Highest Antifungal Potential Research Articles

GC-MS analysis and antifungal potential of flower extract of Acacia nilotica subsp. Indica against Macrophomina phaseolina

Macrophomina phaseolina is a wide host ranged soil-borne fungal plant pathogen. It infects more than 500 host plant species belonging to 100 families. Many important oil-seed and leguminous crops are known to be attacked by this devastating plant pathogen. In the present study, antifungal potential of flowers of a leguminous tree Acacia nilotica subsp. indica, was assessed against this pathogen through bioassays guided fractionation. Initially, methanolic extracts of 1 %–5 % of leaf, flower, root-bark and stem-bark of the plant species under consideration were evaluated for their antifungal potential against the target pathogen. Among these, the best antifungal activity was shown by flower extract. The reduction in growth of the test fungal strain was 27–49 %, 4–40 % and 2–27 % due to flower, root-bark and leaf extracts, respectivey, over control. Flower extract was partitioned using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol as the solvents. Bioassays guided study of these fractions of methanolic extract of flower revealed that high antifungal potential was shown by n-hexane and chloroform fractions against M. phaseolina causing 26–53 % and 28–50 % decline in fungal biomass, respectively, as compared to that of control. GC-MS analysis of chloroform fraction revealed the presence of 27 compounds in this fraction. Among these cyclopentanol,-1-methyl (10.93 %) was the predominant compound followed by methyl, 4,4-dimethyl butanoate (7.04 %), 1-pentanol (6.80 %), 2-propanol, 1-cyclopropyl (6.11 %), 1H,imidazole-4-5-dihydro-2-methyl (5.93 %), trichloroethane (5.91 %), carbonic acid-ethyl hexyl ester (4.59 %), 1,4-butandiol,2,3-bis(methylene)- (4.54 %) and [S]-3,4-dimethyl pentanol (4.48 %).

New insides into chimeric and hybrid azines derivatives with antifungal activity.

During the last decades, five or six member rings azaheterocycles compounds appear to be an extremely valuable source of antifungal agents. Their use seems to be a very attractive solution in antifungal therapy and to overcome antifungal resistance in agriculture. The present review highlights the main results obtained in the field of hybrid and chimeric azine (especially pyridine, quinoline, phenanthroline, bypyridine, naphthyridine and their fused derivatives) derivatives presented in scientific literature from the last 10 years, with emphasis on antifungal activity of the mentioned compounds. A special attention was played to hybrid and chimeric azole-azine class, having in view the high antifungal potential of azoles.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Pyrrolopyrimidine Analogues

The evidences over drug resistance, narrow spectrum and side effects of commercially available antimicrobials intended present study to carry out synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some novel pyrrolopyrimidine analogues. Current study involved synthesis of some novel 4-[2-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazinyl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (2a-j) followed by evaluation of their antimicrobial potential against bacterial and fungal strains. The synthesis of new pyrrolopyrimidine analogues 2a-j, was carried out in two distinct stages. In first step, azo compound 4-hydrazinyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine was synthesized by reacting hydrazine hydrate with 4-chloropyrrolopyrimidine, whereas in second step, novel imino analogues of 4-hydrazinyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (2a-j) were synthesized by treating with various substituted benzaldehydes. All the synthesized compounds were subjected to characterization based on IR, 1H NMR and CHN analysis data. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential using disc diffusion method. Results of present study revealed that tested compounds possess significant inhibitory potential against tested bacterial and fungal strains. Present study concludes that novel compounds 2a-j possess high antibacterial and antifungal potential, however they must be further evaluated preclinically and clinically for their therapeutic significance.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Antimicrobial Profiling of New Pyrrolo-Pyrimidine Analogues

Present study intended for the development of microbial resistance of existing antimicrobials to synthesize some new antimicrobials. This study involved a microwave assisted synthesis of some new 4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues (2a-h), which were synthesized via condensation of substituted benzaldehydes and 4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. All the compounds were characterized (using elemental analysis and IR, 1H NMR spectrometry) and evaluated for their antibacterial (against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and antifungal (against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae) potential by determining the zone of inhibition using disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of compounds 2a-h revealed that compounds 2c, 2e and 2f against E. coli, 2d against S. aureus, 2f against B. subtilis and 2d against P. aeruginosa exhibited maximum inhibitory activity. Whereas antifungal activity of compounds 2a-h revealed that compound 2g (against C. albicans) and 2b and 2e (against S. cerevisiae) exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition). The high antibacterial and antifungal potential of newly synthesized compounds supports their potential application as antibacterial and antifungal agents, however the synthesized compounds must be additionally investigated for the in vivo and clinical studies.

