High Antibacterial Potential Research Articles

Silver/tannic acid nanoparticles/ poly-L-lysine decorated polyvinyl alcohol-hydrogel as a hybrid wound dressing

Hydrogels containing antimicrobial materials have emerged as attractive platforms for wound treatment in the past decade due to their favorable bio-mimicking properties, excellent modulation of bacterial infection, and ability to minimize bacterial resistance. Herein, a hybrid combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hyperbranched poly L-lysine (L), tannic acid decorated AgNPs (AgTA NPs), loaded with Allantoin (Alla) is used to fabricate PLAg-Alla hydrogel dressing via the freeze-thaw method without use of any chemical cross-linker. The PLAg-Alla hydrogel possesses a great structure, is biodegradable, and safe, and exhibits high antibacterial potential, all required for efficient wound healing. The incorporation of AgTA and poly L-lysine (L) within the hydrogel contributes to the enhancement of antibacterial ability, as well as effectively promoting the wound healing. This hybrid hydrogel possessed favorable physicochemical features, robust antibacterial properties, and accelerated wound healing in vivo as promising dressing for the clinical application.

Antibacterial activity of jamblang leaf ethanol extract (Syzygium cumini) against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes

Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a bacterium found on the skin that plays a significant role in acne vulgaris. The inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to resistance, necessitating the search for alternative therapies from plants with high antibacterial potential. One such plant is jamblang (Syzygium cumini), which has demonstrated antibacterial properties. Objective: This research aims to test the antibacterial activity of jamblang leaf extract against the growth of P. acnes. Method: The study employed an experimental design with a posttest-only control group design. The treatment groups consisted of a positive control (clindamycin), a negative control (sterile distilled water), and jamblang leaf extract groups with concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25% (n=4). Data analysis was conducted using the One-Way ANOVA statistical test. Results: The jamblang leaf extract exhibited antibacterial potential against the growth of P. acnes. The extract showed strong antibacterial activity at concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%, and moderate antibacterial activity at a concentration of 6.25%. Conclusion: This suggests that jamblang leaf extract could be a promising alternative therapy for treating acne vulgaris, offering a natural solution to combat antibiotic resistance.

Antibacterial efficacy of decorated carbon nanotubes by nano silver against pseudomonas aeruginosa

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as a promising nanomaterial for a variety of applications. It has desirable physicochemical characteristics of high surface area, superior mechanical and thermal strength, and electrochemical activity. In this study, CNTs decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were manufactured by an arc discharge technique. As a result, etching produces stable AgNPs-CNTs aqueous suspensions of pure silver and carbon electrodes in ethanol vapor condensed in water. UV- visible photometer, x-ray Diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive x-ray characterized the synthesized AgNPs-CNTs. The synthesized AgNPs-CNTs crystals showed CNTs formation of an average 9.5 nm, with intermediate length position of about 75.8 nm decorated by homogeneous spherical AgNPs of average size 15.2 nm. The antibacterial efficiency of AgNPs-CNTs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established at a series of concentrations (45 g ml−1: 0.0879 g ml−1) while values for the MIC and MBC were determined. The MIC and MBC levels were found to be (>5.625 μg ml−1) and (>11.25 μg/ml) respectively. The bacteria cytotoxicity was evaluated through LDH and protein leakage levels. Treated samples with 3.2 μg ml−1 AgNPs-CNTs revealed significant injuries in the cell membrane by two times greater in LDH and protein leakage levels than samples treated by 5.0 μg ml−1 AgNPs. Results in this work substantiate the synergistic effect of combining AgNPs with CNTs to enhanced antibacterial properties and performance compared to AgNPs alone. The efficiency of using synthesized AgNPs-CNTs showed high antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent manner. The arc discharge method can be adapted to incorporate different materials or change the synthesis conditions, allowing for the production of AgNPs-CNTs with tailored properties for specific applications.

Synthesis of high-performance antibacterial agent based on incorporated vancomycin into MOF-modified lignin nanocomposites

The alarming rise in antibiotic resistance necessitates urgent action, particularly against the backdrop of resistant bacteria evolving to render conventional antibiotics less effective, leading to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Vancomycin-loaded Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) nanocomposites have emerged as a promising strategy in enhancing the eradication of pathogenic bacteria. This study introduces lignin as a novel synergistic agent in Vancomycin-loaded MOF (Lig-Van-MOF), which substantially enhances the antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria. Lig-Van-MOF exhibits six-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) than free vancomycin and Van-MOF with a much higher antibacterial potential against sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Remarkably, it reduces biofilms of these strains by over 85 % in minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). Utilization of lignin to modify surface properties of MOFs improves their adhesion to bacterial membranes and boosts the local concentration of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) via unique synergistic mechanism. Additionally, lignin induces substantial cell deformation in treated bacterial cells. It confirms the superior bactericidal properties of Lig-Van-MOF against Staphylococcus species, underlining its significant potential as a bionanomaterial designed to combat antibiotic resistance effectively. This research paves the way for novel antibacterial platforms that optimize cost-efficiency and broaden microbial resistance management applications.

