High-capacity Anode Research Articles

Scientometric Insights into Rechargeable Solid-State Battery Developments

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer significant improvements in safety, energy density, and cycle life over conventional lithium-ion batteries, with promising applications in electric vehicles and grid storage due to their non-flammable electrolytes and high-capacity lithium metal anodes. However, challenges such as interfacial resistance, low ionic conductivity, and manufacturing scalability hinder their commercial viability. This study conducts a comprehensive scientometric analysis, examining 131 peer-reviewed SSB research articles from IEEE Xplore and Web of Science databases to identify key thematic areas and bibliometric patterns driving SSB advancements. Through a detailed analysis of thematic keywords and publication trends, this study uniquely identifies innovations in high-ionic-conductivity solid electrolytes and advanced cathode materials, providing actionable insights into the persistent challenges of interfacial engineering and scalable production, which are critical to SSB commercialization. The findings offer a roadmap for targeted research and strategic investments by researchers and industry stakeholders, addressing gaps in long-term stability, scalable production, and high-performance interface optimization that are currently hindering widespread SSB adoption. The study reveals key advances in electrolyte interface stability and ion transport mechanisms, identifying how solid-state electrolyte modifications and cathode coating methods improve charge cycling and reduce dendrite formation, particularly for high-energy-density applications. By mapping publication growth and clustering research themes, this study highlights high-impact areas such as cycling stability and ionic conductivity. The insights from this analysis guide researchers toward impactful areas, such as electrolyte optimization and scalable production, and provide industry leaders with strategies for accelerating SSB commercialization to extend electric vehicle range, enhance grid storage, and improve overall energy efficiency.

Slow Voltage Relaxation of Silicon Nanoparticles with a Chemo-Mechanical Core-Shell Model.

Silicon presents itself as a high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries with a promising future. The high ability for lithiation comes along with massive volume changes and a problematic voltage hysteresis, causing reduced efficiency, detrimental heat generation, and a complicated state-of-charge estimation. During slow cycling, amorphous silicon nanoparticles show a larger voltage hysteresis than after relaxation periods. Interestingly, the voltage relaxes for at least several days, which has not been physically explained so far. We apply a chemo-mechanical continuum model in a core-shell geometry interpreted as a silicon particle covered by the solid-electrolyte interphase to account for the hysteresis phenomena. The silicon core (de)lithiates during every cycle while the covering shell is chemically inactive. The visco-elastoplastic behavior of the shell explains the voltage hysteresis during cycling and after relaxation. We identify a logarithmic voltage relaxation, which fits with the established Garofalo law for viscosity. Our chemo-mechanical model describes the observed voltage hysteresis phenomena and outperforms the empirical Plett model. In addition to our full model, we present a reduced model to allow for easy voltage profile estimations. The presented results support the mechanical explanation of the silicon voltage hysteresis with a core-shell model and encourage further efforts into the investigation of the silicon anode mechanics.

Design of high-capacity composite anode for next generation lithium-ion batteries

Ga is in primary focus for high-capacity anodes of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Ga-based anode can form Li2Ga with Li at room temperature. Again, decoupling of Li and Ga is easy compared to other high-capacity materials like Si. Low melting temperature, volume changes, and particle agglomeration of Ga-based electrodes in lithiation and delithiation processes are serious challenges toward its commercialization. To overcome these obstacles, we propose a new composite using Mn-doped GaFeP engineered on N-rGO. Three Mn doping ratios (1, 5, and 10 %) were studied for optimization of electrochemical performance. We observed that the 5 % Mn-doped GaFeP/N-rGO delivered an impressive reversible capacity of 1099.9 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.3 A/g. Its retention rate capacity (97.6 %) was higher than those of other electrodes. Furthermore, an excellent rate performance and substantial long-term stability of 671.9 mAh/g was achieved at 1.5 A/g after 850 cycles. The reaction mechanism of the high-performance composite electrode is expounded. We hope our study provides new insights and guidelines to the development of Mn-doped Ga-based electrodes with high capacities, minimal volume change, and long cycle stabilities for next-generation LIBs.