Development of nanostructured lipid carrier containing tea tree oil: Physicochemical properties and stability

Context: Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, with high antimicrobial and antifungal potential. Unfortunately, its topical antifungal efficacy is limited because it is volatile, thermolabile and easily oxidized. A formulation has been developed to overcome this problem by encapsulating TTO in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Aims: To determine the effect of the liquid to solid lipid ratio on the physicochemical properties and the stability of TTO-loaded NLC. Methods: Five formula of TTO-loaded NLCs were produced by high shear homogenization method and characterized according to their particle size, size distribution, polydispersity, zeta potential, thermal characteristics, X-ray diffraction, and terpinen-4-ol concentration. In addition, a stability study was conducted by observing its physical and chemical characteristics during storage in the refrigerator (4 ± 2°C) and at room temperature (27 ± 2°C) for six months. Results: The resulting TTO-loaded NLC had an average droplet size under 400 nm. The particle size increases with increasing amount of liquid lipid in the formula. There were insignificant changes in organoleptic properties, polydispersity index, zeta potential and terpinene-4-ol concentration during stability study for six months. However, the particle size slightly increased during the six months of storage. Furthermore, the NLC 3, which formulated with a 25:95 ratio liquid to solid lipid, was be chosen as the best formula, since it demonstrated the best physicochemical characteristic and stability. Conclusions: TTO-loaded NLC with good physicochemical characteristics and stability has been successfully developed. In addition, NLC 3 is considered as the best NLC formula, which exhibits characteristics and stability that meet the requirements.

Valorization of Pumpkin Peel as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Optimization of Heat- and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

The peels from three pumpkin genotypes cultivated in Greece were assessed for their phenolic content and bioactive properties to obtain extracts with a high preservative capacity. The optimization of the extraction was performed through response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken experimental design after applying two extraction techniques: heat-assisted (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction. The implemented independent variables were time, solvent concentration, and temperature/power (for HAE/UAE), while as dependent variables the dry residue (DR), reducing power (RP), and total phenolic content (TP) were considered. In general, HAE was the most effective technique for 'TL' (75 min; 30 °C; 24% ethanol) and 'Voutirato' (15 min; 30 °C; 10% ethanol), while UAE was more effective for 'Leuka Melitis' (5 min; 400 W; 0% ethanol). The extracts obtained in the global optimum conditions for each genotype peel were then assessed for their phenolic profile, by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, and bioactive potential. Seven phenolic compounds were detected, including four flavonoids, two phenolic acids, and one flavan-3-ol. The extracts presented high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal potential, with no cytotoxicity for non-tumor cells. The optimized conditions for the extraction of preservative compounds from bioresidues were defined, allowing the acquisition of antioxidant and antimicrobial extracts and proving their potential for food application.

Exploring the nano-fungicidal efficacy of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on the development, physiology, and infection of carrot (Daucus carota L.) with Alternaria leaf blight (ALB): Molecular docking

In this research, green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) from lemon fruit extracts and their fungicidal potential was evaluated against Alternaria dauci infection on carrot (Daucus carota L.) under greenhouse conditions. The scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and ultra-violet (UV) visible spectroscopy were used to validate and characterize MgO NPs. The crystalline nature of MgONPs was determined using selected area electron diffraction (SAED). MgO NPs triggered substantial antifungal activity against A. dauci when exposed to 50 and 100 mg L−1 concentrations but the higher antifungal potential was noticed in 100 mg L−1 under in-vitro conditions. In fungal inoculated plants, a marked decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and an increase in phenol, proline contents, and defense-related enzymes of carrot were seen over control (distilled water). However, foliar application of MgO NPs at 50 and 100 mg L−1 resulted in significant improvement of plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, phenol and proline contents, and defense enzymes activity of carrots with and without A. dauci infection. Spraying of MgO NPs at 100 mg L−1 had more plant length (17.11%), shoot dry weight (34.38%), plant fresh weight (20.46%), and root dry weight (49.09%) in carrots when challenged with A. dauci over inoculated control. The leaf blight indices and percent disease severity were also reduced in A. dauci inoculated plants when sprayed with MgO NPs. The non-bonding interactions of Alternaria genus protein with nanoparticles were studied using molecular docking.

