High Antioxidant Research Articles

Mesquite Tree (Prosopis spp.): A Native Resource for the Potential for Human Consumption and Healthcare.

Mesquite is a tree widely distributed in arid and semi-arid areas of the American continent. Its use dates back to the native cultures of the continent. Its use mainly focuses on obtaining products for human consumption, traditional medicine, fuel, and construction. There are 44 known species, which are widely distributed in the north and south of the American continent, and some of them can be found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The entire mesquite tree can be used without wasting any part of the plant. Its uses include fodder for small farm animals, furniture manufacturing, firewood for fuel, charcoal for cooking, or biofuel biomass. As for its use in human food, the mature seeds and pods are used to obtain a gluten-free flour added as a supplement in baking corn and wheat products. This flour is rich in fiber, protein, and minerals and low in fat. Due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds in various tissues or sections of the plant, it has a high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal capacity, among other properties that make the Prosopis tree an excellent source of active compounds, flours, natural sugars, and gums that can be used by the food industry to enrich the population's diet. It is an underutilized and widely distributed natural resource in the American continent that should not be ignored.

Effect of cellulase-assisted cold isostatic pressure extraction on the characteristics and functional properties of polyphenol extracts from camellia sinensis seeds

In this experiment, polyphenolic substances were extracted from Camellia sinensis seeds (CSS) using a synergistic treatment of cold isostatic pressure (CIP) and cellulase. The effects of pressure, treatment time, and cellulase addition on the experiment were investigated. And the optimal extraction conditions were established by single factor experiment and Box-benhken experiments: the pressure applied by CIP was 408.649 MPa, the treatment time was 10.995 min, and the cellulase addition was 4.098 %. The polyphenols in the extract were characterized and quantified using LC-MS/MS. By comparing the different treatments, it was found that the synergistic treatment of CIP and cellulase resulted in a higher extraction yield. FTIR, XRD and SEM mapping showed that CIP synergistic pretreatment with cellulase was able to disrupt the microstructure of the plant and promote the influx of the active ingredients into solution. Finally, the activity of the extracts was detected by using in vitro antioxidant experiments and RAW264.7 cellular anti-inflammatory experiments, which indicated that CIP and cellulase synergistically treated polyphenol extracts had high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. This experiment provides a new pretreatment method for extracting active substances from CSS.

Studying the effect of magnetic fields on biological activity of phycocyanin extracted from Desmonostoc alborzicum

Multiple studies have provided evidence of the positive effects of treatment with magnetic fields on the efficiency of producing secondary compounds, development, and the overall condition of cyanobacteria cultures. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of different magnetic fields (30 and 60 mT for 21 days) on the biological activity of phycocyanin (PC) extracted from Desmonostoc alborzicum. Results showed that a 30 mT magnetic field had increased the concentration and purity of PC. However, the highest antioxidant and antibacterial and antifungal activity was found in the PC exposed to 60 mT magnetic field (p<0.05). However the results of SDS-PAGE gel showed that the amounts of alpha and beta subunits of PC treated with magnetic fields of 30 mT rose by 1.4 and 1.6 times, respectively, compared to the control. In conclusion, applying a 60 mT magnetic field could have the highest biological activity for PC in comparison to 30 mT.

Integration of 2,3-butanediol production and extraction of active components from Chinese herbs by Bacillus licheniformis and evaluation of fermentation products in vitro

The aim of this work was to develop an integrated process of 2,3-butanediol production and extraction of active components from Chinese herbs via fermentation, and evaluate their potential as cosmetic ingredients in vitro. A GRAS strain DL2–2 of Bacillus licheniformis was isolated and the fermentation medium was optimized using the ingredients that could be used in cosmetics. Four types of Chinese herbs were added solely or in combination into the fermentation medium to perform 2,3-butanediol production and active components extraction simultaneously. The release of polysaccharides and flavonoids was promoted, and the antioxidant, whitening and antibacterial abilities were improved. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity was obtained from the ferment filtrate of Dendrobium devonianum and Gastrodia elata f. glauca, resulting from the highest contents of flavonoids (0.44 g/L) and polyphenols (0.31 g/L), and 42.2 g/L 2,3-butanediol was also produced. The highest polysaccharide concentration was obtained from the ferment filtrate containing Polygonatum kingianum, which exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on tyrosinase (65 %), similar to that of 1 g/L arbutin. Therefore, the filtrate of 2,3-butanediol-Chinese herbal fermentation broth is promising as an ingredient in the production of natural high-value cosmetics.

