High Bandwidth-delay Product Research Articles

Learning-Based Adaptive Sliding-Window RLNC for High Bandwidth-Delay Product Networks

Learning-Based Adaptive Sliding-Window RLNC for High Bandwidth-Delay Product Networks

Coupled CUBIC Congestion Control for MPTCP in Broadband Networks

Recently, multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) was standardized so that data can be transmitted through multiple paths to utilize all available path bandwidths. However, when high-speed long-distance networks are included in MPTCP paths, the traffic transmission performance of MPTCP is severely deteriorated, especially in case the multiple paths’ characteristics are heavily asymmetric. In order to alleviate this problem, we propose a “Coupled CUBIC congestion control” that adopts TCP CUBIC on a large bandwidth-delay product (BDP) path in a linked increase manner for maintaining fairness with an ordinary TCP traversing the same bottleneck path. To verify the performance excellence of the proposed algorithm, we implemented the Coupled CUBIC Congestion Control into Linux kernels by modifying the legacy MPTCP linked-increases algorithm (LIA) congestion control source code. We constructed asymmetric heterogeneous network testbeds mixed with large and small BDP paths and compared the performances of LIA and Coupled CUBIC by experiments. Experimental results show that the proposed Coupled CUBIC utilizes almost over 80% of the bandwidth resource in the high BDP path, while the LIA utilizes only less than 20% of the bandwidth for the same path. It was confirmed that the resource utilization and traffic transmission performance have been greatly improved by using the proposed Coupled CUBIC in high-speed multipath networks, as well as maintaining MPTCP fairness with competing single-path CUBIC or Reno TCP flows.

Transmission Control Over Satellite Network for Marine Environmental Monitoring System

The transmission of huge amounts of data generated from various sensors is the basis and prerequisite for the analysis and prediction of the marine ecosystem. The special geographical conditions of the ocean determine that its data transmission is different from the common terrestrial data transmission. In this study, a marine environmental monitoring network architecture is proposed to collect environmental data from marine ecosystems using a heterogeneous network constructed by a multi-hop network and a satellite network. Considering the characteristics of satellite networks, such as high bandwidth delay product (BDP), long latency and high bit error rate, this work proposes a transmission scheme that improves the transmission performance of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)-based Internet networks over satellite networks. The improved scheme increases the monitoring data transmission rate, distinguishes between random data loss and congested data loss, rationalizes the threshold in fast recovery, and improves the overall transmission performance of the marine environmental monitoring network. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the transmission performance of the monitoring network compared with traditional transmission protocols. The network model proposed in this study makes full use of current advanced network technologies, including multi-hop networks, wireless sensor networks, and satellite networks to expand the monitoring area at sea. This study provides a useful reference for the network model and data transmission for ocean monitoring.

End-to-End Transmission Control for Cross-Regional Industrial Internet of Things in Industry 5.0

Data transmission for the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) is crucial for industrial production, especially in the Industry 5.0 era, where human–machine collaboration is increasingly intensive. To ensure the continuity and robustness of industrial IoT communications in the case of damaged infrastructure communication facilities postdisaster, the industrial IoT can be connected with satellite networks in emergencies. This article presents a cross-regional, end-to-end, transmission control scheme for satellite-supported, multihop industrial IoT. The proposed scheme adjusts the window of data transmission from two phases, slow start and congestion avoidance, to accommodate the low-transmission performance caused by a long delay and high bit error rate in converged networks. The window of data transmission is also adjusted to increase the amount of data transmission for the slow start to fill the high bandwidth-delay product of the converged network, while adjusting the threshold of data transmission based on feedback information to distinguish different data losses during congestion avoidance. The feasibility of the heterogeneous network transmission model is experimentally verified. The results show that the scheme can achieve good performance in heterogeneous networks of industrial IoT and satellite networks. The scheme is effective in ensuring the continuity and stability of intelligent machine production in Industry 5.0 in emergency communication cases.

