Highest Average Yield Research Articles

Phenotypic Selection of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Elite Lines for Diseases Resistance and Yield Potential

Wheat diseases and pests globally threaten wheat production. Wheat rust diseases are the most distractive biotic constraint of wheat in Ethiopia. Therefore, this experiment aimed to select and develop wheat rust resistance bread wheat varieties for the farmers. The result of the study revealed highly significant variation existed among tested genotypes for Plant Height (PHT), Days to Heading (DTH), Days to Maturity (DTM), Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW), Hectoliter Weight (HLW), and Yield (YLD) at (P< 0.001). Out the forty-nine introduced genotypes, five genotypes: EBW222153, EBW222159, EBW222160, EBW222162, and EBW222164, showed resistance to moderately resistance for both yellow rust and stem rust diseases across the two test locations. Also, they delivered high average yield: 5.9 tha-1, 4.46 tha-1, 5.17tha-1,4.15 tha-1, and 4.79tha-1 respectively. Furthermore, all the above-mentioned genotypes, except EBW222162, showed significantly higher yield at (P<0.05) than the check variety, Shaki. Furthermore, EBW222153, EBW222159, EBW222160, EBW222162, EBW222164, and EBW222178 would resistance to moderately resistance for stem rust at Melkasa. Thus, the selection of these genotypes and advancing to the next stage of breeding pipelines enables to release noble bread wheat varieties for the farmers.

Enhancing oyster mushroom cultivation by chickpea and wheat straw substrate for sustainable agriculture

This study aimed to explore the potential utilization of agro-lignocellulosic waste materials for oyster mushroom cultivation, addressing the challenge of managing waste associated with these materials. Various combinations of Chickpea Straw (CS) and Wheat Straw (WS) at different ratios-100% CS, 75% CS + 25% WS, 50% CS + 50% WS, 25% CS + 75% WS, and 100% WS-were investigated as substrates for mushroom cultivation. The experiment followed a ccompletely rrandomised design with four replications, monitoring developmental phases, yield, and biological efficiency (BE). Results indicated that using 100% WS as a substrate resulted in the fastest mycelium growth (spawn run), completing in an average of 14.50 days, 17.20 days from spawning to pinhead formation, and 20.60 days to first harvest, with the highest number of fruiting bodies produced. Chickpea straw contributed to the highest stipe width (1.52 cm), while WS 100% had the highest average yield (997.28 g) and BE (99.73%). A mixture of 75% CS and 25% WS showed promising results in terms of fruiting bodies, yield, and BE after 100% WS. Consequently, the study recommends the use of these substrates to optimize Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation yield.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed value chain: implications for a sustainable seed supply in Eastern Amhara Region, Ethiopia

This research aimed to assess the production performance of faba beans, quantify the yield gap, and measure the adoption levels of improved varieties to map the actors and identify the major constraints of the faba bean seed value chain. The paper was based on primary data collected from a random sample of 168 farmers. The adoption rate of improved faba bean seed at the household level in the study area was 23%. It was low, primarily due to a lack of access to improved seeds (59.5%) and a lack of knowledge about the availability of improved varieties (23%). Improved seed users had a 13% higher average yield than non-users and received an 11% premium market price for better seed quality, uniform appearance, and larger beans. Furthermore, the econometric analysis revealed that family size and extension contact significantly influence farmers' use of improved seed. Adoption was positively and significantly associated with extension contact at the p < .001 level and inversely correlated with family size (p < .05), thereby indicating that larger families were less likely to adopt. Farmers' saved seed was their most important source of planting material. The formal seed industry only supplies about 2.2% of the total faba bean seed. Hence, farmer-to-farmer seed exchange, own-saved seed, community-based seed production, scaling activities, seed producer and marketing cooperatives, and farmer-to-farmer seed exchange were the main sources of faba bean seed. The main limitations to faba bean production were disease, limited availability of improved seeds, frost, and damage caused by pests. The study recommends promoting improved varieties, improving access to extension services, strengthening and improving the informal seed system, and linking and integrating all the actors in the chain. The institutional linkage and intensive communication among all the stakeholders are also important for technology scaling up and farmers’ easy access to improved seeds.