Influence of Secondary Metabolites According to Maturation of Perilla (Perilla frutescens) on Respiratory Protective Effect in Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Induced Human Nasal Cell.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure worsens chronic respiratory diseases through oxidative stress and inflammation. Perilla frutescens (L.) has potential respiratory protective properties, but the impact of growth stages on its beneficial metabolites is unclear. We aimed to evaluate how different growth stages affect phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polycosanols in perilla seeds and flowers and their efficacy in countering PM2.5-induced damage. Perilla seeds and flowers from five varieties at 10, 20, 30, and 40 days post-flowering were analyzed for metabolite content. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory protective effects were tested in RPMI 2650 cells. Our findings indicated that perilla flowers contained higher levels of functional components than seeds and exhibited significant variation with maturation. Phenolic acids of perilla flowers were highest at the early stages of maturation after flowering. However, individual flavones of perilla flowers were the highest at the late maturation stages after flowering. Extracts from perilla flowers harvested 20 days after flowering exhibited significant respiratory protection, effectively inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, mucus secretion, and oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, the flower parts of perilla, particularly those harvested 20 days after flowering, are useful materials for obtaining phenolic compounds, including rosmarinic acid, with high antioxidant and respiratory enhancement effects.

Diversity and Chemical Characterization of Apple (Malus sp.) Pollen: High Antioxidant and Nutritional Values for Both Humans and Insects.

Pollen represents a reward for pollinators and is a key element in plant-insect interactions, especially in apples, which are entomophilous species and require cross-pollination to produce economically valuable yields. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical content of the pollen in 11 apple cultivars ('Red Aroma', 'Discovery', 'Summerred', 'Rubinstep', 'Elstar', 'Dolgo', 'Professor Sprenger', 'Asfari', 'Eden', 'Fryd' and 'Katja') grown in Norway and try to establish a relationship between them and insect attractiveness. In the applied chemical analysis, 7 sugars and sugar alcohols, 4 organic acids, 65 phenolic compounds, 18 hydroxycinnamic acid amides (phenylamides), a large number of polypeptides with a molecular weight of 300 kDa to <6.5 kDa, lipids, carotenoids, starch, pectin and cellulose were determined. The crab apples 'Dolgo' and 'Professor Sprenger', which are used as pollenizers in commercial orchards, had the highest level of sucrose, total polyphenol content (prevent oxidative damages in insects), antioxidant capacity, hydroxybenzoic acids and derivatives, quercetin and derivatives, dihyrochalcone, epicatechin, putrescine derivates, and proteins with molecular weight 66-95 kDa and >95 kDa, which made them interesting for insect pollenizers. Only the pollen of the crab apples contained quercetin-3-O-(2″-O-malonyl)-hexoside, which can be used as a marker for the apple species Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Apple floral pollen is a rich source of bioactive components and can be used to prevent and/or cure diseases or can be included in diets as a "superfood".

Effects of thermal processing and pH on the physicochemical properties, stability, and structure of taxifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers

In the present study the potential of nanolipid carriers (transfersomes) for improving the oral delivery of taxifolin, a poorly water-soluble bioactive compound with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. Two transfersome formulations were prepared using lecithin, Span®60, and Tween®80, with cholesterol as a stabilizer (FA) and without cholesterol (FB), by the Ethanol Injection Method (EIM). The influences of thermal treatment (60–90 °C) and pH (2, 4, 6, and 8) on physical stability, structure, and taxifolin degradation were evaluated. The transfersomes were physically and chemically stable during heating at lower temperatures (≤70 °C), while thermal treatment at 80–90 °C led to an increase in particle size (an increase of around 200 nm) and a decrease in taxifolin encapsulation. Moreover, there was no significant difference in particle size or polydispersity index (PDI) at high temperatures. The particle sizes of transfersomes FA and FB increased from 128 to 182 nm at pH 7 to 224 and 331 nm at pH 2, respectively. Both transfersome preparations remained relatively stable, with consistent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.64 mg ml−1) over four weeks of storage at different temperatures (4, 25, and 40 °C), showing higher stability at lower temperatures. The in vitro digestion experiment indicated physical stability after exposure to the simulated stomach stage. However, the reduction in the nanovesicles' surface charge after incubation with gastric juice, increased particle size. Based on these results, taxifolin-loaded transfersomes can be pasteurized at low temperatures, for incorporation into enriched food and beverage products.