Dispersionless one-way slow wave with large delay bandwidth product at the edge of gyromagnetic photonic crystal

We theoretically, demonstrate a high delay bandwidth product (DBP) and zero group velocity dispersion (GVD) in a two-dimensional one-way slow light waveguide. The waveguide consists of gyromagnetic photonic crystal (GMPC) and a cladding formed by silicon photonic crystal. At the edge of the band, weak interactions (“semi-anticrossing”) between the chiral edge state (CES) mode and the mode localized at the surface of cladding are observed. The group velocity of CES wave can be tuned by adjusting the modal field distribution. As a result, an extraordinarily large value of normalized DBP of 0.63 with a group index of 10.32 and a bandwidth ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] is obtained. This result may contribute to one-way slow light applications in information communication systems.

NexGen D-TCP: Next Generation Dynamic TCP Congestion Control Algorithm

With the advancement of wireless access networks and mmWave New Radio (NR), new applications emerged, which requires a high data rate. The random packet loss due to mobility and channel conditions in a wireless network is not negligible, which degrades the significant performance of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The TCP has been extensively deployed for congestion control in the communication network during the last two decades. Different variants are proposed to improve the performance of TCP in various scenarios, specifically in lossy and high bandwidth-delay product (high-BDP) networks. Implementing a new TCP congestion control algorithm whose performance is applicable over a broad range of network conditions is still a challenge. In this article, we introduce and analyze a Dynamic TCP (D-TCP) congestion control algorithm over mmWave NR and LTE-A networks. The proposed D-TCP algorithm copes up with the mmWave channel fluctuations by estimating the available channel bandwidth. The estimated bandwidth is used to derive the congestion control factor N. The congestion window is increased/decreased adaptively based on the calculated congestion control factor. We evaluated the performance of D-TCP in terms of congestion window growth, goodput, fairness and compared it with legacy and existing TCP algorithms. We performed simulations of mmWave NR during LOS NLOS transitions and showed that D-TCP curtails the impact of under-utilization during mobility. The simulation results and live air experiment points out that D-TCP achieves 32.9% gain in goodput as compared to TCP-Reno and attains 118.9% gain in throughput as compared to TCP-Cubic.

Google QUIC performance over a public SATCOM access

SummaryGoogle Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) accounts for almost 10 % of the Internet traffic, and the protocol is not standardized at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) yet. We distinguish Google QUIC (GQUIC) and IETF QUIC (IQUIC) since there may be differences between the two. Both Google and IETF versions run over UDP and cannot be split the way satellite systems usually do with TCP connections. The need for adapting any‐QUIC parameters needs to be evaluated. Since GQUIC is available, we analyze its behavior over a satellite communication system. In our evaluations, GQUIC quick connection establishment does not compensate an inappropriate congestion control. The resulting page downloading time doubles when using GQUIC as opposed to the performance with optimized split TCP connections. This paper concludes that specific tuning are required when any‐QUIC runs over a high bandwidth delay product (BDP) network.

MFAST: A Multipath Congestion Control Protocol for High Bandwidth-Delay Connection

Today, the smart devices are usually equipped with more than one network interfaces. A multipath congestion control protocol that exploits different paths to transmit data will improve the throughput and high-availability. Many multipath congestion control protocols have been developed in the literature. However, most of them are loss-based algorithms, hence they do not well utilize the bandwidth in high bandwidth-delay product (BDP) connections due to the conservative congestion control. From the single-path Fast TCP, we develop a multipath congestion control protocol, called mFast, for high BDP connections. MFast uses queueing delay to measure the congestion as Fast TCP does. Our framework is based on a network utility maximization model for multipath flows. The features of mFast such as load-balancing, TCP friendliness, and throughput improvement are verified via analysis and extensive simulations.

Performance evaluation of TCP over software-defined optical burst-switched data centre network

In this paper, we consider the performance of TCP when used in data centre networks (DCNs) featuring optical burst switching (OBS) using two-way reservation. The two-way reservation is not suitable in wide-area OBS networks due to high bandwidth-delay product (BDP). The burst loss using traditional methods of one-way reservation can be mistakenly interpreted by the TCP layer as congestion instead of contention in OBS network, leading to serious degradation of the TCP performance. The reduced BDP in DCNs allows the use of two-way reservation that results in zero burst loss. The modelled architecture features fast optical switches in a single hop topology. We apply different workloads with various burst assembly parameters to evaluate the performance of TCP. Our results show significant improvement in TCP performance as compared to traditional methods of OBS as well as to a conventional electronic packet switching DCN.