Hierarchical porous silicon oxycarbide as a stable anode material for lithium-ion batteries

The porous and amorphous silicon oxycarbides (SiOC) derived from polymer precursors are regarded as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and minimal volume expansion. Modulations of carbon nanoclusters and reversible species in Si-O-C units have been performed to improve lithium storage properties of SiOC anodes. Herein, we report the effects of pore structure on cycling stability and rate performance of SiOC anode materials, which are prepared by a sol-gel approach using different additions of solvents and a subsequent calcination. The increase in the solvent addition promotes the formation of macropores in the hierarchical porous structure of the SiOC, thereby facilitating rapid Li ion migration and mitigating volume expansion during the lithiation of the SiOC. The as-prepared SiOC anode exhibits competitive reversible capacities of 750.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles and 437.1 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles, compared to those of previously reported SiOC anodes. This work provides a new strategy for designing of high-capacity and high-stability SiOC anode materials.

Cyclooctatetrathiophene Based MOF-Derived Porous Materials as High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Extensive research on anodes with higher capacity than carbon-based materials is driven by the great demand for lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density. However, the cycling stability of high-capacity anodes is usually hindered by significant volumetric changes and structural collapse during the cycling process. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of crystalline materials, and their derivatives are expected as alternative high-capacity anodes, resulting from the merits of easy functionalization and pore engineering. In this study, a novel porous Co-MOF-derived composite anode was prepared by the pyrolysis of a nonporous Co-cyclooctatetrathiophene tetrapyridine (Co-COTTTP) template. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the precise composition of Co-COTTTP-derived composite anodes with exposed rich redox cobalt oxides active sites, appropriate degree of graphitization, and N, S-doping, which effectively enhanced the electrochemical performance of the composite anodes. Thus, the resulting porous MOF-derived composite anode demonstrated high specific capacity and long cycling stability in the assembled batteries. Specifically, the cells assembled with Co-COTTTP-500 anodes delivered a high reversible specific capacity of 1005.7 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.1 A/g and can be cycled steady for 800 cycles at 1 A/g, indicating the structure stability during cell operation. In summary, this study provides a feasible strategy to prepare high-performance MOF-derived anodes and deep understanding for the structure–activity relationship, contributing to the fabrication of high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.

In-situ construction of heterogeneous structure by crystal phase evolution to improve the sodium storage performance of NiCo2O4

Transition metal oxides (TMCs) have great potential in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to their significantly higher capacity and lower cost. However, during the cycle, huge volume changes often lead to structural damage, which is a key factor in the rapid decay of capacity. In this paper, a heterogeneous structure was constructed in situ by introducing sulfur element to induce the decomposition of NiCo2O4 crystal phase. The rich heterogeneous interface has enhanced redox reaction kinetics and charge transport properties. For high-capacity conversion anode materials, cross-linked grain boundaries can effectively disperse the local stress caused by volume changes and alleviate the inevitable electrode crushing, thus ensuring the stability of the electrode during long-term cycling. The NiCo2O4/NiCo2S4/CoO/ NiO heterogeneous structure (NCOS-350) exhibits enhanced cycling and rate performance (350 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g −1 after 100 cycles and 270 mAh g −1 at 5 A g −1) when used as the anode for sodium ion batteries. In addition, it is proved that NCOS-350 has smaller volume change and better structural stability than NiCo2O4 by scanning electron microscopy and other characterizations.

Anion-Tailored EDL Induced Triple-Layer SEI on High-Capacity Anodes Enabling Fast-Charging and Durable Sodium-Storage.

