperitoneally. Diets were provided with either high or low concentrations of sodium, chloride or both ions for 22 days. The blood pressure of saline-treated animals was not increased by the high sodium chloride diet. Animals on a high sodium, high chloride diet had a significantly greater increase of blood pressure at 8, 15, 18, and 22 days of AII infusion compared with AII-treated animals on a low sodium, low chloride diet (p less than 0.05). Selective dietary loading of either high sodium or chloride in AII-treated rats produced no greater elevation of blood pressure than AII with the low sodium, low chloride diet. Selective high dietary chloride was associated with a lower RBF in AII- and vehicle-treated rats compared with low dietary chloride. The chloride effect on RBF was greater in AII-treated animals. In conclusion, both sodium chloride are necessary to produce the maximum increase of blood pressure in AII animals. AII enhances the decreased RBF induced by dietary chloride.

Chloride Requirements of Lactating Dairy Cattle

Chloride is the third most abundant mineral element in milk and the most common anion in the extracellular body fluids of mammals (Coppock and Fettman, 1977). An early study at Cornell found that cows fed a low chloride diet, containing .18% chloride, had lower chloride excretion in urine and feces (Coppock et al., 1979). Significant reductions in chloride concentrations of blood plasma, urine, saliva and synovial fluids were reported in young calves fed a diet containing .038% chloride (Burkhalter et al., 1979; Burkhalter et al., 1980; and Neathery et al., 1981). A trial was designed to examine the potential affects of a chloride deficiency in dairy cows (Fettman et al., 1984b, I 984c). Diets were formulated containing either . 1 (low), .27 (medium) or .45 (high) % chloride on a dry matter basis. No differences in dry matter intake, milk production or body weight changes were detected between the medium and high diets (Fettman et al., 1984b, 1984c). However, significant decreases in these three measures were noted for cows on the low chloride diet. Cows on the medium and high chloride diets did not differ in the metabolic parameters monitored. The results of this study indicate that a dietary chloride content of . l % is too low for early lactation dairy cows. It would appear that a dietary chloride level of .25 to .3% on a dry matter basis should be used in practical ration formulation.

Effects of Dietary Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Chloride on Physiological Responses of Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather

Twenty-four lactating cows were assigned randomly to three treatments to evaluate responses to large differences of dietary sodium and chloride. Treatments were corn-cottonseed meal-corn silage based complete rations with either: 1) .23% sodium chloride (control), 2) control plus 2.28% calcium chloride, or 3) control plus 1.70% sodium bicarbonate. Treatment effects were significant for urine pH (7.96, 5.41, 8.18), blood pH (7.50, 7.39, 7.49), partial pressure of oxygen (91.2, 99.4, 86.3mm Hg), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (34.60, 30.57, 32.98mm Hg), bicarbonate (26.20, 18.06, 24.64 meq/liter), total carbon dioxide (27.51, 19.18, 25.88 mM/liter), base excess (4.50, −4.31, 3.13 meq/liter), plasma chloride (93.4, 102.8, 95.7 meq/liter), serum potassium (3.26, 4.24, 4.14 meq/liter), and inorganic phosphorus (7.11, 5.61, 6.80 mg/100ml). Blood glucose (45.1, 43.0, 55.5 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen (11.8, 8.7, 11.9 mg/dl) exhibited treatment effects. Respiration rates, 84.8, 61.8, 89.9 per min, and body temperatures, 39.7, 39.0, and 40.0°C were significantly different. Lower intake of the high chloride diet and higher intake of the bicarbonate diet were probably responsible for some of the effects. Dietary electrolytes should receive attention in formulation because acid-base status of the animal is determined, in part, by ionic concentration and balance of the diet.

Performance of Laying Hens When Fed Various Levels of Sodium and Chloride

Two strains of commercial egg production hens were fed three levels of sodium (.14, .17, .28%) and three levels of chloride (.08, .14, .28%) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The hens were 500 days of age and were laying at approximately 68% at the onset of the trial. The diets were fed ad libitum for five 28-day periods. Production values were obtained monthly and shell quality data obtained biweekly. With the exception of sodium and chloride, the basal diet was formulated to meet the needs of mature hens consuming 95.5 g of feed per day.High sodium with low chloride levels reduced egg production, feed efficiency, and egg weight. Feed intake was constant over all treatments. High sodium levels depressed specific gravity of eggs, especially when chloride was low. The incidence of egg shell pimples was less when the high chloride diets were fed. Chloride levels of .14 and .28% and soium levels of .14, .17, and .28% appeared to be satisfactory for performance and shell formation in the mature laying hen.

Lysine-Chloride Interactions in the Growing Chick ,

Nutritional interactions between dietary chloride and lysine in the young chick were investigated. Chloride, varying over four levels from .44 to 1.84% of the diet, was included in diets containing limiting (.7%) or adequate (1.1%) levels of lysine. Increasing chloride in diets containing either level of lysine resulted in a depression of growth rate and feed consumption (P<.01). The efficiency of feed utilization for growth was significantly lowered only when chicks were fed diets containing the highest level of chloride (P<.05). Plasma lysine concentrations were greater in chicks fed the lysine adequate diet; plasma arginine was unchanged. Plasma lysine and arginine concentrations were unaffected by chloride. In a second experiment chicks were fed a lysine deficient (.7%), lysine adequate (1.2%), high lysine (2.5%), or high lysine (2.5%) high arginine (2.3%) diet with varying levels of chloride. Increasing dietary chloride depressed weight gains. This effect was most dramatic in those chicks fed the high lysine diet. Increasing dietary arginine alleviated the effect of chloride in the high lysine diet. Plasma sodium and potassium were unaffected by dietary lysine and chloride levels. Plasma chloride tended to be greater in chicks receiving high chloride diets and were highest in chicks fed the high lysine diet. We conclude that dietary chloride does not influence the lysine requirement of chicks but exacerbates the lysine-arginine antagonism.