Influence of harvest season on the chemical composition and antifungal activity of Citrus limon essential oil

The use of Essential Oil (EO) as an antimicrobial agent has been widely used since antiquity, and interest has grown due to the resistance of microorganisms to drugs. This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of Algerian Citrus limon peel EO and its antifungal activity against dermatophyte strains, according to the harvest period. EO from C. limon peel harvested during four different periods (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn) was extracted by hydrodistillation Clevenger type and analyzed by GC/MS. Antifungal activity was evaluated against four dermatophyte strains (Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum) using the disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The yield of EO from C. limon peel varied from 1.54 to 2.43% (w/w), the highest yield was obtained in Autumn and the lowest in Summer, the EOs were mainly composed of limonene (43.45–58.75%) followed by β-pinene (4.73–13.23%) and γ-terpinene (8.06–11.04%). The assessment of the antifungal activity showed that C. limon peel EO has a strong antifungal activity against the tested strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 16.63 ± 0,38 to 90.00 ± 00 mm, and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) from 0.6 to 5 mg/mL and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. Spring harvest EO was relatively more effective in terms of MIC (0.6–2.5 mg/mL) and MFC (1.25–2.5 mg/mL). The EO of C. limon peel showed a seasonal change in the chemical composition and the antifungal activity, also revealed a high antifungal potential, and can be used for the treatment of fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.

Klinik Candida izolatlarında karvakrolün antimikrobiyal etkilerinin araştırılması ve immunoelektron mikroskobik yöntem ile görüntülenmesi

Candida species can cause superficial and systemic disease and their biofilms have become an important problem for both hospital-acquired and device-associated infections. The efficacy of many antifungal agents are limited by their cytotoxicity and increasing rate of drug-resistant. In last years, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of some natural products such as essential oils have drawn attention. Carvacrol [2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol] is one of the phenolic components of thyme and have strong antimicrobial activity. Thus far, limited reports have discussed the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol on clinical Candida strains. In our study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of carvacrol on clinical Candida isolates by microbiological and transmission electronmicroscopic methods and to investigate the effects of carvacrol on the fungal cell wall by immunoelectron microscopic method using the hyphal wall protein Hwp1 protein. In this study, 24 clinical isolates and 1 reference strain (C. albicans ATCC 14053) were used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol was determined using the broth microdilution method. MIC results showed a MIC ⩽ 0.031% (vol/vol) for all isolates tested. For transmission electron microscopic studies, isolates were also exposured to the carvacrol at concentration of 1⁄2 MIC for 48 hours and results were compared with the control. According to our results, carvacrol showed high antifungal potential with very low MIC values on Candida isolates. Electron microscopically, no growth was observed at the MIC value and the higher concentrations; cellular damage was also determined at sub MIC concentrations. It has been shown that carvacrol causes irreversible damage to cells. We observed that carvacrol did not increase cell growth or hyphal growth at all studied concentrations. The immunogold labeling results were used to observe the effect of carvacrol on the cell wall. Although immune labeling was greatly reduced in carvacrol treated cells, the presence of Hwp1 protein was also observed in the scattered cytoplasm. Usage of carvacrol in the topical treatment of Candida infections with further study it was determined that a potentially promising drug and detailed studies on the subject are needed.