Effects of Water, Fertilizer and Heat Coupling on Soil Hydrothermal Conditions and Yield and Quality of Annona squamosa

Seasonal drought and summer soil high-temperature stress in Southern China often lead to decreased yield and quality of Annona squamosa. It is important to explore reasonable and effective water and fertilizer management measures as well as cover measures to improve the soil hydrothermal conditions in orchards to realize the increase in yield and quality of Annona squamosa. This study involved a two-year (2022–2023) field experiment in Yun County, Lincang City, Yunnan Province, using three factors and a three-level orthogonal test, resulting in nine different experimental treatments for water, fertilizer and heat. The three irrigation levels were W1 (soil moisture content of 55% of field moisture capacity), W2 (soil moisture content of 75% of field moisture capacity) and W3 (soil moisture content of 85% of field moisture capacity). The three fertilizer levels were F1 (1666 kg·hm−2), F2 (2083 kg·hm−2) and F3 (2500 kg·hm−2), and the three cover methods were A1 (no cover), A2 (fresh grass cover) and A3 (straw cover). The effects of these treatments on soil hydrothermal conditions, growth indices and fruit yield and quality of Annona s1uamosa were systematically monitored and analyzed, and the relationships between these treatments and yield and quality was analyzed based on a Mantel test. The results showed that T5 (W2F2A3) had the highest average soil moisture content over two years, followed by T7 (W3F1A3). The T7 (W3F1A3) treatment effectively reduced soil temperature by 5 °C compared to T1 (W1F1A1). T5 (W2F2A3) had the highest average yield over two years, with an increase of 33.99% compared to T1 (W1F1A1). Additionally, T5 (W2F2A3) has the highest average soluble solids, soluble sugars and vitamin C content over two years, with increases of 28.13%, 13.36% and 4.86%, respectively, compared to T1 (W1F1A1). A Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between Annona squamosa growth and soil moisture content and soil temperature, and the Mantel test showed that soil hydrothermal conditions had significant influence on the growth and yield. T5 (W2F2A3) has the highest comprehensive benefit in promoting growth, increasing yield and improving quality for the plant. The effects of different irrigation quantities, fertilizer amounts and different cover measures on the coupling interaction for soil hydrothermal status in the root zone, growth, yield and quality of Annona squamosa were investigated, providing reliable theoretical support for the scientific planting model of Annona squamosa in the low-heat river valley of Yunnan Province.

MEAT PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY OF WILD DUCKS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS) REARED IN DOMESTIC CONDITIONS

The aim of the work was to evaluate the meat performance, colour and basic chemical composition (g.100 g-1 of water, protein, fat, and cholesterol) of the breast and thigh muscles (n=20) of the wild ducks reared in domestic conditions. The L* values of the wild ducks ranged from 32.86 (breast muscle) to 36.88 (thigh muscle). The a* value ranged from 10.70 (thigh muscle) to 11.96 (breast muscle). By evaluating the b* parameter, we observed a similar tendency as with the L* value. The highest b* values were measured in the thigh muscle (10.13) and lower in the breast muscle (7.49). The proportion of breast (36.41%) and thigh (21.33%) from the carcass weight of wild ducks is relatively high, and a high average carcass yield (74.03%) was also found. The water content varied from 71% (thigh muscle) to 72.52% (breast muscle). The average protein content of breast 24.11 g.100 g-1 and thigh muscle was 22.84 g.100 g-1. The higher fat content was measured in breast muscle (1.82 g.100 g-1) and lower (1.45 g.100 g-1) in thigh muscle. The cholesterol content in meat from wild ducks ranged from 0.049 g.100 g-1 (thigh muscle) to 0.051 g.100 g-1 (breast muscle).