High-capacity electrodes face a great challenge of cycling stability due to particle fragmentation induced conductive network failure and accompanied by sustained electrolyte decomposition for repeatedly build solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, Se-solubility induced Sex 2- as self-adjustment electrolyte additive to regulate electric double layer (EDL) for constructing novel triple-layer SEI (inner layer: Se; mediate layer: inorganic; outer layer: organic) on high-capacity FeS2 anode as an example for achieving stable and fast sodium storage. In detail, Sex 2- in situ generated at 1.30 V (vs. Na+/Na) and was preferentially adsorbed onto EDL of anode, then converted to Se0 as inner layer of SEI. In addition, the Sex 2- causes anion-enhanced Na+ solvation structure could produce more inorganic (Se0, NaF) and less organic SEI components. The unique triple-layer SEI with layer-by-layer dense structure alleviate the excessive electrolyte consumption with less gas evolution. As a result, the anode delivered long-lifespan at 10 A g-1 (383.7 mAh g-1, 6000 cycles, 93.1 %, 5 min/cycle). The Se-induced triple-layer SEI could be also be formed on high-capacity SnS2 anode. This work provides a novel SEI model by anion-tailored EDL towards stable sodium-storage of high-capacity anode for fast-charging.

A High-capacity Benzoquinone Derivative Anode for All-organic Long-cycle Aqueous Proton Batteries.

Quinone compounds, with the ability to uptake protons, are promising electrodes for aqueous batteries. However, their applications are limited by the mediocre working potential range and inferior rate performance. Herein, we examined quinones bearing different substituents, and for the first time introduce tetraamino-1,4-benzoquinone (TABQ) as anode material for proton batteries. The strong electron-donating amino groups can effectively narrow the band gap and lower the redox potentials of quinone materials. The protonation of amino groups and the amorphization of structure result in the formation of an intermolecular hydrogen-bond network, supporting Grotthuss-type proton conduction in the electrode with a low activation energy of 192.7 meV. The energy storage mechanism revealed by operando FT-IR and ex situ XPS features a reversible quinone-hydroquinone conversion during cycling. TABQ demonstrates a remarkable specific capacity of 307 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1, which is one of the highest among organic proton electrodes. An all-organic proton battery of TABQ//TCBQ has also been developed, achieving exceptional stability of 3500 cycles at room temperature and excellent performance at sub-zero temperature.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Cage-like Co9S8 Microspheres Composed of Nanosheets as High-Capacity Anode Materials

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Cage-like Co9S8 Microspheres Composed of Nanosheets as High-Capacity Anode Materials

Investigations of Mechanisms Leading to Capacity Differences in Li/Na/K-Ion Batteries with Conversion-Type Transition-Metal Sulfides Anodes.

Conversion-type transition-metal sulfides (CT-TMSs) have been extensively studied as the anode of Li/Na/K-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity. An issue with the use of the material in the battery is that a large capacity difference is commonly observed. However, the underlying mechanism leading to the problem is still unknown. Here, the large capacity difference mechanisms of CT-TMSs anodes in the Li/Na/K-ion storage are elucidated, which arises from the difference in conversion degree and size of conversion products. Specifically, the increase in ionic radius will cause the increase in insertion-reaction ion diffuse energy barrier and conversion-reaction Gibbs free energies of phase transformation to decrease reaction kinetics, which causes a decrease in conversion degree and an increase in size of conversion products, thus leading to reduction in capacity. The increase in size and the decrease in the amount of conversion products inevitably reduce the amount of spin-polarized electrons injection into Fe and corresponding ions storage amount into sulfides during the ion-electron decoupling storage, thus reducing the capacity. The research clarifies the capacity difference mechanisms of CT-TMSs anodes in Li/Na/K storage, providing valuable insights for designing Li/Na/K storage high-capacity anodes.

A Novel Gelatin Binder with Helical Crosslinked Network for High-Performance Si Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon(Si) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, but its large volume expansion during cycling poses a challenge for the binder design. In this study, a novel gelatin binder is designed and prepared with a helical crosslinked network structure. This gelatin binder is prepared by enzymatic crosslinking and immersion in Hofmeister salt solution, which induces the formation of network and helical secondary structures. The helical crosslinked network structure can be analogous to a spring group system to effectively dissipate the stress and strain caused by the Si expansion. The gelatin binder is further partially carbonized by low-temperature pyrolysis, which improves its conductivity and stability. The Sianode with the optimized gelatin binder exhibits high initial coulombic efficiency, excellent rate performance, and long-term cycling stability. This study provides an innovative approach for the preparation of high-performance Si anodes, namely by controlling the molecular configuration of the binder to significantly improve the cycle stability, which can also be applied to other high-capacity anode materials that suffer from large volume changes during cycling.

