High Amounts Of Polyphenols Research Articles

Polyphenolic Screening and the Antioxidant Activity of Grape Pomace Extracts of Romanian White and Red Grape Varieties.

Due to its valuable organic compounds, grape pomace represents a valuable resource in the creation of value-added food products. In this study, we investigated grape pomace hydroalcoholic extracts obtained by ultrasonication from two white and two red Romanian grape varieties. The phytochemical parameters, i.e., polyphenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, condensed tannins content, and antioxidant activity, were determined by UV-Vis spectrometry. The statistical analysis revealed that Tămâioasă Românească and Negru de Drăgășani, respectively, and Fetească Albă and Fetească Neagră are similar to each other. Significant differences among the pomaces obtained from different grape varieties were noticed in terms of their phenolic contents. The red varieties (Fetească Neagră and Negru de Drăgășani) were richest in terms of total phenolics and total anthocyanins, respectively. The antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from grape pomace showed that Negru de Drăgășani had the higher value due to its high amounts of polyphenols, followed by Fetească Neagră, Fetească Albă, and Tămâioasă Românească. Higher levels of bioactive polyphenolic substances, i.e., catechin, myricetin, resveratrol, and vanillic acid, were found in the pomace of Negru de Drăgășani extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography. These results emphasize the potential of the Negru de Drăgășani variety to be further exploited for nutritional and functional applications.

The interaction between polyphenol intake and genes (MC4R, Cav-1, and Cry1) related to body homeostasis and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is an important global health challenge, is expanding. One of the main factors in the occurrence of CVD is a high genetic risk. The interaction between genetic risk in CVD and nutrition is debatable. Polyphenols are one of the important dietary components that may have a protective role in people who have a high genetic risk score (GRS) for cardiometabolic risk factors. This study, conducted in overweight and obese women, examines the interaction between polyphenol intake and specific genes (MC4r, Cav-1, and Cry1) related to maintaining body balance and their interaction with cardiometabolic risk factors. This cross-sectional study included 391 women who were overweight or obese, aged 18 to 48 years, with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 40 kg/m2. Body composition was measured using the InBody 770 scanner. Total dietary polyphenol intake (TDPI) was assessed with a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and polyphenol intakes were determined using the Phenol-Explorer database. Serum samples underwent biochemical tests. The Genetic Risk Score (GRS) was calculated based on the risk alleles of three genes: MC4r, Cav-1, and Cry1. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age and BMI of women were 36.67 (9.1) years and 30.98 (3.9) kg/m2, respectively. The high GRS and high TDPI group had a significant negative interaction with fasting blood glucose (FBS) (p = 0.01). Individuals who had a high GRS and a high phenolic acid intake were found to have a significant negative interaction with Triglyceride (p = 0.04). Similarly, individuals with high GRS and a high intake of flavonoids had a significant negative interaction with TG (p < 0.01) and a significant positive interaction with High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.01) in the adjusted model. According to our findings, those with a high GRS may have a protective effect on cardiometabolic risk factors by consuming high amounts of polyphenols. Further studies will be necessary in the future to validate this association.

Turning Wastes into Resources: Red Grape Pomace-Enriched Biscuits with Potential Health-Promoting Properties.

The life-long adherence to a dietary pattern able to provide a high amount of polyphenols demonstrating beneficial cardiometabolic effects is demanding for the general population. In this study, red grape pomace (GP) was used as an ingredient to increase the daily polyphenols' intake. The incorporation of crude crushed GP at 20 and 30% (w/w) in a control (CTR) biscuit formula improved the nutritional profile by increasing the fiber and reducing lipid and energy content while providing up to 540 mgGAE of polyphenols per 100 g. Besides anthocyanins, GP contains flavonoids and grape-seed procyanidins, contributing to the remarkable antioxidant capacity of 20- and 30-GP biscuits. Upon in vitro gastro-duodenal enzymatic digestion, the concentration of reducing sugars for 20-GP and 30-GP compared to the CTR biscuits dropped significantly, meaning that the combined action of GP fibers and polyphenols could delay the intestinal absorption of glucose. Overall, 60 volatiles were detected in biscuits. All in all, the content of Maillard reaction products was lower in GP than in CTR biscuits, possibly due to the free radical scavenging ability of polyphenols. Despite the high rates of GP utilized, the sensorial attributes and the overall liking of the GP biscuits-especially the 20-GP ones-were not substantially affected. These findings will support nutritional studies to assess the potential role as functional foods of GP biscuits, and, afterwards, the large-scale production of a food mainly based on a waste ingredient turned into a resource.