Online autogenerated congestion control for high‐speed transfer over high BDP networks

With the exponential growth of network bandwidth and application requirements, the existing transmission control protocols have led to the issues of efficiency and applicability. In order to solve the network utility issues and accelerate the data delivery legitimately, the swift and self-learned transmission methods have attracted attention gradually due to its adaptability and predictability. In this research, we propose a high-speed transport protocol, called Hita, based on network performance learning framework to cope with high-speed transfer challenge over high bandwidth delay product networks. The key idea of Hita is to select preferable network performance metrics to reflect network property variability and build corresponding window control model. The proposed protocol, which adopts the online-learning methods, establishes the relation model between the transmission performance metrics and the corresponding congestion window. Afterwards, by determining the direction of window adjustment, the optimal sending window size can be predicted and approached quickly. Numerical results show that Hita can use the limited bandwidth more adequately. For simulation experiments, Hita achieves higher throughput while maintaining a lower packet delay comparing with other protocols. Moreover, Hita shows good performance in terms of intra-protocol fairness, friendliness and protocol stability. For real-world network experiments, Hita achieves more throughput than the other high-speed protocols as well.

Low dispersion broadband integrated double-slot microring resonators optical buffer

Microring resonator optical buffer is attractive in high-speed optical network system, but ordinary microring resonator use strip waveguide as its basic light guide medium, which cannot provide small footprint, low dispersion and high delay-bandwidth product (DBP) simultaneously. Double-slot waveguide structure was first proposed to construct racetrack-microring resonators. It was found that cascading multiple microrings can increase the delay-bandwidth and lower the dispersion of the resonators by optimizing the structure parameters. Optical buffer cascaded by 8 microrings with flat bandwidth of 20 GHz provided the delay of 150 ps and the dispersion of ~10–7 ps/nm over 1530–1630 nm, and the footprint of each microring was about 51μm2. This study can provide design methods and theoretical basis support for practical application.

Adaptive low-priority congestion control for high bandwidth-delay product and wireless networks

The low-priority service is an exciting and attractive choice for networking applications (e.g. automatic update, backup, peer-to-peer file share) which create traffic that is considered less urgent than that of others and become a renewed interest at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). A low-priority protocol, which provides the low-priority service, can exploit the residual bandwidth of the bottleneck link and achieve the high throughput, low-latency data delivery in traditional networks. However, due to the conservative and inappropriate congestion control mechanisms, the existing low-priority protocols (e.g. LEDBAT) cannot effectively utilize the residual bandwidth of the bottleneck link in high bandwidth-delay product (HBDP) and wireless networks. In this paper, we propose an adaptive Congestion level-based Low-Priority congestion Control (CLPC) protocol to improve the efficiency of low-priority protocols and maintain the low-priority features. Specifically, the CLPC sender adopts an one-way path delay to estimate the congestion level and adjust the aggressiveness of congestion control mechanisms. Different from other low-priority protocols, the CLPC protocol is more aggressive when the bottleneck link of HBDP and wireless networks has residual bandwidth. This makes a faster convergence of link utilization in HBDP networks. Combining the random loss detection, CLPC can achieve the high throughput in wireless networks. The extensive simulations in NS-2 show that CLPC can improve the transmission performance significantly as compared to other low-priority protocols in HBDP and wireless networks. Furthermore, we implement the CLPC protocol in the Linux kernel (3.13) and setup a testbed to measure it. The results also indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of CLPC.