Boosting the Sodiation Kinetics of Sn Anode Using a Yolk-Shell Nanohybrid Structure for High-Rate and Ultrastable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Metallic Sn (Tin) is a promising anode material for Na-ion batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity of 870mAhg-1. However, its large volumetric changes, interfacial instability, and sluggish sodiation kinetics limit its practical applications. Herein, a hierarchical yolk-shell nanohybrid composed of an Sn yolk and a Carbon/Silicon oxycarbide (C/SiOC) bilayer shell is prepared via the simple pyrolysis of a silicone oil dispersion containing an Sn precursor. The multifunctional bilayer helps boost sodiation kinetics by providing conductive pathways, enhancing the reversible capacity through surface capacitive reactions, and stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface. Abundant void interspaces inside the yolk-shell structure accommodate large volume changes of the Sn yolk. The Sn@C/SiOC nanohybrid demonstrates high specific capacity (≈500mAhg-1 at 1Ag-1), remarkable rate performance up to 10Ag-1, and ultrastable cyclability (91.1% retention after 1500 cycles at 5Ag-1). This yolk-shell nanohybrid structuring can guide the development of various high-capacity anodes for energy storage applications.

Unravelling the electrochemical characteristics and sodium storage mechanism of pistachio shell derived hard carbon as high plateau capacity anodes by operando Raman spectroscopy and full cell demonstration

Hard carbon has emerged as a highly promising material for negative electrode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This study focuses on the synthesis of an anode material through the pyrolysis of Pistachio shells, a commonly available nut waste, at different temperatures ranging from 900° to 1400°C. The material pyrolyzed at 1400 °C exhibits a remarkable reversible discharge capacity of 302 mAhg−1 and plateau capacity of 223 mAhg−1 at a current rate of 10 mAg−1, displaying stable cyclic performance and an impressive 80% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 200 mAg−1. The morphological, structural, and surface chemical characteristics of the cycled hard carbon anode materials were examined through ex-situ FE-SEM, XRD, and XPS analyses. Furthermore, the sodiation and desodiation mechanisms of the synthesized hard carbon were investigated using operando Raman Spectroscopy. The diffusion kinetics parameters were determined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and CV analyses. This study underscores the potential of Pistachio shells as a promising precursor for the synthesis of carbonaceous anode for SIBs, employing a straightforward one-step pyrolysis process. The excellent electrochemical performance, along with the ease of material sourcing and synthesis, places this nutty waste as a promising, sustainable and clean energy resource option for advancing sodium-ion battery technology.

Fly-ash derived crystalline Si (cSi) Improves the capacity and energy density of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 battery: Synthesis and performance

For decades, graphite has been the key ingredient in the anode of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The search for high-capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has led to increasing interest in silicon (Si) as a potential replacement for graphite. This study presents an innovative approach to synthesizing crystalline Si (cSi) from type C fly ash, addressing both the need for improved LIB anodes and the challenge of industrial waste management. Our novel process involves a stepwise method of extraction, gelation using various mineral acids (HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3), magnesiothermic reduction, and purification. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the production of high-purity SiO2 and cSi. Notably, a cSi-doped graphite anode (5 % Si) paired with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) in a cylindrical cell achieved a minimum specific discharge capacity of 388 mAh/ganode after formation, surpassing the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh/g). This demonstrates that even a small amount of cSi can significantly enhance anode performance. Our scalable, simple, and economical process offers a dual benefit: improving battery characteristics while providing an efficient method for fly ash waste utilization. This approach paves the way for sustainable production of high-performance LIB anodes while addressing critical waste management challenges.