Soil-borne and compost-borne Penicillium sp. and Gliocladium spp. as potential microbial biocontrol agents for the suppression of anthracnose-induced decay on tomato fruits

BackgroundAnthracnose is a soil-borne tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes and associated with early dying syndrome and postharvest fruits decays leading to significant yield losses. A biocontrol trial was conducted using Penicillium sp. and Gliocladium spp. isolates recovered from soil and compost for the evaluation of their antifungal potential against the target pathogen.ResultsCell-free culture filtrates of the microbial agents tested at different concentrations displayed an important antifungal activity based on pathogen mycelial growth inhibition and spore germination suppression. The highest antifungal potential was induced by Penicillium sp. CH6, G. catenulatum Gc1 and G. virens Gv1 cell-free filtrates applied at 3 concentrations (10, 15 and 20% v/v). C. coccodes mycelial growth was significantly reduced by 16 to 84% with chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Penicillium sp. CH6 and G. catenulatum Gc1 isolates applied at the concentrations 1, 2.5 and 5% v/v. These treatments had induced an important morphological alteration to pathogen mycelium expressed mainly by a decrease in colony melanization. Testing on pathogen-inoculated fruits, treatment based on cell-free culture filtrates and organic extracts had significantly reduced anthracnose severity as compared to control. Rot lesion diameter was significantly decreased about 22% following treatments with Penicillium sp. CH6 and G. catenulatum Gc1 cell-free filtrates. All chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of isolates tested had suppressed disease severity by 11 to 59% and 14 to 85%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated the involvement of bioactive compounds in the cultural filtrates and organic extracts tested. These microbial agents may be explored as an alternative tool for the protection of tomato fruits from fungi-associated decays.

ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC EVALUATION OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF IFLOGA SPICATA (FORSSK.) SCH.BIP

The current study reveals the pharmacological and phytochemical potential of different solvent fractions of Ifloga spicata. Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and cytotoxic effects of plant samples on lymphocytes stressed with hydrogen were performed. Ifloga spicata ethyl acetate fraction markedly showed higher antibacterial potential against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and E. Coli (ATCC 25922) bacteria. While higher antifungal potential was shown by the chloroform fraction against all three different a strain A. fumigates (ATCC 204305), A. flavus (ATCC 9643) and A. niger (ATCC 16404) as compared to others fractions of sample. DPPH maximum antioxidant potential was noted for methanolic extract followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide effect was significantly decreased by ethyl acetate fraction. In blood lymphocytes the raise in ROS and TBARS level due to stress given by H2O2 was also recovered by different extracts of I. spicata. The decrease level of CAT, SOD and POD was also restored

Chemical composition and biological activity of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) seeds harvested at different maturity stages

Cardoon seeds collected in Greece at four different maturity stages (samples S1 to S4) were analysed in terms of chemical composition and in vitro bioactivities. The content of phenolic compounds (six compounds in total) increased with increasing maturity, and 3,5-O-dicaffeyolquinic (14.8–33.8 mg/g extract) acid was the compound detected in higher abundance. Mature seeds (sample S4) also revealed the highest content in lipids (23 g/100 g extract) and tocopherols (29.62 mg/100 g dw) and demonstrated the highest cytotoxic (GI50 of 97–216 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 148 µg/mL) activities, and capacity to inhibit the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (IC50 = 5 µg/mL). Cardoon seed hydroethanolic extracts also revealed high antibacterial and antifungal potential, particularly samples S3 and S1, respectively. This study proved the multifaceted potential associated with valorisation of cardoon seeds, while their biological and chemical composition can be influenced by the maturity stage.

SYNTHESIS, MOLECULAR DOCKING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES 2-(1-ALLYL-1H-TETRAZOL-5-YLSULFANYL)-N-(ARYL)ACETAMIDES

We reported an effective synthesis, molecular docking and antimicrobial properties of novel 2-(1-allyl-1 H -tetrazol-5-ylsulfanyl)-N-arylacetamides. The molecular docking studies were performed for all the synthesized compounds against lanosterol 14-a-demethylase (PDB: 1EA1), using AutoDock-tools-1.5.6 and recorded the extent of H-bonding and the binding affinities. The preselected compounds via molecular docking were further tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus ) and two fungal strains ( Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans ). It was observed that the compounds of this series possessed moderate antibacterial potential and high antifungal potential. Therefore studying these compounds will be a valuable starting point for further drug development and drug optimization

Antifungal efficacy of lauric acid and caprylic acid – Derivatives of virgin coconut oil against Candida albicans