Musical protein: Mapping the time sequence of music onto the spatial architecture of proteins

Background and objectiveMusic, the ubiquitous language across human cultures, is traditionally considered as a form of art but has been linked to biomolecules in recent years. However, previous efforts have only been addressed on sonification of nucleic acids and proteins to produce so-called life music, the soundscape from the basic building blocks of life. In this study, we attempted to, for the first time, conduct a reverse operation of this process, i.e. conversion of music to protein (CoMtP). MethodsA novel notion termed musical protein (MP) –– the protein defined by music –– was proposed and, on this basis, we described a computational strategy to map the time sequence of music onto the spatial architecture of proteins, which considered that each note in the stave of a music (target) can be simply characterized by two acoustical quantities and that each residue in the primary sequence of a protein (hit) was represented by amino acid descriptors. ResultsA simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was applied to iteratively generate the best matched MP hit for a music target and structural bioinformatics was then used to model spatial advanced structure for the resulting MP. We also demonstrated that some small MPs derived from music segments may have potential biological functions, which, for example, can serve as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to inhibit clinical bacterial strains with moderate or high antibacterial potency. ConclusionsThis work may benefit many aspects; for example, it would open a door for the hearing-impaired persons to ‘listen’ music in a biological vision and could be a mean of exposing students to the concepts of biomolecules at an earlier age through the use of auditory characteristics. The CoMtP would also facilitate the rational design of proteins with biological and medicinal significance.

Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial effectiveness of gemifloxacin C-3 modified amide analogs: A theoretical and experimental approach

In search of a newer, efficient, and adaptable antimicrobial solution to combat the resistance that has developed due to the widespread extensive and in appropriate use of antibiotics. Seven new amide analogs of Gemifloxacin (G-D01-G-D07), an important member of the fluoroquinolone (FQ's) was synthesized by modifying the C-3 position in a quick and facile way, using Schotten Baumann reaction approach exhibiting highly efficient yields and short reaction times. Their in-silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies were determined by SwissADME and Protox-II webserver, and found that all the compounds obeys the lipinski's rule and didn't exhibit any vital organ toxicity. The introduction of selected amines to form amide analogs (G-D01-G-D07) was assured by their spectroscopic characterization, structural stability studies by DFT parameters and Microbiological assay evaluates these synthesized analogs as potent antibacterial and antifungal agents against studied species. At the B3LYP/6–311 G level of theory, the molecular structures, reactivity, and electronic characteristics of candidate compounds exhibiting the most promising antibacterial actions were examined, and their quantum mechanical parameters were calculated. The energy gaps of all the synthesized compounds were found in ranges between 0.1088 and 0.1091 eV, indicating good softness, thermal and kinetic stability. This can be correlated by the activity of these analogs against Klebsiella pneumonia, and Citrobacter freundii, where synthesized derivatives G-D06 and G-D03, G-D04, and G-D07 exhibit activities more than the parent drug. The binding affinity of complexes revealed by docking was found in the range between -14.31 and -16.20 kcal/ mol, which indicates their high antibacterial potential against one of the major targets Klebsiella pneumoniae cytidine deaminase CDA protein by using AutoDock Vina and MD simulations by GROMACS, confirming them as potential antibacterial agents.

Valorization of Pistacia lentiscus extracts from Morocco: phytochemistry and antibacterial activity

Pistacia lentiscus of the Anacardiaceae family is very abundant in the Ouazzane region (Morocco) and is widely used by the local population for its therapeutic power. Initially, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry was used to conduct a quality control, characterizing the metal content in this plant. The essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of this plant was characterized using GC/MS and subsequently tested for its antibacterial potential against different strains by the solid medium diffusion method and molecular docking technique. The yield of the essential oil obtained was 0.22 ± 0.02%. The composition of the essential oil determined by GC/MS allowed us to identify 31 of the constituents, the major ones being 1, 8-cineole (29.17%), α-pinene (25.2%), myrtenylacetate (19.62%), limonene (9.64%) and α-terpineol (4.28%). Antibacterial tests revealed that the essential oils exerted considerable effects on the bacteria tested, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the three species of Escherichia. Molecular docking showed that carveol and pinocarvylacetate contributed to the high antibacterial potency of this essential oil. These compounds are highly active against the quorum sensing protein, triggering the antibacterial phenomenon.

Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Three Medicinal Plants from the Western Part of the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria.

The present study examined the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of three medicinal plants: thyme (Thymus callieri Borbás ex Velen), cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium L.), and hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) from the Western Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria. The first stage determined the physicochemical characteristics (moisture, ash, carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamin C) of the three herbs. The second stage investigated four types of extracts (aqueous, oil, methanolic, and ethanolic) of each herb and evaluated their total phenolic content, the presence of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), their antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties. Thyme was characterised by the highest ash, protein, and vitamin C content (6.62%, 11.30%, and 571 mg/100 g, respectively). Hawthorn fruit showed the highest moisture and carbohydrate content (8.50% and 4.20%, respectively). The 70% ethanolic extracts of the three herbs exhibited the highest levels of phenolic compounds and, consequently, pronounced antioxidant activity, compared to the other three types of extracts. The aqueous, oil, methanolic, and ethanolic thyme extracts demonstrated the highest total phenolic content-TPC (27.20 mg GAE/g, 8.20 mg GAE/g, 31.70 mg GAE/g, and 310.00 mg GAE/g, respectively), compared to the extracts of the other two plants. These results were consistent with the highest antioxidant activity of the thyme extracts determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC) assay (except for the oil extract examined using the DPPH method). The results from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the flavonoid quercetin-3-ß-glucoside had the highest concentration in thyme (374.5 mg/100 g), while myricetin dominated in the cotton thistle (152.3 mg/100 g). The phenolic acid content analysis showed prevalence of rosmaric acid in the thyme (995 mg/100 g), whereas chlorogenic acid was detected in the highest concentration in the cotton thistle and hawthorn fruit (324 mg/100 g and 27.7 mg/100 g, respectively). The aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts showed moderate to high antibacterial potential but limited antifungal activity. None of the oil extracts inhibited the test microorganisms used in the study.

BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF CERIUM OXIDE AND ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON FISH PATHOGENS

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained much attentions due to its eco-friendliness, non-toxic, ease of preparation and biocompatibility. Phytochemicals has been adjudged to be useful as bio-reductants, stabilizers, and capping agents in the formation of nanoparticles. The aim of this study is to compare the antibacterial activities of biosynthesized Cerium oxide (CeO2NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against fish pathogens (Vibrio cholera strain RC3 and Escherichia coli strain C214). Qualitative analysis of Carica papaya leaf extract was performed to examine the biomolecules present, then biosynthesis was carried out. CeO2NP and ZnONP formed were characterized through UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy to confirm the formation of the nanoparticles. The result revealed monodispersed, spherical shaped CeO2NPs with average size of 46.34nm, while ZnONP revealed cylindrical shaped nanoparticles with average size of 43.77nm. Antibacterial sensitivity test showed that CeO2NP has a higher antibacterial potential than ZnONPs on Vibrio cholera (13.00±1.41b and 10.00±1.41c) and E. coli (8.00±1.41b and 0.00±0.00a). In view of this outcome, it is therefore suggested that CeO2NP could be used effectively against Vibrio cholera strain RC3 and E. coli strain C214 than ZnONP with highly significant impact.

Development and application of in silico models to design new antibacterial 5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazoles against colistin-resistant E. coli strains

Here we describe the results of QSAR analysis based on artificial neural networks, synthesis, activity evaluation and molecular docking of a number of 1,3-oxazole derivatives as anti-E. coli antibacterials. All developed QSAR models showed excellent statistics on training (with determination coefficient q2 as 0.76 ± 0.01) and test samples (with q2 as 0.78 ± 0.01). The models were successfully used to identify nine novel 5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazoles with potential anti-E. coli activity. All nine 1,3-oxazoles with predicted high antibacterial potential showed different levels of anti- E. coli in vitro activity. 5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazoles 1 and 3 showed the highest antibacterial activity on average from 17 to 27 mm against MDR, hemolytic MDR and ATCC 25922 E. coli colistin-resistant strains, respectively. The comparative docking analysis demonstrated a possible mechanism of the antibacterial action of the studied 1, 3-oxazoles 1 and 3 through inhibition of E. coli enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR) involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial fatty acids. The localization type is shown of 5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazoles 1 and 3 into the E. coli ENR active site with estimated binding energy from − 10.1 to − 9.5 kcal/mol and hydrogen bonds formation with key amino acids similar to Triclosan. These facts confirm the validity of the hypothesis put forward about the potential antibacterial mechanism of 5-amino-4- cyano-1,3-oxazoles.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel pleuromutilin derivatives targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit for antibacterial ability

Multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, have become a major global public health concern. Therefore, developing new antibiotics that do not possess cross-resistance for the currently available antibiotics is critical. Herein, we synthesized a novel class of pleuromutilin derivatives containing substituted triazine with improved antibacterial activity. Among these derivatives, 6d, which contains 4-dimethylamino-1,3,5-triazine in the side chain of pleuromutilin, exhibited highly promising antimicrobial activity and mitigated antibiotic resistance. The high antibacterial potency of 6d was further supported by docking model analysis and green fluorescent protein inhibition assay. Additionally, cytotoxicity and acute oral toxicity evaluation and in vivo mouse systemic infection experiments revealed that 6d possessed tolerable toxicity and promising therapeutic efficacy.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Pyrrolopyrimidine Analogues

The evidences over drug resistance, narrow spectrum and side effects of commercially available antimicrobials intended present study to carry out synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some novel pyrrolopyrimidine analogues. Current study involved synthesis of some novel 4-[2-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazinyl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (2a-j) followed by evaluation of their antimicrobial potential against bacterial and fungal strains. The synthesis of new pyrrolopyrimidine analogues 2a-j, was carried out in two distinct stages. In first step, azo compound 4-hydrazinyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine was synthesized by reacting hydrazine hydrate with 4-chloropyrrolopyrimidine, whereas in second step, novel imino analogues of 4-hydrazinyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (2a-j) were synthesized by treating with various substituted benzaldehydes. All the synthesized compounds were subjected to characterization based on IR, 1H NMR and CHN analysis data. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential using disc diffusion method. Results of present study revealed that tested compounds possess significant inhibitory potential against tested bacterial and fungal strains. Present study concludes that novel compounds 2a-j possess high antibacterial and antifungal potential, however they must be further evaluated preclinically and clinically for their therapeutic significance.

Generation of potent antibacterial compounds through enzymatic and chemical modifications of the trans-δ-viniferin scaffold

Stilbene dimers are well-known for their diverse biological activities. In particular, previous studies have demonstrated the high antibacterial potential of a series of trans-δ-viniferin-related compounds against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The trans-δ-viniferin scaffold has multiple chemical functions and can therefore be modified in various ways to generate derivatives. Here we report the synthesis of 40 derivatives obtained by light isomerization, O-methylation, halogenation and dimerization of other stilbene monomers. The antibacterial activities of all generated trans-δ-viniferin derivatives were evaluated against S. aureus and information on their structure–activity relationships (SAR) was obtained using a linear regression model. Our results show how several parameters, such as the O-methylation pattern and the presence of halogen atoms at specific positions, can determine the antibacterial activity. Taken together, these results can serve as a starting point for further SAR investigations.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Antimicrobial Profiling of New Pyrrolo-Pyrimidine Analogues

Present study intended for the development of microbial resistance of existing antimicrobials to synthesize some new antimicrobials. This study involved a microwave assisted synthesis of some new 4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues (2a-h), which were synthesized via condensation of substituted benzaldehydes and 4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. All the compounds were characterized (using elemental analysis and IR, 1H NMR spectrometry) and evaluated for their antibacterial (against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and antifungal (against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae) potential by determining the zone of inhibition using disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of compounds 2a-h revealed that compounds 2c, 2e and 2f against E. coli, 2d against S. aureus, 2f against B. subtilis and 2d against P. aeruginosa exhibited maximum inhibitory activity. Whereas antifungal activity of compounds 2a-h revealed that compound 2g (against C. albicans) and 2b and 2e (against S. cerevisiae) exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition). The high antibacterial and antifungal potential of newly synthesized compounds supports their potential application as antibacterial and antifungal agents, however the synthesized compounds must be additionally investigated for the in vivo and clinical studies.