Sustainable millet-based ethanol production in India: a comprehensive analysis of water footprint and environmental impact

This research seeks to comprehensively assess the water footprint and environmental sustainability of millet-based ethanol production in India, responding to the growing interest in resilient and nutritious alternatives. Utilizing a life cycle assessment approach, the study will scrutinize water usage across the entire production process, from millet cultivation to ethanol extraction. The primary aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of water consumption at each stage, pinpointing areas for enhancement and efficiency. Rajasthan exhibited the highest total water footprint at 6596 m3/ton, primarily due to its substantial ETc value, while Andhra Pradesh showcased the lowest at 1906 m3/ton, owing to its high average yield. Haryana displayed significant water usage during crop production, with a water footprint of 5870 m3/ton, where WFgreen, WFblue, and WFgrey contributed 3730 m3/ton, 2010 m3/ton and 130 m3/ton respectively. Uttar Pradesh demonstrated a comparatively lower total water footprint of 2564 m3/ton. These findings are anticipated to offer valuable insights into the viability and sustainability of millet-derived ethanol as an eco-friendly biofuel option in India, guiding policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders in promoting its adoption and addressing environmental challenges linked with conventional fuel sources.

Seasonal Variation in Nematode Infestation Across Bahar Treatments in Pomegranate Cultivation

This study investigates the influence of three Bahar treatments—Ambe Bahar (spring flowering), Mrig Bahar (monsoon flowering), and Hasta Bahar (autumn flowering)—on the extent of nematode infestation in pomegranate orchards. The research was conducted in major pomegranate-growing regions of India, where soil samples were collected from fields practicing each of the Bahar treatments. The results revealed significant differences in nematode infestation levels across the three Bahar treatments. Mrig Bahar exhibited the lowest nematode density, with an average of 80 nematodes per 100g of soil, compared to 120 in Hasta Bahar and 150 in Ambe Bahar. Additionally, Mrig Bahar treatment was associated with the highest average yield (12.8 kg per plant) and superior fruit quality (Grade A). The findings suggest that Mrig Bahar offers a more conducive environment for nematode management, likely due to its timing relative to environmental conditions that may suppress nematode activity. The results revealed significant differences in nematode infestation levels across the three Bahar treatments. Mrig Bahar exhibited the lowest nematode density, with an average of 80 nematodes per 100g of soil, compared to 120 in Hasta Bahar and 150 in Ambe Bahar. Additionally, Mrig Bahar treatment was associated with the highest average yield (12.8 kg per plant) and superior fruit quality (Grade A). The findings suggest that Mrig Bahar offers a more conducive environment for nematode management, likely due to its timing relative to environmental conditions that may suppress nematode activity. This study underscores the importance of selecting the appropriate Bahar treatment to mitigate nematode infestation and optimize pomegranate production. The insights gained from this research can guide farmers in choosing the most effective cultivation practices, ultimately contributing to sustainable pomegranate farming and improved economic outcomes. Further research is recommended to explore the underlying mechanisms that confer resistance in Mrig Bahar and to develop integrated nematode management strategies tailored to specific Bahar treatments.

Performance of tropical and subtropical maize inbred lines under well-watered and drought-stressed environments

Drought is a major constraint for maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing high-yielding drought-tolerant maize germplasm will safeguard maize yields in the ever-increasing fluctuating rainfall conditions. This study aimed to identify high-yielding inbred lines with stable performance for utilization in hybrid production. One hundred eighty-two (182) maize inbred lines were evaluated under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions at Ukulinga, Makhathini, and Cedara research stations in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The experiments were carried out in a 13 × 14 alpha lattice design with two replications. The inbred lines exhibited significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) for grain yield and yield-related traits under well-watered and drought-stressed environments. The GGE biplot identified three mega-environments, clearly separating drought-stressed from well-watered environments. Inbred lines TZISTR1190, TZISTR1231, TZISTR1261 and CML540 were superior under well-watered conditions, while TZISTR1164 and CML390 performed well under drought condition. TZISTR1190 displayed both high average yield and stability across environments. Inbred lines combining stable high yielding performance in optimum and stress conditions such as TZISTR1190 and TZISTR1231, can be incorporated into local maize breeding pipelines to develop stable high yielding resilient hybrids.