Background: Candida albicans is the primary causative agent of oral mycotic infections and can be fulminant, especially in immunocompromised individuals, which often necessitates a therapeutic intervention with antifungal drugs. However, with emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi and concomitant intolerance and adverse side effects of antifungal drugs, it is pivotal to find an alternative. One approach is to screen natural compounds which represent a rich source of novel antimicrobial agents. Aim: The present study focused on the pharmacological screening of active ingredients of virgin coconut oil, the medium-chain fatty acids – lauric acid and caprylic acid, for antifungal activity on C. albicans comparatively with those of standard antifungal drugs such as fluconazole and clotrimazole. Methods: The efficacy of lauric acid and caprylic acid against C. albicans was evaluated by using standard protocol of disc diffusion method. It was assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zones, diameter of inhibition zones (in cm), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Results: Caprylic acid and lauric acid (MCFS) have potential anticandidal activity against C. albicans. Caprylic acid has the highest antifungal potential at MIC of 40μg/ml. Conclusion: Both the natural compounds have shown encouraging antifungal activity in the present study. However, further microbiological and clinical evaluation is essential to consider their utilization for therapeutic purposes.

Molecular Docking and Quantum Studies of Lawsone Dimers Derivatives: New Investigation of Antioxidant Behavior and Antifungal Activity.

In general, fungal species are characterized by their opportunistic character and can trigger various infections in immunocompromised hosts. The emergence of infections associated with high mortality rates is due to the resistance mechanisms that these species develop. This phenomenon of resistance denotes the need for the development of new and effective therapeutic approaches. In this paper, we report the investigation of the antioxidant and antifungal behavior of dimeric naphthoquinones derived from lawsone whose antimicrobial and antioxidant potential has been reported in the literature. Seven fungal strains were tested, and the antioxidant potential was tested using the combination of the methodologies: reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and cyclic voltammetry. Molecular docking studies (PDB ID 5V5Z and 1EA1) were conducted which allowed the derivation of structureactivity relationships (SAR). Compound 1-i, derived from 3-methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde showed the highest antifungal potential with an emphasis on the inhibition of Candida albicans species (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL) and the highest antioxidant potential. A combination of molecular modeling data and in vitro assays can help to find new solutions to this major public health problem.

Role of halotolerant and chitinolytic bacteria in phytoremediation of saline soil using spinach plant

Novel technologies are required for rapid reclamation of saline soils. The halotrophic and chitinolytic bacterial strains were used for phytoremediation of saline soils using spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.). The previously isolated chitinolytic bacteria showed high antifungal potential against Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria spp. The halotolerant bacterial strains were previously isolated showing a salt tolerance of up to 20% in culture media. Specially designed microcosms were used here to investigate the reclamation of saline soil by bacteria. The soil salinity was reduced by both types of bacteria (from 6.5 to 2 dS/m). A decline in Na contents from 22–24 to 9–12 meq/L and in sodium adsorption ratio from 10–11 to 7–8 was also observed in saline soils. The Ca/Mg contents increased from 24 to 30–33 meq/L. The bioassays were performed to evaluate the effect of the bacteria on the phytoremediation. The shoot, root weights (both fresh (1.927 g, 0.244 g) and dry (0.387 g, 0.104 g)) increased by bacterial inoculation as compared to control in saline soils. The Na/K ratio decreased in plant tissues. Here we report the increased efficacy of phytoremediation by combined inoculation of chitinolytic and halotolerant bacterial strains in soil which has never been reported before.

Antifungal effect of Lamiaceae herb water extracts against Fusarium root rot in Asparagus

In the current study, the antioxidative and in vitro antifungal properties of ten Lamiaceae herbs were estimated. Based on the results, the in vivo antifungal potential of oregano, sage, hyssop and lemon balm water extracts against Fusarium root rot in asparagus plants was evaluated. Water extracts of several herbs (0.5% and 2%, w/v) showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity, and oregano, sage and lemon balm extracts exhibited considerable suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa) in vitro. Regarding in vivo evaluation, asparagus plants treated with water extracts (20%, w/v) of the selected four herbs were inoculated with Foa. Four weeks after Foa inoculation, lower disease incidence and indices were observed in all the extract-treated plants compared to control. These effects could be attributed to reduced Fusarium population owing to fungistasis induced by the extracts in the rhizospheric soil. Consequently, dry weights of shoots and roots treated with herb extracts were observed to be higher than those in control. Evaluation of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid as the possible antifungal properties present in the Lamiaceae herbs also showed a suppressive effect on Fusarium population in the in vitro analysis. From these findings, it can be concluded that water extracts of the selected four herbs have high antioxidative properties and antifungal potential against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi. In this case, the presence of possible antifungal secondary metabolites such as caffeic and rosmarinic acid in the extracts could be related to this antifungal potential.