Template-directed strategy synthesis of CoNi-layered double hydroxide nanosheet coated with polypyrrole for enhanced capacitive deionization

Recently, faradic material layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been widely used as an anode for capacitive desalination (CDI), due to its reversible ion insertion/deintercalation process and high anion storage capacity. Unfortunately, the issues of poor conductivity and self-stacking of LDH limit its application in the CDI. Herein, CoNi-LDH coated with polypyrrole (PPy@CoNi-LDH) was meticulously designed and synthesized using ZIF-67 as the precursor by template-directed strategy and in-situ polymerization. The CoNi-LDH has large interlayer distance of 0.91 nm, which is beneficial for ion insertion. Introduced PPy conductive layer improved the interface transfer rate of charges and increased the ion storage capacity of composite. The experimental test results indicate that PPy@CoNi-LDH1:1 electrode has a higher specific capacitance of 223.1 F g−1 and lower resistivity of 62.33 Ω·cm compared to CoNi-LDH electrode (35.2 F g−1 and 3.39 × 104 Ω·cm). Obtained PPy@CoNi-LDH1:1 also has abundant mesoporous and excellent hydrophilicity, which can promote ions transfer. Meanwhile, the specific surface area of PPy@CoNi-LDH1:1 with the coating structure is 1.78 times that of CoNi-LDH, effectively suppressing the self-stacking of CoNi-LDH and exposing more active sites. When employed PPy@CoNi-LDH1:1 as an anode and the activated carbon as a cathode, the PPy@CoNi-LDH1:1//AC cell exhibited a high Cl− removal capacity (60.20 mg g−1), a swift Cl− removal rate (11.45 mg g−1 min−1) and good cycling stability (the retention rate is 89.67 % after 50 cycles) in NaCl solution of 500 mg L−1 and 1.4 V applied voltage. Additionally, the adsorption mechanism indicated that surface charge attraction, ligand exchange, and ion insertion jointly promote the Cl− removal. This study provides a feasible solution about successful design of high adsorption capacity anode materials for CDI.

High-Energy Sodium Ion Batteries Enabled by Switching Sodiophobic Graphite into Sodiophilic and High-Capacity Anodes.

Owing to the crustal abundance of sodium element, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered a promising complementary to lithium-ion battery for stationary energy storage applications. The cointercalation chemistry enables the use of cost-effective graphite as anodes, whereas the low capacity (<130 mAh g-1) and high redox potential (>0.6 V vs. Na/Na+) of graphite significantly limit the energy density of SIBs. Herein, we induce the high-capacity Na metal into sodiophilic ternary graphite intercalation compounds (t-GICs) via co-intercalation and deposition reactions, thereby achieving Na/t-GIC anodes with high capacities and low working voltage (0.18 V). The new anodes exhibit high coulombic efficiencies of above 99.7 % over 550 cycles and a high-rate capacity of 588.4 mAh g-1 at 6 C (10 min per charge). When it is paired with Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) cathodes, the SIBs demonstrate a high energy density of 259 Wh kg-1 both electrodes surpassing that of commercial LiFePO4//graphite batteries. The outstanding anode performance is attributed to the tailored sodiophilicity of graphite through manipulating the ether solvents and the in situ generated space among t-GIC flakes to stably accommodate Na metal. Our findings for stable Na plating/striping on sodiophilic graphite materials provide an effective approach for developing advanced SIBs.

Spatial confinement strategy modulated by kinetic diameters of gaseous molecules for sodium storage

Constructing closed pore structures is essential for improving the plateau capacity of high-capacity hard carbon (HC) anodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, the absence of a straightforward and efficient strategy for constructing closed pores has hindered the advancement of high-capacity HC anodes. Here, we have developed a spatial confinement strategy for constructing closed pore structures using pyrolytic carbon (PC) as substrate and pyrolysis gas as the carbon source for chemical vapor deposition. The deposition of pyrolysis gas effectively tightens the pore entrance, thereby preventing electrolyte infiltration and transforming the open pores in the PC into highly efficient sites for sodium storage. The obtained optimal anodes demonstrate a remarkable specific capacity of 324.6 mAh g-1. More importantly, we calculate the kinetic diameters of the carbon source molecules from their iso-electron density surfaces and correlate them with the mechanism of closed pore formation, which will effectively guide the fabrication of closed pores for sodium storage.