Synthesis, X-ray Structure, and Hirshfeld Analysis of [Ag(3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine)(NO3)]n: A Potent Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agent

The [Ag(3ADMT)(NO3)]n complex was synthesized by the self-assembly of 3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine (3ADMT) and AgNO3. Its molecular structure was analyzed utilizing FTIR spectra, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). There is one crystallographically independent Ag atom, which is tetra-coordinated by two nitrogen atoms from two 3ADMT and two oxygen atoms from two nitrate anions where all ligand groups are acting as connectors between the Ag1 sites. The geometry around the Ag(I) center is a distorted tetrahedron with a AgN2O2 coordination sphere augmented by strong argentophilic interactions between Ag atoms, which assist the aggregation of the complex units in a wavy-like and coplanar pattern to form a one-dimensional polymeric chain. The O...H (37.2%) and N...H (18.8%) intermolecular interactions contributed significantly to the molecular packing based on Hirshfeld surface analysis. The [Ag(3ADMT)(NO3)]n complex demonstrates promising cytotoxicity against lung (IC50 = 2.96 ± 0.31 μg/mL) and breast (IC50 = 1.97 ± 0.18 μg/mL) carcinoma. This remarkable cytotoxicity exceeds those of 3ADMT, AgNO3, and the anticancer medication cis-platin towards the tested cancer cell lines. In addition, the complex has a wide-spectrum antimicrobial action where the high antibacterial potency of the [Ag(3ADMT)(NO3)]n complex against P. vulgaris (MIC = 6.1 µg/mL) and B. subtilis (MIC = 17.2 µg/mL) could be comparable to the commonly used drug Gentamycin (MIC = 4.8 µg/mL). These results confirm that the components of the [Ag(3ADMT)(NO3)]n complex work together synergistically, forming a powerful multifunctional agent that could be exploited as an effective antimicrobial and anticancer agent.

Investigation of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Flowers’ Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Activities against Different Staphylococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis

Mastitis is one of the most considerable and costly diseases for dairy herds, and Staphylococcus spp. is known to be the main causative agent. Although antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of mastitis, this can cause both antibiotic residues in milk and the risk of antibiotic resistance occurrence in bacteria. Thus, in recent years, researchers have focused on alternative treatments for this disease and plants extracts are investigated for this purpose. Pomegranate is widely used as a dye, ornament, and medicinal plants in the industry, and the species has a particularly high economic value in Turkey. This study aims to investigate in vitro the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the pomegranate flower’s extracts against different Staphylococcus species associated with bovine mastitis. To this aim, pomegranate flowers were collected from different regions in Turkey and extracts were prepared with three different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water). The retention factor values of the ethanol extract were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The antibacterial activity tests were carried out via the disk diffusion method. In addition, the extracts were tested against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radicals for antioxidant activity. Four retention factors (0.79, 0.67, 0.58, and 0.33 points) were found for the ethanol extract. The methanol extract showed the highest inhibition zones against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus-37 (CNS-37) and S. aureus-18. The lowest MIC was 6500 μg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in methanol extracts. As a result, the extracts of pomegranate flowers showed a high antioxidant and antibacterial potential against the examined mastitis pathogens.

Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Potential of Three Natural Polyketides Isolated from Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis sp CAM212 against to Dysenteric Causing Pathogens

Aims: The present work aimed to evaluate the anti-amoebic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory potential of three natural polyketides from Phomopsis sp. CAM212.
 Study Design: Clinical isolates of E.histolytica, E.coli ATCC25922 strain, primary peritoneal mouse macrophages and three polyketides were used.
 Places and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1 between May and December 2022.
 Methodology: During this work, we evaluated the ability of three natural polyketides from Phomopsis sp to inhibit the growth of germs responsible for amoebic and bacillary dysentery. First, the anti-amoebic activity was carried out on clinical isolates of E. histolytica in polyxenic culture. Subsequently, we evaluated the antibacterial potential on a strain of E. coli ATCC25922. Finally, the anti-inflammatory potentials were evaluated on a primary culture of SC activated macrophages through inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, activation of phosphatase alcaline (ALP) and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX).
 Results: It emerges from this work that among compounds, phomopsinin B, presented the highest anti-amoebic potential (84.4 % inhibition after 72h) and the highest antibacterial potential (MIC=12.5µg/mL and MBC/MIC=2). Phomopsini A and phomopsini A acetate showed moderate anti amoebic and antibacterial potentials. However, all these activities remain lower than that of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin (90% of amoebic inhibition after 72h; MIC=0.72µg/mL and MBC/MIC=4). Subsequently, all tested compounds were nontoxic on primary macrophages. Phomopsinin B exhibited a great anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of NO production (IC50=1.72±0.91µg/mL); inihibition of 5-LOX activity (IC50=36.97±7.12µg/mL) and activation of ALP activity (IC50=0.13±0.01µg/mL) as compared to Baicalin the standard. The anti-inflammatory potential of phomopsinin A and phomopsinin A acetate were lower compared to baicalin.
 Conclusion: Ultimately, among compounds tested, phomopsinin B exhibited the best anti-amoebic, antibacterial and ant-inflammatory potential similar to the respective standards within the limits of the tests carried out.