Ficus carica Puree Exerts a Higher Antioxidative Profile in Hypoxic Lungs after Intermittently Inducing Hypoxia in Sprague–Dawley Rats

Background: The body produces more hypoxia-inducible factor and reactive oxygen species in response to hypoxic situations because they cause unbalanced oxygen levels. Ficus carica provides numerous benefits because of its high antioxidant and mineral content. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which F. carica consumption confers this protective benefit remains incompletely understood. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate how F. carica puree (FCP) can affect the antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the lung by mitigating the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH). Methods: Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: negative control (NC), untreated; positive control (PC), treated with aquadest; FCP1; FCP2; and FCP3, which received FCP at doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mL/200 g body weight. The treatment was administered for 4 weeks before inducing IH (10% O2 and 90% N2) into all groups (except NC) for 4 h for 7 days. Furthermore, hemoglobin (Hb) level, lung MDA level, and lung superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were assessed. Results: The Hb level did not exhibit a significant increase under IH conditions. Conversely, the PC group exhibited the least activity of lung antioxidant enzymes and the highest lung MDA levels. In addition, the FCP intervention group exhibited lower MDA levels than the PC group and ameliorated relative lung weight loss. Conclusion: All FCP intervention groups showed lower MDA levels and higher SOD levels compared to the PC group, suggesting that FCP could mitigate the effects of hypoxia in rat lungs.

Sea buckthorn and its flavonoids isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol favorably influence bone and breast tissue health.

Bone tissue and breast tissue are interrelated, as demonstrated by breast microcalcifications, breast cancer bone metastases, bone morphogenetic proteins, and Wnt signaling. In addition, osteoblasts and osteoclasts represent an important switch of tumor cell dormancy during bone metastasis. Damage to both types of tissues mentioned above is highly prevalent, especially in postmenopausal women, and manifests itself in osteoporosis and breast cancer. Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides L.), a botanical drug with high antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties, has great therapeutic potential due to the unique composition of its bioactive metabolites. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies on the effect of sea buckthorn, as well as its most widespread flavonoids isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, on bone and breast tissue health. In vitro studies have revealed the beneficial impacts of sea buckthorn and aforementioned flavonoids on both bone health (bone remodeling, mineralization, and oxidative stress) and breast tissue health (cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor growth, and metastatic behavior). In vivo studies have documented their protective effects against disturbed bone microarchitecture and reduced bone strength in animal models of osteoporosis, as well as against tumor expansion and metastatic properties in animal xenograft models. In any case, further research and clinical trials are needed to carefully evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of sea buckthorn and its flavonoids. Based on the available information, however, it can be concluded that these bioactive metabolites favorably affect both bone and breast tissue health.

Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Anti-coccidian Activities of Vitis vinifera Leaves Grown in Saudi Arabia

Background: Natural products are essential for medicinal purposes in developing countries. Traditional and contemporary medicine utilized plant products as alternative treatments for parasitic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of the investigation is to analyze and assess the bioactive compounds in Vitis vinifera leaf extracts, as well as their effect on coccidiosis. Materials and methods: Several analytical techniques were utilized, such as infrared spectroscopy (IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we assessed the total phenol, tannin, flavonoid examination, and cytotoxicity of the plant extracts using an MTT assay and UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). Moreover, the samples’ levels of antioxidant activity (measured with DPPH and ABTS) were analyzed. Results: The leaf extract's GC-MS study identified many bioactive elements linked to plant secondary metabolites. Further, the total phenol, tannin, and flavonoid were 160.217 ± 0.652, 65.872 ± 0.263, and 34.0463 ± 0.545 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. It also contains these extracts with a high antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This reflects the number of bioactive chemicals that are present in these extracts. Conclusions: The findings of this research discuss techniques in phytochemical analysis of Vitis vinifera leaf extracts and the identification of biologically active components that support and justify the utilization of grape leaves in folk medicine in developing countries.