Adaptive low-priority transfer for high bandwidth and delay product networks

As the exponential growth of the Internet, there is an increasing need to provide different types of services for numerous applications. Among these services, low-priority data transfer across wide area network has attracted much attention and has been used in a number of applications, such as data backup and system updating. Although the design of low-priority data transfer has been investigated adequately in low speed networks at transport layer, it becomes more challenging for the design of low-priority data transfer with the adaptation to high bandwidth delay product networks than the previous ones. This paper proposes an adaptive low-priority protocol to achieve high utilization and fair sharing of links in high bandwidth delay product networks, which is implemented at transport layer with an end-to-end approach. The designed protocol implements an adaptive congestion control mechanism to adjust the congestion window size by appropriate amount of spare bandwidth. The improved congestion mechanism is intent to make as much use of the available bandwidth without disturbing the regular transfer as possible. Experiments demonstrate that the adaptive low-priority protocol achieve efficient and fair bandwidth utilization, and remain non-intrusive to high priority traffic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The technology of processing intensive structured dataflow on a supercomputer

Abstract Modern experimental setups generate prolonged and intense data streams. For example, non-contact measurement techniques PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), based on continuous image processing, are widely used in the experimental aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. These experimental stereo or volumetric velocimetry 3D PIV setups are able to generate long-lasting and intensive flows of images by using two or more cameras. High computational complexity of the image processing algorithms is the main limiting factor in the conditions of the low computational performance of PIV setups itself. Removal of these limitations by moving image processing tasks on a remote supercomputer by using our proposed technology “Distributed PIV”, which will allow users to apply their new high-precision parallel algorithms in a real-time and implement feedback to the experimental setup. This paper describes the innovative technology for high-performance processing of the intensive flows of the structured data generated by an experimental setup and delivered through a high-speed DWDM backbone directly into computing nodes of a remote supercomputer. A high BDP (Bandwidth-Delay Product) problem case in the design of protocols such as TCP in respect of performance tuning to achieve maximum network throughput is solved by designed middleware.

HBDP 네트워크에서 C-TCP의 성능 향상을 위한 네트워크 적응적 혼잡제어 기법

오늘날 네트워크는 HBDP (High Bandwidth Delay Product) 특징을 가지고 있으며, 기존 TCP는 혼잡 윈도우 크기의 느린 증가와 패킷 손실 시 급격한 감소로 인하여 HBDP 네트워크에 적합하지 못하다. 기존 TCP의 문제를 해결하기 위해 새로운 혼잡 제어 기법에 관한 많은 연구들이 진행되었다. C-TCP (Compound-TCP)는 손실기반 TCP와 지연기반 TCP를 결합한 하이브리드 TCP이다. C-TCP의 목적은 빠른 대역폭 점유, 조기 혼잡예측에 의한 혼잡 방지와 공정성 보장이다. 하지만 C-TCP는 혼잡 정도를 고려하지 않는 지연 윈도우 감소율을 적용하기 때문에 성능의 저하를 초래한다. 제안하는 기법은 네트워크의 혼잡 상태에 따라 적응적으로 지연 윈도우의 증감률을 조절함으로써 C-TCP의 대역폭 점유 효율과 공정성을 개선한다. 실험 결과를 통해 HBDP 네트워크에서 제안하는 기법이 기존 C-TCP보다 향상된 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

HBDP 네트워크에서 대역폭 점유와 RTT 공정성 향상을 위한 네트워크 적응적 혼잡제어 기법

These days, the networks have exhibited HBDP (High Bandwidth Delay Product) characteristics. The legacy TCP slowly increases the size of the congestion window and drastically decreases the size of a congestion window. The legacy TCP has been found to be unsuitable for HBDP networks. TCP mechanisms for solving the problems of the legacy TCP can be categorized into the loss-based TCP and the delay-based TCP. Most of the TCP mechanisms use the standard slow start phase, which leads to a heavy packet loss event caused by the overshoot. Also, in the case of congestion avoidance, the loss-based TCP has shown problems of wastage in terms of the bandwidth and RTT (Round Trip Time) fairness. The delay-based TCP has shown a slow increase in speed and low occupancy of the bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for improving the over shoot, increasing the speed of the bandwidth and overcoming the bandwidth occupancy and RTT fairness issues. By monitoring the buffer condition in the bottleneck link, the proposed scheme does congestion control and solves problems of slow start and congestion avoidance. By evaluating performance, we prove that our proposed scheme offers better performance in HBDP networks compared to the previous TCP mechanisms.