Chemical profile by GC-MS and protective effect of Algerian cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) against Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. isolated from dental caries

The oral cavity is home to a large and diversified microbial flora, which plays an important role in the genesis of multiple diseases, including tooth decay. Indeed, tooth decay is the most common ailment in the world, with almost everyone having experienced it at least once in their lifetime. Examining plants used in traditional medicine is one of the research approaches used to discover novel, potent antibacterial chemicals with a broad spectrum of action, as present antibacterials have significant drawbacks. This study aims to examine the chemical composition of Algerian clove Syzygium aromaticum using GC-MS and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the methanol extract against bacteria isolated from dental caries caused by Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. The results show a strong extraction yield of 29.7%, with high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids calculated at 178.82 mg GAEQ/g and 24.13 mg QEQ/g. The principal chemical elements of S. aromaticum peel methanol extract were identified as eugenol (61.23%) and eugenol acetate (26.45%) based on mass spectrum data and retention times. The methanol extract has a significant antibacterial effect against tested strains, with MICs ranging from 111.37 to 445.5 mg/mL. Higher concentrations of polyphenols resulted in a significant increase in inhibition zone diameter against S1 (r2 = 0.94, p &amp;lt; 0.001), L3 (r2 = 0.94, p &amp;lt; 0.001), L5 (r2 = 0.93, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and L9 (r2 = 0.96, p &amp;lt; 0.001).

Modulation of innate immunity related genes resulting in prophylactic antimicrobial and antiviral properties

BackgroundThe innate immunity acts during the early phases of infection and its failure in response to a multilayer network of co-infections is cause of immune system dysregulation. Epidemiological SARS-CoV-2 infections data, show that Influenza Virus (FLU-A-B-C) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are co-habiting those respiratory traits. These viruses, especially in children (mostly affected by ‘multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children’ [MIS-C] and the winter pandemic FLU), in the aged population, and in ‘fragile’ patients are causing alteration in immune response. Then, bacterial and fungal pathogens are also co-habiting the upper respiratory traits (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), thus contributing to morbidity in those COVID-19 affected patients.MethodsLiquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry using the quadrupole orbital ion trap analyser (i.e., UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was adopted to measure the polyphenols content of a new nutraceutical formula (Solution-3). Viral infections with SARS-CoV-2 (EG.5), FLU-A and RSV-A viruses (as performed in BLS3 authorised laboratory) and real time RT-PCR (qPCR) assay were used to test the antiviral action of the nutraceutical formula. Dilution susceptibility tests have been used to estimate the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC, respectively) of Solution-3 on a variety of microorganisms belonging to Gram positive/ negative bacteria and fungi. Transcriptomic data analyses and functional genomics (i.e., RNAseq and data mining), coupled to qPCR and ELISA assays have been used to investigate the mechanisms of action of the nutraceutical formula on those processes involved in innate immune response.ResultsHere, we have tested the combination of natural products containing higher amounts of polyphenols (i.e., propolis, Verbascum thapsus L., and Thymus vulgaris L.), together with the inorganic long chain polyphosphates ‘polyPs’ with antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal behaviours, against SARS-CoV-2, FLU-A, RSV-A, Gram positive/ negative bacteria and fungi (i.e., Candida albicans). These components synergistically exert an immunomodulatory action by enhancing those processes involved in innate immune response (e.g., cytokines: IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10, IL-6/12; chemokines: CXCL1; antimicrobial peptides: HBD-2, LL-37; complement system: C3).ConclusionThe prophylactic antimicrobial success of this nutraceutical formula against SARS-CoV-2, FLU-A and RSV-A viruses, together with the common bacteria and fungi co-infections as present in human oral cavity, is expected to be valuable.

생강을 첨가한 다식의 항산화성 연구

This study evaluated the antioxidant and high-quality characteristics of Dasik. Dasik, a unique food in Korea, involves drying and powdering various ingredients, followed by kneading and consuming with tea. In this study, ginger, which has various pharmacologically active components, such as gingerol, was used as the main ingredient in Dasik, and five sub-ingredients (strawberries, blueberries, coconut powder, soy flour, and dark chocolate) that contain high amounts of polyphenols were added to enhance the absorption rate of catechins, including EGCG found in tea. The quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of Dasik were examined for each sub-ingredient. The quality assessment of ginger Dasiks with five different sub-ingredients revealed hardness values ranging from 3.73 to 6.02 g/cm2Dark chocolate had the highest ash and protein contents, while coconut powder exhibited the highest fat and sugar contents. In terms of antioxidant evaluation, dark chocolate, known for its high polyphenol content, exhibited the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in this study. Therefore, considering that dark chocolate ginger Dasiks had the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, further research on neutralizing the bitterness associated with a high polyphenol content in dark chocolate ginger Dasik would contribute to the development of Dasiks that can enhance the rate of EGCG absorption in tea.

An efficient protocol for extracting thylakoid membranes and total leaf proteins from Posidonia oceanica and other polyphenol-rich plants

BackgroundThe extraction of thylakoids is an essential step in studying the structure of photosynthetic complexes and several other aspects of the photosynthetic process in plants. Conventional protocols have been developed for selected land plants grown in controlled conditions. Plants accumulate defensive chemical compounds such as polyphenols to cope with environmental stresses. When the polyphenol levels are high, their oxidation and cross-linking properties prevent thylakoid extraction.ResultsIn this study, we developed a method to counteract the hindering effects of polyphenols by modifying the grinding buffer with the addition of both vitamin C (VitC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG4000). This protocol was first applied to the marine plant Posidonia oceanica and then extended to other plants synthesizing substantial amounts of polyphenols, such as Quercus pubescens (oak) and Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Native gel analysis showed that photosynthetic complexes (PSII, PSI, and LHCII) can be extracted from purified membranes and fractionated comparably to those extracted from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, total protein extraction from frozen P. oceanica leaves was also efficiently carried out using a denaturing buffer containing PEG and VitC.ConclusionsOur work shows that the use of PEG and VitC significantly improves the isolation of native thylakoids, native photosynthetic complexes, and total proteins from plants containing high amounts of polyphenols and thus enables studies on photosynthesis in various plant species grown in natural conditions.

Assessment of antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities and acute toxicity of the aqueous extract from a mixture of leaves and flowers of Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq.

Colometric assays were used to quantify the secondary metabolites obtained by a decoction of the extract of Anabasis articulata (DEAA) flowers and leaves. Antioxidant activity was examined using several methods: total antioxidant capacity, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and the ?-carotene bleaching assay. Single oral doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight were administered to albino mice to assess acute toxicity. In vitro antiinflammatory activity was determined using the egg albumin denaturation test, and the in vivo inflammatory effect was assessed utilizing carrageenan, croton oil, and xylene-induced edema tests. Results showed that DEAA contained high amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins and exhibited antioxidant activity in all tested assays. DEAA inhibited protein denaturation and did not cause any mortality or adverse effects. Oral administration of 200 mg/kg DEAA significantly reduced the edema induced by carrageenan, croton oil, and xylene. This study highlights the use of Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. in traditional herbal medicine. It possesses antioxidant activity and can be considered safe for oral consumption; it also has potential beneficial effects in treating diseases associated with inflammation and pain.

Extraction of polyphenols associated with pectin from olive waste (alperujo) with choline chloride.

The main by-product from olive oil extraction (alperujo) was extracted with hot water, citric acid, natural deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride: citric acid), and only choline chloride. The purified extracts were composed of macromolecular complexes constituting polyphenols associated with pectin. The extracts were structurally characterized by FT-IR and solid-NMR spectroscopy and an in vitro test revealed distinct antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, depending on the extracting agents. The choline chloride-extracted complex contained the highest amount of polyphenols among the examined agents, which exhibited a strong antioxidant activity and significant antiproliferative capacity. However, the complex extracted by hot water showed the highest antiproliferative capacity in vitro against the colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line. In this finding, choline chloride could be used as a novel, green and promising alternative to the conventional extracting agent for the production of complexes that combine the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and the physiological effects of pectic polysaccharides.

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds of babassu (Attalea speciosa) mesocarp: Effects of solid-liquid ratio extraction, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity

Babassu mesocarp (Attalea speciosa, Family: Arecaceae) is a by-product of kernel oil manufacture, reported as a rich source of phenolic compounds of biotechnology potential due to its anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. In this work, were investigated a greener protocol to maximize the recovery of bioactive compounds by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) using ethanol as a food-grade solvent, purposing future applications in foods. Moreover, the effect of solid/liquid ratio (1:4, 1:10, and 1:25 w/v) on extraction was also evaluated. Results showed extracts with 1.2 g of mesocarp with 30 mL ethanol 94% (1:25 ratio w/v), for 20 min, at 20°C, yields high values of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC: 5124.86 ± 350.13 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (TFC: 477.45 ± 23.07 mg QE/100 g), antioxidant capacity (FRAP: 4037.56 ± 187.26 µmol TEAC/100 g, DPPH• remaining from 10 to 38% after stabilization). Moreover, the DPPH• assay also suggests that each solid-liquid ratio recovers antioxidant compounds able to react with DPPH by differential Kinect, which can conveniently favor usability and enhance oxidative stability in food applications. For example, the extract obtained by the 1:4 ratio reacted very fast with DPPH• (less than 1 min), while on the 1:25 ratio, the stabilization of DPPH• is slower, taking more than 120 min. For the first time, raw babassu mesocarp ethanolic extract inhibited Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and S. Enteritidis activity, as shown by Disk-diffusion assay. This study indicated that Ultrasound-assisted technology could be used as a greener protocol to recover high amounts of polyphenols from babassu mesocarp using food-grade solvents with antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenol- and Flavonoid-Enriched Rice Seed Extract on Melanogenesis in Melan-a Cells via MAPK Signaling-Mediated MITF Downregulation.

Melanin production is an important process that prevents the host skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation; however, an overproduction of melanin results in skin diseases. In the present study, we determined the antioxidative and anti-melanogenic activities of polyphenol- and flavonoid-enriched rice seed extracts in melan-a cells. The polyphenol and flavonoid content of Hopum (HP) and Sebok (SB) rice seed extracts was measured. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the ABTS radical scavenging method. SB contained high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids, which significantly increased antioxidative activity compared with HP. Various concentrations of these extracts were evaluated in a cytotoxicity using melan-a cells. At 100 µg/mL, there was no significant difference for all treatments compared with untreated cells. Therefore, 100 µg/mL was selected as a concentration for the further experiments. SB significantly suppressed the phosphorylation/activation of p-38 MAPK, increased the expression of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 and Akt, and downregulated the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). This resulted in decreased levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 and -2. These results indicate the potential of polyphenol- and flavonoid-enriched rice seed as a treatment for hyperpigmentation.

Valorization of Encapsulated Coffee Parchment Extracts as Metabolic Control for High Fructose Diet-Induced Obesity, Using Wistar Rat as Animal Model

Parchment is a coffee by-product with high amounts of polyphenols that could be effective in the prevention of obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, their effectiveness depends on their stability and bioavailability which could be improved by encapsulation. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-obesity effects of aqueous coffee parchment extract. Aqueous coffee parchment extracts were administrated orally (100 mg/kg weight/day) as free or in a microencapsulated form with whey protein/maltodextrin, in fructose-induced obesity rat model (20% fructose in water). Different metabolic parameters were determined. Parchment extract contained total phenolics at 79.50 mg GAE/g, with chlorogenic acid and caffeine as main compounds. The microencapsulation efficiency was 89.36% and SEM images revealed spherical microcapsules which exhibited polyphenol release under simulated digestion. Fructose obese rats displayed increased adiposity and metabolic alterations as hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress with high liver and adipose tissue lipids. The treatment with parchment extract prevented adipose fat accumulation and alleviated the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, liver steatosis and oxidative stress in obese rats. The effects were more pronounced with encapsulation. Coffee parchment extract protected against fructose-induced obesity metabolic alterations; a better amelioration was observed with microcapsules which will increase the value of this coffee by-product.

Assessment of Bioactive Profile of Sorghum Brans under the Effect of Growing Conditions and Nitrogen Fertilization

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is an increasingly important crop grown in many countries as a food source due to its excellent nutritional value, drought and pest resistance, and gluten-free properties. In this study, the bioactive profiles and antioxidant potentials of brans of six sorghum varieties were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The effects of weather and environmental conditions and different nitrogen nutrition were also evaluated. The bran of red varieties contained a higher amount of polyphenols and tannins and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than the bran of white varieties, with the exception of one red genotype. The highest total polyphenol contents were measured in samples from two red varieties (Zádor, Alföldi1) with 1084.52 ± 57.92 mg 100 g−1 GAE and 1802.51 ± 121.13 mg 100 g−1 GAE values, respectively, while condensed tannin content varied between 0.50 mg g−1 and 47.79 mg g−1 in sorghum brans. Red varieties showed higher antioxidant activities/capacities with 70–281 µmol TE g−1 and 71–145 µmol TE g−1 for DPPH and TEAC. Correlation analysis showed a strong interaction between DPPH, TEAC, and the amounts of polyphenols and tannins, but not with FRAP values. In conclusion, red-colored varieties are a good source of polyphenols, but seed color alone is not enough to determine the nutritional value of a genotype, and the environmental conditions greatly affect the bioactive profile of sorghum.

Green Synthesis of Iridium Nanoparticles from Winery Waste and Their Catalytic Effectiveness in Water Decontamination.

An environmentally friendly procedure was adopted for the first time to prepare green iridium nanoparticles starting from grape marc extracts. Grape marcs, waste of Negramaro winery production, were subjected to aqueous thermal extraction at different temperatures (45, 65, 80, and 100 °C) and characterized in terms of total phenolic contents, reducing sugars, and antioxidant activity. The results obtained showed an important effect of temperature with higher amounts of polyphenols and reducing sugars and antioxidant activity in the extracts with the increase of temperature. All four extracts were used as starting materials to synthesize different iridium nanoparticles (Ir-NP1, Ir-NP2, Ir-NP3, and Ir-NP4) that were characterized by Uv-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. TEM analysis revealed the presence of very small particles in all samples with sizes in the range of 3.0-4.5 nm with the presence of a second fraction of larger nanoparticles (7.5-17.0 nm) for Ir-NPs prepared with extracts obtained at higher temperatures (Ir-NP3 and Ir-NP4). Since the wastewater remediation of toxic organic contaminants on catalytic reduction has gained much attention, the application of the prepared Ir-NPs as catalysts towards the reduction of methylene blue (MB), chosen as the organic dye model, was evaluated. The efficient catalytic activity of Ir-NPs in the reduction of MB by NaBH4 was demonstrated and Ir-NP2 was prepared using the extract obtained at 65 °C, showing the best catalytic performance, with a rate constant of 0.527 ± 0.012 min-1 and MB reduction of 96.1% in just six min, with stability for over 10 months.

Chemical composition of essential oils of Citrus limon peel from three Moroccan regions and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and dermatoprotective properties

Introduction: The current study aimed to explore the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and dermatoprotective properties of lemon peel essential oil (EO). Methods: The chemical composition of lemon EOs extracted from the lemon of three cities in Morocco was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antioxidant property was estimated by two complementary tests: Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the inhibition of albumin denaturation and proteinase. Inhibitory properties of α-glucosidase and α-amylase were used to reveal the antidiabetic activity of lemon peel EOs. Dermatoprotective property was evaluated by the tyrosinase inhibition method. Results: In addition to high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids, GC-MS analysis of lemon peel EOs demonstrated the presence of D-limonene, β–pinene, and γ-terpinene as the main compounds in the three samples studied. Lemon peel EOs exhibited significant antioxidant activities by IC50 values ranging from 40.57 µg/mL to 100.22 µg/mL and 113.63 µg/mL to 180.90 µg/mL obtained by DPPH and FRAP tests, respectively. in vitro inhibition of enzymes involved in inflammatory response revealed that lemon peel EOs presented remarkable inhibitory activities against albumin denaturation (230.48 µg/mL&gt;IC50&lt;341.13 µg/mL) and proteinase (199.70 µg/mL&gt;IC50&lt;307.05 µg/mL). Moreover, lemon peel EOs demonstrated powerful inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with various IC50 values (1689.06 µg/ mL&gt;IC50&gt;4000 µg/mL and 1021.58 µg/mL&gt;C50&lt;2467.62 µg/mL), respectively. These EOs also revealed significant inhibition of tyrosinase with IC50 values ranging from 248.42 μg/ mL to 378.02 μg/mL. Conclusion: These results revealed that lemon peel EOs might constitute a new product with beneficial biological abilities against the mentioned complications.

Variations in phenolic content in tea under various processing methods

Variations in the phenolic content (total polyphenols, theaflavins, and thearubigins) of unconventional brands of ready-made tea (white, red, GABA) depending on different processing methods are discussed. Research in this direction has been carried out at the Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC SSC RAS, Sochi) since 2017. Krasnodar tea was shown to contain polyphenols, theaflavins, and thearubigins in the amount of 18.47, 0.14, and 0.79 mg/g, respectively. Non-fermented and semi-fermented teas contain the highest amounts of polyphenols: white (16.63 mg/g), green (16.51 mg/g), and light GABA (16.47 mg/g). When processing light GABA tea, no change in the content of polyphenols occurs; however, the number of flavonoid pigments reduces significantly. Thus, the content of theaflavins (0.02 mg/g) remains at the level of white tea (0.03 mg/g), while that of thearubigins decreases significantly (0.26 mg/g as compared to 0.43–0.46 mg/g in white and green tea, respectively). The content of polyphenols in fermented teas (black, red) is significantly lower than that in raw material and non-fermented teas (НСР05 = 1.18). At the same time, black tea contains theaflavins (0.04 mg/g) and thearubigins (0.95 mg/g) in higher levels. To a certain extent, red tea is inferior to black tea in terms of polyphenols, although red tea is comparable to white and green teas in terms of flavonoids (0.04 mg/g of theaflavins and 0.39 mg/g of thearubigins). With respect to phenolic components, dark GABA tea approaches nonfermented and semi-fermented teas, which increases its nutritional value. The obtained data can be used when developing approaches to regulating the quality characteristics of ready-made tea produced under humid subtropical conditions in Russia, ensuring the preservation and improvement of product quality.

Diffusion of phenolic compounds during a model maceration in winemaking: role of flesh and seeds.

During red winemaking, diffusion of phenolic compounds from the grape berry cells into the liquid phase occurs simultaneously with the adsorption of the same compounds onto the pulp. In previous studies, we quantified the proportions of polyphenols diffusing from the skins and then assessed the amounts that can be fixed by the pulp. In this work, we added the impact of seeds, also present during vinification, by carrying out macerations in a model medium with the following berry compartments: skins, seeds, skins + seeds, skins + seeds + pulp. Interestingly, the seeds alone released a rather high amount of polyphenols. As soon as they were in the presence of cell walls of skin/flesh, and/or anthocyanins, the concentration of seed tannins in the solution dropped dramatically, due to a combined effect of adsorption and/or precipitation and/or chemical reactions. The pulp certainly adsorbed tannins, but they also tended to shift the extraction equilibria, and it seems that more tannins could be extracted from skins and seeds when pulp was present. Polyphenol amounts extracted in model systems with skins + seeds + pulp were close to what was extracted in microvinification. These model experiments reflect relatively well extraction during microvinification experiments and highlight the respective impact of the grape berry's different compartments in the wine's final phenolic composition as well as some of the mechanisms involved. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Secondary metabolite contents and safety assessment study of the aqueous extract from the Algerian Echium trygorrhizum Pomel roots

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSpecies of Echium trygorrhizum Pomel, belonging to the Boraginaceae family, grow wild in North Africa. This plant is used in traditional Algerian medicine for the treatment of Diabetes, Jaundice and Tonsillitis. Aim of the studyTo our knowledge, no work has been done on the phytochemistry and biological activities of this plant. Moreover, no study has yet corroborated that the use of this plant is safe. Therefore, the present study was carried out to gather information on the various medicinal uses of this plant and to evaluate the total phenolic content and assess its safety after acute and sub-acute toxicity tests with rodents (mice and rats). Material and methodsAn ethnopharmacological survey was carried out using a direct questionnaire. It included some questions relating to the plant. The content of polyphénols, flavonoids and tannins present in the aqueous extract was determined by colorimetric methods. In the acute toxicity tests, three groups each containing five males and five females Albino mice were formed. The control group received water, while the test groups received different doses of aqueous extract (2000 and 5000) mg/kg body weight. In the subacute toxicity study, different doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract were administered to male and female rats for 28 consecutive days. Hematological analysis, biochemical parameters estimation and histopathological examination have been determined at the end of the treatment. ResultsData from the ethnopharmacological survey showed that 25, 31% of people used this plant in Algeria as a traditional medicine for the treatment of Jaundice (100%), Diabetes (28, 33%) and Tonsillitis (10%). Results also revealed that aqueous extract contains high amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. The extract did not cause any toxicity during the 14-days observation period after a single dose of 5000 mg/kg was administered to mice, with LD50 values greater than 5000 mg/kg. In a further step, the administration of the aqueous extract at all dose levels (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) to male and female rats during the 28-days study did not result in any deaths or behavioral changes, and there were no changes in body weight, relative organ weights, or food consumption as a result of this experiment. However, male rats showed a significant difference in relative liver weight in the high dose group (1000 mg/kg) (p < 0.05) and the satellite group (p < 0.01). In female rats, liver weight significantly increased only in the satellite group compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The results showed an increase in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) in the female groups. However, a clear decrease was observed in plasma ALP enzyme activities in females treated with the doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg (p < 0.05) after the treatment periods. ConclusionThe study indicated that the single dose of 5 g/kg AQE can be considered relatively safe as it did not cause death or any signs of toxicity in mice. Repeated oral administration of AQE at doses below 250 g/kg/day for 28 consecutive days can be considered relatively safe.

Characterization of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ pomace extracts and evaluation of antifungal potential of Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp.

This study was conducted to capitalize on the waste produced by the vinification process which proved to be important sources of bioactive compounds with significant antifungal properties. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape pomace extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenol content, antioxidant potential, but also evaluated in terms of antifungal effect against phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp.). The isolates used in this study were grown on three potato-dextrose-agar culture media, Czapek Dox and Malt-Agar. The highest amount of polyphenols was determined from the extract obtained by the microwave-assisted method (42.76 mg/g GAE), followed by the extract obtained by maceration (30.37 mg/g GAE). The lowest amount was obtained by the ultrasound-assisted method (15.06 mg/g GAE). However, the highest antioxidant activity was determined in the macerated extract, TEAC = 0.0523. The results of in vitro tests clearly indicated a high inhibitory percentage on the mycelium growth rate and, respectively, a significant decrease in spore germination power in Fusarium sp. (91.56%). However, for the pathogen Alternaria sp. further studies are needed to correctly validate the percentage of inhibition, as alcohol has been shown to have a negative effect on it.

Functional and Sensory Properties of Gingerbread Enriched with the Addition of Vegetables

The aim of the study was to evaluate the sensory quality and bioactive phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of gingerbread cake with the addition of different vegetables, which was separately prepared as studied samples. The research material consisted of three gingerbread banana cakes and various vegetable ingredients: pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Blended roasted pumpkin, blended roasted beetroots, and baked tomatoes were used in the experiment. The evaluation of sensory quality was conducted using the QDP (Quantitative Descriptive Profiling) method and a hedonic evaluation by consumers was also performed. In the experiment, colour parameters were measured in the CIE L*a*b* system, and the total polyphenol content and the total antioxidant capacity were established. The test results showed that a vegetable addition of a level of up to 25% of different vegetables such as pumpkin, tomato, and beetroot to gingerbread provides an adequate effect on the sensory quality of the product while still being acceptable to consumers. Moreover, it increases the functional properties of the finished product (p &lt; 0.01). The gingerbread dough with the addition of tomato (25%) contained the highest amount of polyphenols −40 mg GAE/100 g, and the gingerbread dough with the pumpkin addition was characterized by the highest total antioxidant activity at a mean value of 0.475 μM TEAC/g of product.