Effect of Composted Organic Waste on Miscanthus sinensis Andersson Yield, Morphological Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Content

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of composted mushroom substrate and composted municipal waste on the quality and yield of Miscanthus sinensis Andersson biomass. The plant was grown on anthropogenic soil, cultured earth type and hortisol subtype, with a pH of 6.81. Before planting rhizomes, experimental plots were treated with composted mushroom substrate and composted municipal waste, applied separately or in combination, each dose introducing 170 N kg·ha−1 to the soil. During the experiment, observations of plant development and growth were carried out, and the yield was determined. Each growing season’s measurements were taken of the grass height, the number and diameter of stems and the number of leaf blades and of nodes per stem. In order to determine the level of plant stress, relative chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined. The measurements were carried out in a non-invasive way, using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter and OS30p+ plant stress meter. For the research hypothesis, it was assumed that the one-time addition of composted mushroom substrate and composted municipal waste to the soil would increase yields. The experiment also aimed to assess the impact of both types of compost on the yield and morphological characteristics of Miscanthus sinensis. Its yields increased steadily, and, in the third year of cultivation, were higher by 52%. The highest average yields were noted on plots fertilized only with composted mushroom substrate (KPP100%), with 8.44 Mg·ha−1 DM, and with compost from municipal waste (KOM100%), with 7.91 Mg·ha−1 DM. The experience presents a solution to the problem of increasing amounts of organic waste and represents an improvement in cultivation techniques to increase crop yields, improve their quality and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. This paper highlights the possibility of applying environmentally friendly organic waste materials to energy crops used as a sustainable energy source.

The effects of organic waste materials on Miscanthus × giganteus yield and Zn and Ni content

The aim of the experiment was to determine the yield of Miscanthus × giganteus M 19 in the first three years of cultivation and its bioaccumulation of Zn and Ni in aboveground and underground parts in response to different doses of sewage sludge and substrate left after the production of white mushrooms. Miscanthus × giganteus is a grass species that adapts to different environmental conditions and can be grown in various climatic zones of Europe and North America. In April 2018 the experiment was established in a randomized block design and with four replications in central-eastern Poland. Waste organic materials (municipal sewage sludge and mushroom substrate) were applied to the soil in 2018 in the spring before the rhizomes of giant miscanthus were planted. Each year (from 2018 to 2020) biomass was harvested in December. The yield of fresh and dry matter and the total content of Zn and Ni, after wet mineralization of plant samples, were determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). After the third year of cultivation, the content of Zn and Ni in rhizomes and in the soil was determined again. In relation to control, an increase in the yield of miscanthus biomass in response to organic waste materials was noted. Plants responded to mushroom substrate (SMS) with the highest average yield (16.89 Mgha−1DM), while on the control plot it was 13.86 Mg ha−1DM. After the third year of cultivation, rhizomes of Miscanthus x giganteus contained higher amounts of Zn (63.3 mg kg−1) and Ni (7.54 mg kg−1) than aboveground parts (40.52 and 2.07 mg kg–1), which indicated that heavy metals were retained in underground parts.

Multi-model approach for optimizing cold-wave resilient maize selection: unveiling genotype-by-environment interaction and predicting yield stability