Synergistic Antibacterial Screening of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica: Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant and Hemolytic Activities.

Current studies were performed to investigate the phytochemistry, synergistic antibacterial, antioxidant, and hemolytic activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (EA and WA) and Cymbopogon citratus (EC and WC) leaves. Fourier transform infrared data verified the existence of alcoholic, carboxylic, aldehydic, phenyl, and bromo moieties in plant leaves. The ethanolic extracts (EA and EC) were significantly richer in phenolics and flavonoids as compared to the aqueous extracts (WA and WC). The ethanolic extract of C. citratus (EC) contained higher concentrations of caffeic acid (1.432 mg/g), synapic acid (6.743 mg/g), and benzoic acid (7.431 mg/g) as compared to all other extracts, whereas chlorogenic acid (0.311 mg/g) was present only in the aqueous extract of A. indica (WA). Food preservative properties of C. citratus can be due to the presence of benzoic acid (7.431 mg/g). -Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of 36 and 23 compounds in A. indica and C. citratus leaves, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma analysis was used to determine the concentration of 26 metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Zn, Zr, Ti); the metal concentrations were higher in aqueous extracts as compared to the ethanolic extracts. The extracts were generally richer in calcium (3000-7858 ppm), potassium (13662-53,750 ppm), and sodium (3181-8445 ppm) and hence can be used in food supplements as a source of these metals. Antioxidant potential (DDPH method) of C. citratus ethanolic extract was the highest (74.50 ± 0.66%), whereas it was the lowest (32.22 ± 0.28%) for the aqueous extract of A. indica. Synergistic inhibition of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) was observed when the aqueous extracts of both the plants were mixed together in certain ratios (v/v). The highest antibacterial potential was exhibited by the pure extract of C. citratus, which was even higher than that of the standard drug (ciprofloxacin). The plant extracts and their mixtures were more active against S. aureus as compared to E. coli. No toxic hemolytic effects were observed for the investigated extracts indicating their safe medicinal uses for human beings.

Response of New Para Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Derivative and Coriandrum sativum leaves extract against periodontitis causing bacteria

Bacteria ability to predominate the periodontitis (PI), antimicrobial potential of Coriandrum sativum and para hydroxy benzoic acid intended present study to compare the antimicrobial potential of new para hydroxy benzoic acid derivative and hydroalcoholic extract of Coriandrum sativum leaves (HECSL) against periodontitis causing bacteria (PCB). Present study involved synthesis of a new para hydroxy benzoic acid derivative and preparation of HECSL. Synthesized compound was characterized using ATR-IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrometric data. Both new para hydroxy benzoic acid derivative (PHBAD) and HECSL were further tested for their antibacterial potential against PCB such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both PHBAD and HECSL exhibited high antibacterial potential against PCB, however PHBAD exhibited much higher antibacterial potential. Present study concludes that PHBAD possess high antibacterial potential against PCB and recommends that PHBAD should be further evaluated for its preclinical significance.

Poly(levodopa)-Functionalized Polysaccharide Hydrogel Enriched in Fe3O4 Particles for Multiple-Purpose Biomedical Applications.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in the use of curdlan, a naturally derived polymer, for medical applications. However, it is relatively inactive, and additives increasing its biomedical potential are required; for example, antibacterial compounds, magnetic particles, or hemostatic agents. The stability of such complex constructs may be increased by additional functional networks, for instance, polycatecholamines. The article presents the production and characterization of functional hydrogels based on curdlan enriched with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) or Fe3O4-based heterostructures and poly(L-DOPA) (PLD). Some of the prepared modified hydrogels were nontoxic, relatively hemocompatible, and showed high antibacterial potential and the ability to convert energy with heat generation. Therefore, the proposed hydrogels may have potential applications in temperature-controlled regenerative processes as well as in oncology therapies as a matrix of increased functionality for multiple medical purposes. The presence of PLD in the curdlan hydrogel network reduced the release of the NPs but slightly increased the hydrogel's hemolytic properties. This should be taken into account during the selection of the final hydrogel application.