Organometallic assembling of chitosan‐Iron oxide nanoparticles with their antifungal evaluation againstRhizopus oryzae

The ever‐increasing resistance of plant microbes towards fungicides and bactericides has been causing serious threat to plant production in recent years. For the development of an effective antifungal agent, we introduce a novel hydrothermal protocol for synthesis of chitosan iron oxide nanoparticles (CH‐Fe2O3NPs) using acetate buffer of low pH 5.0 for intermolecular interaction of Fe2O3NPs and CH. The composite structure and elemental elucidation were carried out by using X‐ray power diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (UV–vis spectroscopy). Additionally, antifungal activity was evaluated bothIn vitroandIn vivoagainstRhizopus oryzaewhich is causing fruit rot disease of strawberry. We compared different concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 075% and 1%) of CH‐Fe2O3NPs and 50% synthetic fungicide (Matalyxal Mancozab) to figure out suitable concentration for application in the field. XRD analysis showed a high crystalline nature of the NPs with average size of 52 nanometer (nm). SEM images revealed spherical shape with size range of 50–70 nm, whereas, TEM also revealed spherical shape, size ranging from 0 nm to 80 nm. EDX and FTIR results revealed presence of CH on surface of Fe2O3NPs. The band gap measurement showed peak 317–318 nm for bare Fe2O3NPs and CH‐Fe2O3NPs respectively. Antifungal activity in bothIn vitroandIn vivosignificantly increased with increase in concentration. The overall results revealed high synergetic antifungal potential of organometallic CH‐Fe2O3NPs againstRhizopus oryzaeand suggest the use of CH‐Fe2O3NPs against other Phyto‐pathological diseases due to biodegradable nature.

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole Schiff Bases: Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial Studies and Anticancer Activity on HCT-116 Cell Line.

Increased rate of mortality due to the development of resistance to currently available antimicrobial and anticancer agents initiated the need to develop new chemical entities for the treatment of microbial infections and cancer. The present study was aimed to synthesize and evaluate antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Schiff bases of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole. The Schiff bases of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole were synthesized from 4-(2-(1H-benzo[d]- imidazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)benzohydrazide. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and anticancer activities by tube dilution method and Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay, respectively. Compounds 8 (MICpa, an = 2.41, 1.20 µM/ml), 10 (MICse, sa = 2.50 µM/ml), 20 (MICec = 2.34 µM/ml) and 25 (MICca = 1.46 µM/ml) showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains and compounds 20 (IC50 = 8 µg/ml) and 23 (IC50 = 7 µg/ml) exhibited significant anticancer activity. In general, the synthesized derivatives exhibited moderate antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Compounds 8 and 25 having high antifungal potential among the synthesized compounds may be taken as lead molecules for the development of novel antifungal agents.

Antimicrobial activity of Averrhoa carambola L. leaf extract and its Phytochemical Analysis

Growing drug resistance of microorganisms and adverse result of antibiotic usage have led to the search for alternative medicines from nature. Many plants have been exploited to cure infectious diseases from time immemorial. The current investigation deals with the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, preliminary phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis of Averrhoa carambola L. leaf extracts. The antimicrobial activity was done by agar well diffusion method. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done by standard method. Plant extracts were found active against all the bacteria. Aqueous extract of A. carambola leaves showed higher antibacterial activity as compared with methanol and petroleum ether extract at the concentration of 25 mg/ml. Highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by the aqueous extract against Salmonella typhi (29.23±0.02 mm). The highest antifungal potential was exhibited by the methanol extract against Candida krusei (21.09±0.08 mm). Plant extracts were observed to be active against all the fungal pathogens except Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins and polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, phytosterol, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides etc. while saponins was absent in both the extract. The petroleum ether and methanolic extracts were subjected to TLC study and the Rf value of different spots was observed in various solvent systems. The outcomes of the present study indicate that A. carambola leaf is endowed with potential antimicrobial activity and hold promise for development of pharmaceuticals and antimicrobial agents in future.