Effects of different fixation and drying methods on the quality of Dimocarpus longan scented tea

Scented tea has been demonstrated to possess favourable pharmacological properties and exert a range of beneficial effects on human health. Longan flowers (Dimocarpus longan) are rich in nutrients and have a strong aroma; however, to date, no studies have reported the production of scented tea from longan flowers. The present study sought to investigate the impact of varying fixation and drying methods on the nutritional and antioxidant components of longan flowers. The findings indicated that, with the exception of free amino acids, the contents of other components in longan flowers were not affected by the different drying methods. Longan flowers subjected to steam fixation had higher average content of polyphenols and flavonoids, resulting in higher antioxidant and reducing power capacity. Therefore, this study examined the quality of longan scented tea prepared using different fixation and drying methods, promoted further processing of longan scented tea, and provided a reference to comprehensively utilize longan scented tea for benefiting human health.

Analysis of chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extracts

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. The purpose of this work was to study and compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf liquid extracts. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and HPLC analysis methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through a potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal effects were assessed using the well method and determining the minimum inhibition concentration. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.40 and 10.10%, organic acids – 5.80 and 1.60% for pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of catechins in the green tea leaf extract was 10500.0 mg/100 g, where epicatechin-3-O-gallate was dominated (3730.0±2.00 mg/100 g). The total content of anthocyanins in the pomegranate fruit thick extract was 107.10 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was dominated (41.74 ± 0.10 mg/100 g), whereas delphinidin-3-O-glucoside had a lowest content (4.99 ± 0.10 mg/100 g). Both extracts possessed a high antioxidant potential, and effective antimicrobial effects. The antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit extract was higher than green tea leaf extract. In addition, we assumed that anthocyanins had higher antioxidant, antimicrobial properties than catechins. These findings would promote application of pomegranate fruits extract as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Effect of the Phenological Stage on the Phenolic Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Extracts.

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. is a plant from the Asteraceae family that is commonly used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of phenolic compounds found in ethanol and dry extracts of C. vulgare leaves, inflorescence, and roots during various phenological stages. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid were identified in practically all C. vulgare extracts. Extracts from leaves collected at the end of the phenological dormancy period and in the first growing year had the highest antioxidant (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity of 12,938 Trolox equivalents/g dry weight) and antimicrobial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans) with MIC values of ethanol extract from 16.7 mg/mL to 8.35 mg/mL. These extracts included a high concentration of chlorogenic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Also, dry extracts from C. vulgare roots and inflorescences showed a higher antimicrobial effect compared to ethanolic extracts with MIC values from 5.57 mg/mL to 3 mg/mL. The study emphasizes the critical role of phenological stages and raw material composition in the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their biological activity in C. vulgare. The findings suggest that extracts from C. vulgare leaves, especially those collected at the end of the phonological dormancy period, are promising candidates for further research into bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications. The strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these extracts highlight their potential for development into natural pharmaceutical products.

Molecular Design of Mono-Fluorinated Ether-Based Electrolyte for All-Climate Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Fluorinated-ethers are promising electrolyte solvents in lithium metal batteries, for their high antioxidant and excellent reductive stability on Li anode. However, fluorinated-ethers with high fluorination degree suffer from low ionic conductivity and narrow temperature adaptibility. Herein, we synthesize a mono-fluorinated linear ether of bis(2-fluoroethoxy) methane (BFME) with enhanced solvated ability. The -OCH2O- structure and fluoride substitution on the β-C position endows the BFME electrolyte with moderate affinity to Li+, thereby improving the ionic conductivity and decreasing the Li+-desolvation energy barrier at a wide temperature range of -60-60 °C. Additionally, the electrolyte with anion-participated solvation structure demonstrates high film-forming ability by forming LiF-rich interfacial film on the electrode surfaces, rendering the graphite anode with an initial Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 94.9 % and a Li plating/stripping CE of 99.8 % by Aurbach method. Consequently, the Graphite||LiFePO4 pouch cells delivered 83.2 %, 92.5 % and 81.2 % capacity retention after 1250, 200 and 300 cycles at 25, -20 °C and 60 °C, respectively. Moreover, the Li||LFP pouch cell with 3 Ah capacity can operate for 65 cycles with 99 % capacity retention, verifying the effectiveness of the BFME electrolyte in stabilizing the interfaces and broadening the temperature adaptibility of lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries.