Cold waves both significantly reduce yield & damage crops as well; unforeseeable nature of cold waves makes it challenging for farmers to manage risk. Thus, we aim to select maize hybrids that thrive under cold stress (both escaping early cold-waves and tolerating cold snaps); pinpoint stable, high-yielding hybrids ideal for regions prone to cold stress. In this investigation 2 years winter trial in Nepal was appraised on diverse maize hybrids for cold wave tolerant, stable across four stations with a Randomized Complete Block Design & 3 replications at each station. Likewise, this research employed 4 statistical methods both fixed effect and linear mixed model: genotype-environment interactions (AMMI), visually analyzes genotype performance and stability across environments (GGE) breeding values of genotypes for selection (BLUP), multiple traits for selection (MTSI). This scholarship revealed significant (P < 0.001) impacts of genotype, environment, and their interaction (GEI) on yield. This GEI, accounting for 100% of yield variance, was mainly captured by 3 principal components, with the first explaining 49%. Notably, mixed-effects models and biplots identified superior hybrids exhibiting both high average yields and consistent performance. GGE biplot analysis unveiled high-yielding and adaptable: GK3157, NK6607, RMH1899 Super, GK3254, RMH666, Shan 111, DKC9149, and Sweety-1. Further, BLUP and WAASBYY analyses delineated the superior performers and stabilized hybrids for yield, with DKC9141, Uttam 121, NK6607, MM2929, RMH-666, GK 3254, and GK3157, and RMH-1899 super candidates for both high yield and stability. In Nepalgunj, Delta 3333, MM2122, and Shaan 111 excelled in both yield and stability, while Rampur favored Rampur Hybrid 6 and MM2424 for stability. Parwanipur and Tarahara shared similar winners for stability and yield, including MM2122, Shaan 111, and Delta 3333 in Parwanipur, and NK7884, MM2424, and Delta 2222 in Tarahara. Based on Multi genotype ideotype distance (MGDI), 9 hybrids were selected for yield and stability, including MM 2033, NK 6607, Sweety 1 so on; exhibited escape to cold waves whilst GK3254, TMMH-846, and MM-9442, were chosen for cold waves adapted hybrids. Moreover, by identifying cold-tolerant maize hybrids, this study has potential to mitigate risks for farmers (economic burden, crop failure) and bolster food security.

Stability assessment of selected chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) hybrids over the years through AMMI and GGE biplot in the mid hills of North-Western Himalayas

Dendranthema grandiflora is an important cut flower with high economic importance in the floriculture industry. Identification of stable and high yielding genotypes of Dendranthema grandiflora, hence becomes paramount for ensuring its year-round production. In this context, the genotype by environment interaction effects on 22 chrysanthemum hybrids across six test environments were investigated. The experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications for 6 years and data on various agro-morphological and yield-contributing traits were evaluated. Our analysis revealed significant mean sum of squares due to environmental, genotypic and genotype by environment interaction variations for all examined traits. A 2D GGE biplot constructed using first two principal components computed as 59.2% and 23.3% of the differences in genotype by environment interaction for flower yield per plant. The GGE biplot identified two top-performing genotypes, G2 and G5, while the AMMI model highlighted genotypes G17, G15, G6, G5, and G2 as the best performers. Genotype G17 ranked highest for multiple traits, while G2 displayed high mean flower yield as well as stability across all environments. According to AEC line, genotypes G2 and G5 exhibited exceptional stability, whereas genotypes G4, G18 and G19 demonstrated lower stability but maintained high average flower yields. Hence, our findings provide valuable insights into chrysanthemum hybrids that were not only best performing but also hold promise to meet the growers demand of the cut flower industry and can be recommended for large scale commercial cultivation.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Direct ortho-Arylation of Anilines.

An efficient and broadly applicable rhodium-catalyzed direct ortho-arylation of anilines with aryl iodides relying on readily available aminophosphines as traceless directing groups is reported. Its scope and functional group compatibility were both found to be quite broad as a large variety of both aminophosphines and (hetero)aryl iodides, including complex ones, could be utilized. The ortho-arylated anilines could be obtained in high average yields, without any competing diarylation and with full regioselectivity, which constitutes a major step forward compared to other processes. The reaction is moreover not limited to aryl iodides, as an aryl bromide and a triflate could be successfully used, and could be extended to diarylation. Mechanistic studies revealed the key and unique role of the aminophosphine, acting not only as a substrate but also as a ligand for the rhodium catalyst.

Rhodium‐Catalyzed Direct ortho‐Arylation of Anilines

AbstractAn efficient and broadly applicable rhodium‐catalyzed direct ortho‐arylation of anilines with aryl iodides relying on readily available aminophosphines as traceless directing groups is reported. Its scope and functional group compatibility were both found to be quite broad as a large variety of both aminophosphines and (hetero)aryl iodides, including complex ones, could be utilized. The ortho‐arylated anilines could be obtained in high average yields, without any competing diarylation and with full regioselectivity, which constitutes a major step forward compared to other processes. The reaction is moreover not limited to aryl iodides, as an aryl bromide and a triflate could be successfully used, and could be extended to diarylation. Mechanistic studies revealed the key and unique role of the aminophosphine, acting not only as a substrate but also as a ligand for the rhodium catalyst.

Study the Performance of High Yielding Tomato Hybrids in Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in the globe and affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses to which the plants were exposed during growth. In this study, three tomato hybrids viz., Arka Abeth, CoTH4 4 and Sivam were evaluated the resistant to pest and diseases including biochemical analysis and yield assessment. The experiment results revealed that highest average yield was recorded in Arka Abeth (712.7 q/ha) followed by CoTH4 4 (650.01 q/ha) and lowest in Sivam (574.58 q/ha). Regarding pest and disease, Pin worm was recorded 21.8 % to 41.6% and leaf miner damage was recorded 8.25 % to 12.80 %, Leaf curl virus disease incidence was 0.40 % to 0.61% and wilt incidence was 7.30% to 13.65%. Among the three tomato cultivars arka abeth was performed higher in the biochemical parameters such as ascorbic acid (38.2 mg/ 100g) and lycopene (3.01 mg/100g).

Yield stability among potato varieties suitable for different agroecological regions of Bangladesh

Multilocation trials are usually performed in breeding and variety evaluation programs to identify stable genotype(s) with similar crop performance in various environments. The present study evaluated the stability of six selected potato varieties (BARI Alu-7, BARI Alu-8, BARI Alu-25, BARI Alu-28, BARI Alu-36, and BARI Alu-41) suitable for multiple locations (Barishal, Bogura, Cumilla, Jamalpur, Jashore, Munshiganj, Mymensingh, and Rajshahi) in Bangladesh from 2014 to 2019. The study considered genotype and environment as treatments, year as replications and used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with to construct the genotype plus genotype-vs-environment interaction (GGE) model. The joint analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes and environments (GE). The scores of PC1 (principal component 1) and PC2 (principal component 2) cumulatively explained approximately 63 % of the total variation in GE interactions and were used to construct the GGE biplot. BARI Alu-8 and BARI Alu-28 were the best genotypes, with high average yields and high stability across the locations. Jamalpur and Munshiganj was identified as the desired locations among the tested environments for growing all the genotypes. This study will help potato growers select highly stable high-performance varieties for a particular environment to achieve maximum tuber production.

Unveiling the Potential of Ultrasonic-Assisted Ethanol Extract from Sargassum horneri in Inhibiting Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Production in B16F10 Murine Melanocytes.

Melanogenesis, regulated by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, occurs in melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. Dysregulation of this process can lead to various skin disorders, such as hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extract (SHUE) from Sargassum horneri (S. horneri), brown seaweed against melanogenesis in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16F10 murine melanocytes. Firstly, yield and proximate compositional analysis of the samples were conducted. The effect of SHUE on cell viability has been evaluated by using 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. After that, the melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 murine melanocytes were examined. Western blot analysis was carried out to investigate the protein expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP2). In addition, the effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) on the melanogenesis process was assessed via Western blotting. As per the analysis, SHUE contained the highest average yield on a dry basis at 28.70 ± 3.21%. The findings showed that SHUE reduced the melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 murine melanocytes. Additionally, the expression levels of MITF, TRP1, and TRP2 protein were significantly downregulated by SHUE treatment in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 murine melanocytes. Moreover, SHUE upregulated the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 murine melanocytes. In addition, experiments conducted using the ERK inhibitor (PD98059) revealed that the activity of SHUE depends on the ERK signaling cascade. These results suggest that SHUE has an anti-melanogenic effect and can be used as a material in the formulation of cosmetics related to whitening and lightening.

Effect of Sesbania sesban L. as a Green Manure on Yield of Rainfed-lowland Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important grain crop for more than half of the world's population especially in Asia. Nitrogen (N) plays a crucial role in rice production. The incorporation of the cover crop as a pre- rice crop is the potential to improve the nitrogen used by rice crops. The experiment was conducted on the clay loam of Svay Rieng Province Cambodia in 2022 during the rice cropping season. The trial was designed using Spit-Plot design, with 4 levels of nitrogen (N) as main-plot and Cover Crop (CC) as a sub-plot. The CC was either the absence of CC or the use of incorporated Sesbania sesban L. (30 kg ha-1 ) as a pre-rice crop. The application rate of nitrogen was 0, 35, 70 and 105 kg ha–1 , respectively. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) was 100 Kg ha-1 . The size of each plot was 16 m2 (4 m×4 m). The experiment was conducted in 3 replicates. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) on Plants Height revealed a significant difference at 1% (P &lt; 0.01) effect of nitrogen level. N35 had the greatest average height (82.95 cm) and N0 was the shortest plant height (77.15 cm). Additionally, a significant difference at 1% (P &lt; 0.01) of planting (CC). CC1 was the tallest plant height (81.75 cm), while CC0 was the shortest plant height (78.49 cm). However, the interaction between N level and CC was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05) on Plant height. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) on Grain yield showed a significant difference at 1% (P &lt; 0.01) N70 had the highest average yield (4.92 tons/ha) and N0 had the lowest yield averaging (3.53 tons/ha). Planting (CC) was a significant difference at 1% (P &lt; 0.01). CC1 had the highest average yield (4.60 tons/ha), while CC0 had the lowest average yield (4.13 tons/ha). the interaction between N level and CC was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05) The results suggested that among 4 levels of nitrogen, The application of any rates of fertilizers increased the grain yield compared to non-N application. The grain yield was even higher with the incorporation of CC as a pre-rice crop.

Yield plasticity of new varieties of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the level of productivity of new varieties of soft winter wheat, their stability and plasticity when grown in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine. Methods. The field trial was carried out in 2022–2023 under the conditions of the research stations of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination (UIPVE) in the Steppe, Forest Steppe and Polissia soilclimatic zones. The peculiarities of plant growth and development, the yield formation of 34 new varieties of soft winter wheat were studied. Plasticity and stability of yield formation were calculated and analyzed according to the Ebergard – Russell method, general homeostaticity and selection value according to Khangildin V.V. and Lytvynenko N.A. In the course of the research, computational and statistical methods were used. Analysis and synthesis were used to draw conclusions. Results. The yield varied from 5.4 to 8.4 t/ha, depending on the soil and climate zone and the location of the trial. The variety ‘LG Optimist’ had the highest average yield (8.1 t/ha) and ‘YUSON’ the lo west (6.0 t/ha). The most favorable conditions for the study of growth and development of genotypes in 2022 were in the Forest-Steppe (Ij = 0.9) and Polissia (Ij = 0.6) zones, in 2023 – Polissia (Ij = 0.2); the worst in 2022 – in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7), in 2023 – in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7) and ForestSteppe (Ij = –0.5) zones. In 2023, the best climatic conditions were in the Polissia zone (Ij = 0.2), the worst were in the points located in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7) and Forest Steppe (Ij = –0.5) zones. The theoretical yield values of the varieties at the research points did not differ from the actual values and averaged 7.1 t/ha, ranging from 6.0 to 8.1 t/ha. High homeostaticity and low level of variation (V ≤ 10.0%) were found in the varieties ‘Yevraziia’ (Hom = 15.6), ‘Dekaster’ (Hom = 15.2), ‘FORSAIT’ (Hom = 13.9) and ‘LG Optimist’ (Hom = 12.1). In addition, ‘LG Optimist’ (Sc = 6.9) and ‘Dekaster’ (Sc = 6.6) had the highest breeding value. The variety ‘FORSAIT’ (bi = 0.2; S2 di = 0.24), with an average yield of 7.4 t/ha, has a high plasticity, so it is recommended to grow it on extensive backgrounds and in unfavorable conditions. Varieties ‘Yevraziia’, ‘Nosivochka’, ‘SOLIFLOR CS’, ‘Mizynka’, ‘Troiana’, ‘LG Optimist’, ‘Biskvit’, ‘MIP Dovira’, ‘Etual’, ‘Tvorchist Odeska’, ‘Attribut’, ‘Epihraf’, ‘Dekaster’, ‘Epitet’, ‘Jannis’, ‘Pamiati Horlacha’, ‘Trembita Bilotserkivska’ and ‘Slava Unavy’ with a combined manifestation of high ecological plasticity bi = 1 and stability S2 di = 0 in average grain yield 7.2 t/ha, according to the genotype respond well to the improvement of growing conditions and are stable, are considered the most practically valuable. Conclusions. New varieties of soft winter wheat, when grown in different soil and climatic conditions, fully develop their genetic potential under significant changes in environmental conditions and produce the highest yield that can be obtained under ideal conditions.