Metal-organic framework-derived in situ-grown Cu2Sb@NC octahedra for high-performance stable lithium/sodium storage

Intermetallic compounds are considered a special class of alloy-type anode materials that show great potential for use in lithium/sodium-ion batteries due to their inherent advantages, such as high specific capacity and enhanced safety features. However, their practical application is often impeded by the substantial volume changes that occur during the insertion and extraction of Li+/Na+ ions, leading to capacity decay and reduced service life. To address this challenge, we developed a novel composite material comprising Cu2Sb nanoparticles encapsulated within a N-doped octahedral carbon matrix (Cu2Sb@N-C). This composite structure features a heteroatom-doped conductive network, a three-dimensional carbon framework, and finely dispersed Cu2Sb nanoparticles. Benefiting from the heteroatom-doped conductive network, three-dimensional carbon framework and ultrafine Cu2Sb nanoparticles, they not only provide a penetrating network for the fast transfer of charge carriers and improve the accessibility of ions, but also alleviate the agglomeration and volume expansion of Cu2Sb during cycling. For LIBs, the material exhibited a reversible capacity of 1001.0 mAh/g after 330 cycles at 0.2 A/g, while maintaining a substantial capacity of 565.5 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A/g. In the case of SIBs, the material exhibited a capacity of 375.6 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.2 A/g. Post-cycling electrode analyses revealed that the Cu2Sb@N-C anode material retained its structural integrity, demonstrating its ability to withstand the continuous insertion and extraction of Li+/Na+ ions. This research contributes insights into the effective design of innovative high-capacity alloy-based anode materials for advanced secondary batteries.

Biomass-derived hard carbon material for high-capacity sodium-ion battery anode through structure regulation

Economical and environmentally friendly hard carbon materials are attractive options for high-performance sodium-ion battery anode materials. Biomass-derived hard carbon materials have good economic benefits and environmentally friendliness as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In this work, we propose a new hard carbon material prepared from agricultural waste olive shells through a simple and environmentally friendly process. The effects of high-temperature treatments and pre-carbonization strategies on the pore structure and graphitization degree of the hard carbon materials were investigated. Combined with electrochemical performance tests, the influence of structural changes on the sodium storage properties of the olive shell-derived hard carbon was revealed. Under the optimized conditions of carbonization temperature and pre-carbonization strategy, the OSHC-Air electrode exhibits excellent sodium storage capacity with 87 % capacity remaining after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. The assembled PB//OSHC-Air sodium-ion full cell exhibits a high capacity of 216 mAh g−1. Our research provides a potential candidate for commercial anode materials for high-capacity sodium-ion batteries.

Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Composited with Reduced Graphene Oxide as Fast-Chargeable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

To address the rapidly growing demand for high performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the development of high-capacity anode materials should focus on the practical perspective of a facile synthetic process. In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) in situ grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), denoted as Fe3O4 NPs@rGO, were prepared through a facile one-pot synthesis under the wet-colloidal conditions. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs showed that uniform Fe3O4 NPs, with a size of around 9 nm, were distributed on the rGO surfaces. When applied as an anode material for LIBs, the Fe3O4 NPs@rGO anode revealed a high reversible capacity of 1191 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 after 200 cycles. It also exhibited excellent rate performance, achieving 608 mAh g-1 at a current density of 5.0 A g-1 over 500 cycles, with improved electronic and ionic conductivities due to the rGO template. This suggested that practically available anode materials can be developed through our one-pot synthesis by in situ growing the Fe3O4 NPs.