Evolution of TCP in High Speed Networks

TCP congestion control protocols have low performances in high speed wide area networks mainly because their slow response with large congestion windows. This TCP behavior has initiated new design phase of alternative protocols that provide improved traffic utilization in high bandwidth delay product networks. The paper presents survey of various high speed sender side congestion control proposals that preserve the fundamental host to host principle. Solutions focus on variety of problems occurring in high speed environment with intention to eliminate congestion collapses and to ensure effective resource utilization. Internet data transfer does not depend only on that how TCP will utilize the network capacity, we have to stress that TCP must cooperate with existing transmitting data protocols through the same network in order to assure fair resource sharing. Part of the paper scope are state of the art high speed TCP proposals, we explore their congestion control techniques, strengths, weaknesses and we try to detect future TCP development possibilities.

Enhanced TFRC for high quality video streaming over high bandwidth delay product networks

Transmission control protocol friendly rate control (TFRC) is designed to mainly provide optimal service for unicast applications, such as multimedia streaming in the best-effort Internet environment. However, high bandwidth networks with large delays present an environment where TFRC may have a problem in utilizing the full bandwidth. TFRC inherits the slow-start mechanism of TCP Reno, but this is a time-consuming process that may require many round-trip-times (RTTs), until an appropriate sending rate is reached. Another disadvantage inherited from TCP Reno is the RTT-unfairness problem, which severely affects the performance of long-RTT flows. In this paper, we suggest enhanced TFRC for high quality video streaming over high bandwidth delay product networks. First, we propose a fast startup scheme that increases the data rate more aggressively than the slow-start, while mitigating the overshooting problem. Second, we propose a bandwidth estimation method to achieve more equitable bandwidth allocations among streaming flows that compete for the same narrow link with different RTTs. Finally, we improve the responsiveness of TFRC in the presence of severe congestion. Simulation results have shown that our proposal can achieve a fast startup and provide fairness with competing flows compared to the original TFRC.

Comparative study of high-speed Linux TCP variants over high-BDP networks

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has been profusely used by most of internet applications. Since 1970s, several TCP variants have been developed in order to cope with the fast increasing of network capacities especially in high Bandwidth Delay Product (high-BDP) networks. In these TCP variants, several approaches have been used, some of these approaches have the ability to estimate available bandwidths and some react based on network loss and/or delay changes. This variety of the used approaches arises many consequent problems with different levels of dependability and accuracy. Indeed, a particular TCP variant which is proper for wireless networks, may not fit for high-BDP wired networks and vice versa. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comparison between the high-speed TCP variants that have a high level of importance especially after the fast growth of networks bandwidths. In this paper, high-speed TCP variants, that are implemented in Linux and available for research, have been evaluated using NS2 network simulator. This performance evaluation presents the advantages and disadvantages of these TCP variants in terms of throughput, loss-ratio and fairness over high-BDP networks. The results reveal that, CUBIC and YeAH overcome the other high-speed TCP variants in different cases of buffer size. However, they still require more improvement to extend their ability to fully utilize the high-speed bandwidths, especially when the applied buffer is near-zero or less than the BDP of the link.

Adaptive congestion control framework and a simple implementation on high bandwidth-delay product networks

As new link technologies and sub-networks proliferate and evolve, a large number of TCP variants have been developed for different types of the network environments. They can lead to major performance gains by taking advantage of local characteristics of the specific network. However, these TCP variants could not be automatically chosen according to the lower network environments. In this paper, we propose the ACCF, an adaptive congestion control framework, which can automatically transition among existing congestion control mechanisms according to the change of the network status. Then we perform a simple implementation of ACCF over the networks with high bandwidth-delay product (BDP). It can switch the congestion control approaches between the delay-based ones and the loss-based ones according to the network status. Extensive experiments are conducted based on network simulators as well as over real wired networks on different time periods of the day. For the simulation measures, the experimental results show that the performance of ACCF is significantly improved as compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms in term of throughput, fairness and TCP-friendliness. For the real network tests, the experimental results show that ACCF achieves speedup ratios up to 225.83% compared with average throughput of other TCP congestion control algorithms.