Influence of Organic Granular Fertilizer, Chemical and Granular Organic Fertilizer with Hormone Mixed Formula (Ho), and Chemical Fertilizer to the Yield and Starch Content of Cassava

Objective: The purpose of this study was to the influence of fertilizers and the use rate of fertilizer for soil improvement on the yields, and starch content of cassava. Method: The experiment design was in RCBD with 9 treatments, which were as follows; T1 (Control), T2 (ORG 50 kilograms/rai.), T3 (ORG 100 kilograms/rai.), T4 (HO-1 50 kilograms/rai.), T5 (HO-1 100 kilograms/rai.), T6 (HO-2 50 kilograms/rai.), T7 (HO-2 100 kilograms/rai.), T8 (CHEM 50 kilograms/rai.), and T9 (CHEM 100 kilograms/rai.) The experiment plots were located at Pasao, Muang District, Uttaradit Province, from June 2017 – June 2018. by using the DMRT method at 95% confidence. Results and Conclusions: The result showed that yield components, the use of HO-2 fertilizer 100 kilograms/rai. The formula of yield quality for cassava. It has the mean number of tubers per plant 17.00 tuber/ plant, number of root length 47.75 cm., and the cassava tuber circumference 25.25 cm. significantly different at 95%. While the components of average weight/tuber 0.67 kilograms/tuber and yield weight/tree 10.55 kilograms/plant were the highest among other treatments. But there was no statistical difference at 95%. However, when considering the highest average yield per rai, It was found that using HO-2 fertilizer 100 kg/rai gave a higher yield than other treatments (5,110 kilograms/rai). The rate of 100 kilograms/rai resulted in a higher percentage of cassava starch content than other methods (30.50%), which was statistically significantly different at 95%, better than using chemical fertilizers, organic granular fertilizers, and without fertilizers (Control). In terms of cost and profit, It was found that using 100 kg/rai of HO-2 fertilizer resulted in the highest profit from product sales per rai of 10,458 baht/rai, which was higher than using chemical fertilizers and organic granular fertilizer. Moreover, HO fertilizer was a choice to manage soil and fertilizer that affects the cassava product quality in Uttaradit Province. Research implications: The hormone mixed formula (HO) fertilizer 100 kilograms/rai had certain impact on the improvement on chemical properties and the soil physical appearance than not putting the fertilizer, that the HO-2 100 kilograms per rai was suitable for increasing the productivity and percentage of starch content of cassava. Originality/value: This study evaluates fertilizer types and application rates on cassava yield and starch content in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. Using a randomized complete block design, it provides insights into soil fertility and productivity improvement. The study also assesses profitability, offering practical insights for farmers.