Influence of fractionation of polyphenols by membrane chromatography on antioxidant, antimicrobial and proliferation-inhibiting effects of red fruit juices

Interest in fruit juice extracts as nutraceuticals is constantly increasing due to their health-beneficial properties, mainly caused by polyphenols. However, the correlation between the various effects of fruit juice extracts and their individual composition, including anthocyanins and copigments, is unknown. Therefore, in the present study, eight red fruit juice extracts were prepared using XAD-7 column chromatography, followed by fractionation and identification of the different compounds as well as characterization of their health-promoting effects. The fruit juice extract of pomegranate, chokeberry, and cranberry showed the highest antimicrobial potential against food-borne pathogens. The highest antioxidant and cell proliferation-inhibiting potential was also found in the pomegranate extract. It can be assumed that pomegranate extracts, which are rich in copigments, especially hydrolyzable tannins, are suitable natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Pomegranate extracts could be used as nutraceuticals or natural preservatives.

Fabrication and characterization of active gelatin-based films integrated with nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsion containing Oliveria Decumbens Vent. essential oil

Stabilizing essential oils (EOs) within biodegradable matrices to create homogeneous and stable films with desirable properties is challenging due to the hydrophobic nature of EOs, which hinders their uniform infusion into the matrix. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of creating active films made of gelatin, infused with nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsion (PE) containing Oliveria Decumbens Vent. essential oil (OEO). The Pickering emulsion effectively stabilized the 50% v/v of OEO, which was subsequently incorporated into a gelatin film at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9% v/v, to produce active films. FTIR data showed that the OEO-PE was physically trapped in the film matrix through hydrogen bonds, which was also verified by SEM micrographs. The addition of OEO-PE notably changed the films' mechanical properties, leading to reduced tensile strength and enhanced elongation (P < 0.05) with no significant impact on their water vapor permeability. The incorporation of OEO endowed the film matrix with high antioxidant and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry showed a 36–171 °C endothermic peak in all films, due to water evaporation and melting. The gelatin film containing 9% OEO-PE exhibited superior physical properties, enhanced water resistance, and excellent antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF JUWET FRUIT YOGHURT WITH THE ADDITION OF SKIM MILK AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA STARTER

In this study, the manufacture of juwet fruit yoghurt was studied with different treatments of adding skim milk and lactic acid bacteria starter. Yogurt is a processed milk product made through bacterial fermentation. Yogurt is known as a good source of protein, calcium, and probiotics, which can support digestive health and the immune system. Juwet fruit has a high antioxidant and vitamin C content so that juwet fruit has interesting potential to be made into yoghurt. Skim milk is used to utilize high lactose and protein so that the growth of lactic acid bacteria can grow optimally. Lactic acid bacteria are used for preservation, providing texture, and adding flavor to yoghurt drinks. The purpose of this study was to determine the addition of skim milk and lactic acid bacteria starter on the physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic characteristics of juwet yoghurt. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern consisting of two factors. Factor 1 addition of skim milk (5%, 7%, 9%). Factor 2 addition of starter (5%, 7%, 9%). Each treatment was repeated three times. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). If there is a significant difference between treatments, it is continued with the Duncan test (DMRT) and organoleptic test using the Scoring test with 25 trained panelists. The treatment of adding 9% skim milk and 9% starter was the best treatment that produced juwet yoghurt with a protein content of 2.1% ± 0.036, total titratable acid 2.1% ± 0.1, total soluble solids 22.7ºBrix ± 1.53, total lactic acid bacteria 10.5 log CFU/ml ± 0.023, pH 3.7 ± 0.058, antioxidants 34.0% ± 0.117, viscosity 6.8% ± 0.058, Vitamin C 5.8 ± 0.3, and organoleptic tests of color 2.88 (rather like), taste 3.24 (rather like), aroma 2.68 (rather like), texture 3.76 (like).

Tailored NADES solvents for the extraction optimization of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Thalictrum foliolosum DC.- A potential phyto-nutraceutical source

From a perspective focused on phyto-nutraceuticals, alkaloids are considered to be the most significant metabolites, as they exhibit a broad range of pharmacological applications. Therefore, it is essential, to conduct a thorough investigation of the extraction techniques employed and to optimize the overall process. Considering this, we delved into tailor-made natural deep eutectic solvents coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction and macroporous resins aided recovery of therapeutics alkaloids from Thalictrum foliolosum DC. The extraction parameters including duty cycle (X1), extraction time (X2), water content (X3), and liquid-to-solid ratio (X4) were optimized through response surface methodology. Under the optimal extraction conditions [duty cycle- 61 %, ultrasonication extraction time- 10.35 min, water content- 30.51 %, and liquid-to-solid ratio- 30 mL/g], the yield of berberine (11.91 ± 0.12 mg/g DW), berbamine (11.85 ± 0.16 mg/g DW), magnoflorine (6.06 ± 0.05 mg/g DW), and palmatine (2.53 ± 0.015 mg/g DW) were found to be near the model prediction. Further, adsorption/desorption characteristics were investigated, and the results highlight AB-8 resin as most effective for the recovery of berberine and palmatine, while, XAD-7HP resin is best suited for berbamine and magnoflorine. FT-IR analysis shows similar spectra among the purified extracts with significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant and anti-glycemic activities. In conclusion, the developed method complies with the criteria of green extraction which can be harnessed as a natural antioxidant in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Phytochemical screening along with in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity of Senna auriculata (L.) bark extracts

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content and biological properties of Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Four extracts—acetone, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform—were tested for antioxidant potential, enzymatic activity (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase), antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. GC-MS analysis identified 34 bioactive compounds. The acetone extract exhibited the highest total alkaloid (5.8%), phenolic (752.78 ± 2.25 mg GAE/g), and flavonoid (285.78 ± 1.25 mg QE/g) content, along with the highest antioxidant (1489.42 ± 4.35 mg AAE/g) and enzyme activities. All extracts inhibited both Gram-positive and negative bacteria, with the acetone extract showing superior inhibition against S. aureus and B. subtilis. Additionally, the acetone and methanol extracts demonstrated anticancer effects on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that Senna auriculata has potential as a therapeutic agent for various diseases.

Phenolic Content and Functional Groups of Green Tea Kombucha, Telang Flower Kombucha, Rosella Flower Kombucha, Chamomile Flower Kombucha, and Lavender Flower Kombucha

Kombucha is a fermentation product between green tea and microorganisms. The basic ingredients for kombucha can be obtained from plants that contain high antioxidants, such as green tea, butterfly pea flowers, rosella flowers, chamomile flowers and lavender flowers. The aim of this research was to determine the phenolic content and functional groups in green tea kombucha, telang flower kombucha, rosella flower kombucha, chamomile flower kombucha and lavender flower kombucha. This research uses experimental research by testing phenolic content using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the phenolic content of green tea kombucha was 162.35 mg/L GAE, butterfly pea flower kombucha was 124.46 mg/L GAE, rosella flower kombucha was 101.30 mg/L GAE, chamomile flower kombucha was 35.41 mg/L GAE and lavender flower kombucha was 136.43 mg/L GAE. The highest phenolic content is found in green tea kombucha. The spectra resulting from the identification of telang flower kombucha tea samples contain alcohol functional groups, amines, nitro compounds, and the broad peaks indicate the stretching vibration of OH monometric alcohol. In green tea kombucha, alkenes, alkynes and monometric alcohol groups are found. In rosella flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne, nitrile and phenol are found. In chamomile flower kombucha, the functional groups ether, amine, alkene, alkyne, ester and alcohol are found. In lavender flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne and alkane are found. It can be concluded that kombucha contains secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids.