High Amounts Of Secondary Metabolites Research Articles

A review on Genetic markers with special reference to Genetic Diversity of Four Economically Important Trees of Myrtaceae Family of Braj Region, India

Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Byrnes, Psidium guajava L., Syzygium cumini L. and Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill are members of the Myrtaceae family and are found growing in various locations throughout the Districts of Agra and Mathura. Although some trees can be found in tropically dry and xeric locations, these trees are found in tropical and subtropical regions. These plants have significant medical value, are frequently used customarily in the Braj region, and contain high amounts of secondary metabolites and polyphenols that prevent the separation of plant DNA. DNA isolation is a method for purifying DNA from plant elements by integrating various chemical and physical techniques. For the investigation of plant genetic variation, DNA markers like PCR (RAPD, SSLP, and AFLP) are often used methods that only need a minimal amount of DNA material. The most widely used method for examining genetic diversity is RAPD analysis. RAPD is utilized for a variety of tasks, including gene mapping, genetic identification, and investigations involving closely related species. This database review's main goal is to provide extensive, essential genetic information, methods, and applications. Significant connections between the history of a plant species and the makeup of its current population can be found thanks to genetic diversity. Researchers may utilize this information in the future to manage, cultivate, and improve the breeding programme for these plant species.

Impact of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Serratia nematodiphila RGK and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida RGK on secondary metabolites of turmeric rhizome

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are diverse group of soil bacteria that live in the rhizosphere of plants. The current research focuses on the plant growth promoting potential of two strains, Serratia nematodiphila RGK and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida RGK isolated from the rhizospheric soil of the turmeric plant. Both of these bacterial strains found to have the capacity to solubilize phosphate, zinc and potassium as well as potential to produce indole acetic acid, siderophores, nitrogen fixation, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and exopolysaccharide synthesis. Further, they showed the salinity tolerance up to the 6–7% NaCl and antibiotic sensitivity to Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin. The isolate Pseudomonas plecoglossicida RGK also has shown antifungal activity against fungal pathogen of turmeric Pythium aphanidermatum. Treatment of turmeric rhizomes with separate and by combination of both strains demonstrated remarkable increase growth parameters of turmeric as compared to control. They improved the growth metrics of the plant such as the number of leaves, shoot height, rhizome biomass as well as phenolic, flavonoid content, and free-radical (DPPH) scavenging ability. As compared to the untreated plants, PGPR treated rhizomes showed higher amounts of secondary metabolites, primarily curcumin and additional compounds such 4-Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone, 2,4-Di-tertbutyl phenol, aR-Turmerone, and (Z) -gamma-Atlantone. The detection of a phenolic compound, 4-Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone, in a consortium-treated turmeric plant, which has significant biological activity is reported for first time. The use of different microbial strains in a single formulation is a new and developing trend for sustainable agriculture.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF HALOPHYTIC PLANT SUAEDA FRUTICOSA (L.) FORSSK. EX J.F.GMEL.

Plants have been valuable and indispensable sources of natural products for the health of human beings and they have a great potential for producing new drugs. Halophytes are salt tolerant plants. They survive in different salt concentration. Halophytes are good in secondary metabolite like alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, carbohydrate and proteins. Suaeda fruticosa is halophytic plant. It has a higher amount of secondary metabolites. Also they act as an antioxidant, antibacterial and cancerous and antimicrobial. With the preliminary screening we analyses the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. It is used in various diseases and also it serves as an ethnomedicinal plant.

Morpho-Metric and Specialized Metabolites Modulation of Parsley Microgreens through Selective LED Wavebands

Plant factories and high-tech greenhouses offer the opportunity to modulate plant growth, morphology and qualitative content through the management of artificial light (intensity, photoperiod and spectrum). In this study, three Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting systems, with blue (B, 460 nm), red (R, 650 nm) and mixed red + green-yellow + blue (RGB) light were used to grow parsley microgreens to understand how light quality could change the phenotype and the profile of secondary metabolites. Plants showed altered morphological characteristics and higher amounts of secondary metabolites under RGB LEDs treatment. The results demonstrated that microgreens under red light showed the highest fresh yield, petiole length, coumaric acid content but also the highest nitrate content. Plants under RGB light showed the highest dry matter percentage and highest content of total and single polyphenols content, while blue light showed the highest ascorbic acid and ABTS antioxidant activity. Moreover, microgreens under red light showed more compact leaves with less intercellular spaces, while under blue and RGB light, the leaves displayed ticker spongy mesophyll with higher percentage of intercellular spaces. Therefore, the specific spectral band was able to modify not only the metabolic profile, but also it could modulate the differentiation of mesophyll cells. Light quality as a preharvest factor helps to shape the final parsley microgreens product as a whole, not only in terms of yield and quality, but also from a morpho-anatomical point of view.

Polyamine Elicitation of Quercetin and Rutin Production in Callus Cultures of Caper and Impact to Regeneration

Nowadays, efforts to produce high amounts of secondary metabolites with anticancer properties in plants have become remarkable studies of biotechnological approaches. Polyamines are known to have successful roles in plant metabolism and molecular signalling. The important point is to determine the type and concentration of polyamine suitable for the physiology of the plant. This study was carried out to examine the effects of different polyamine applications in callus culture of Caper (Capparis L.) plant on plant regeneration and the production of quercetin and rutin with anticancer properties. For this purpose, different varieties (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) and concentrations (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/l) of polyamines and 2.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) of plant growth regulators were added to the Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium. According to the results, the highest value in terms of callus induction was determined in 1.0 mg/l spermine, the highest value in plant regeneration was obtained in 0.5 mg/l spermine, and the highest quercetin and rutin accumulation were detected in 0.5 mg/l spermidine application. The regeneration and the amount of quercetin increased approximately 2-fold compared to the control group in the aforementioned polyamine (PA) applications. Our findings showed that spermine and spermidine proved more effective in the callus culture of Caper than putrescine, and the use of low-dose polyamines gave outstanding results. Therefore a particularly valuable finding obtained in this study is that polyamines can be used as an effective elicitor in the tissue culture of Caper plant.

Extraction, Isolation and Characterization by HPLC-ESI-MS and Evaluating Chemical Constituents of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of the Invasive Weed Cleome viscosa L.

The aim of this study was to extract, identify and isolate the chemical constituents of the root and leaves of Cleome viscosa by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The antioxidant activity and content of associated secondary metabolites in the extracts from different parts of the plant were also measured. The free radical scavenging activity of the methanol extracts of different parts of C viscosa was determined using DPPH assays. A wide range of polar and non- polar compounds were characterized by LC-ESI-MS. Based on the obtained results, 22 and 21 compounds were characterized in the extracts of leaf and root of C viscosa, respectively. Among these compounds, cleomeolide and 57,4′.trihydroxy-6,3.5-trimethoxyflavone, in the leaf extract, and nevirapine and vincetoxicoside A, in the root extract, were considered as main compounds. Phytochemical analysis also showed that the content of bioactive compounds varied remarkably in the extract of different parts of C viscosa. The leaf ethanol extract contained higher amounts of secondary metabolites, namely total phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also dependent on the plant parts, which was significantly correlated with the content of bioactive compounds studied. A strong free radical scavenging activity was observed for the methanol extract of the leaf (50.3%), followed by the flower (35.2%). In general, this study confirmed a wide range of compounds in different parts of the invasive weed C viscosa, especially in the leaf, with a high free radical scavenging activity.

Evaluation of Genoprotective Activity of Indigofera tinctoria using Allium cepa Root

The principle reason for the examination article is to assess the genoprotective action of the herbal source leaves extract of Indigofera tinctoria against insecticidal such as transfluthrin using Allium cepa as a biomarker. Indigofera tinctoria has the potential secondary metabolites, inorganic elements in phytochemical screening and different functional groups also. So that It possesses excellent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, anti mycobacterial, mosquitocidal, immunostimulatory properties. Normally for mutation, chemotherapy and radiation treatments are used. Here we used herbal remedy as Indigofera tinctoria against transfluthrin by using Allium cepa as a biomarker and the mitotic record and DNA discontinuity likewise determined. It contains high amount of secondary metabolites, inorganic elements and functional groups. The mitotic index remains exactly same at before and after treatment by calculating the number of roots and its length in segments like dividing and non-dividing cells. We concluded that Indigofera tinctoria repaired the mutation act against insecticidal transfluthrin. So it acts as an excellent mutant repair mechanism against insecticidal.

Suppression of colorectal carcinogenesis by naringin

BackgroundColorectal cancer is the third most malignant cancer worldwide. Despite novel treatment options, the incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer continue to increase in most countries, especially in US, European and Asian countries. Colorectal carcinogenesis is multifactorial, including dietary and genetic factors, as well as lacking physical activity. Vegetables and fruits contain high amounts of secondary metabolites, which might reduce the risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. Flavonoids are important bioactive polyphenolic compounds. There are more than 4,000 different flavonoids, including flavanones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and catechins in a large variety of plant. HypothesisAmong various other flavonoids, naringin in Citrus fruits has been a subject of intense scrutiny for its activity against many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that naringin is capable to inhibit the growth of transformed colonocytes and to induce programmed cell death in colon cancer cells. ResultsWe comprehensively review the inhibitory effects of naringin on colorectal cancers and address the underlying mechanistic pathways such as NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, apoptosis, NF-κB-COX-2-iNOS, and β-catenin pathways. ConclusionNaringin suppresses colorectal inflammation and carcinogenesis by various signaling pathways. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness in combating colorectal cancer.

Phytochemical Screening of Halophytic Plant Heliotropium curassavicum L.

According to the World Health Organization, plants are a source of compounds that have the ability to combat disease, antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Halophytes are salt tolerant plants. They contain high amount of secondary metabolites or phytoconstituents. Correlation between the phytoconstituents and the bioactivity of plant is desirable to know for the synthesis of compounds with specific activities to treat various health ailments and chronic diseases as well. The study of the halophytic plant for the preliminary screening of different phytoconstituents is important. Here, I have done preliminary phytochemical screening of Halophytic plant Heliotropium Curassavicum L.

Evaluation of the Cookies Formulated with Costus igneus Plant Material for Antidiabetic Activity

Diabetes Mellitus is a fast-growing disorder in the current scenario commonly affecting all age groups especially elder groups. The high blood glucose can be kept in control with nutraceutical foods. The present study is aimed to formulate a nutritionally rich cookie with Costus igneus leaf extract and to determine the effect of cookie consumption on decreasing blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Cookies made with Costus igneus leaf powder etc. were analyzed for proximate analysis and phytochemical analysis with standard procedures. A total of 30 Type-II diabetic patients were selected for the study whose demographic variables and blood glucose levels were measured on the first day and after 15 days, 30 days of cookies consumption. The proximate and physic-chemical analysis showed cookies contain high amount of secondary metabolites including antioxidant compounds. Among the 30 study subjects, the mean levels of FBS and PBS were decreased significantly in all the four groups from day 0 to day 30 which indicates that C.igneus cookies consumption had good effect in reducing the blood glucose levels. However the HbA1C has been decreased by one unit in all the four study groups. The cookies made with Costus igneus plant material have good antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities and can be used as a therapeutic and functional food source for the treatment of overweight, obesity and diabetes.

The Effect of Different Fertilizer and Extraction Method on Secondary Metabolites of Azolla Pinnata

Abstract Azolla pinnata is an aquatic plant that comes from the order of Pteridophyta and family of Azollaceae that can be found floating on the surface of waters and can only grow at non-moving or slow-moving water areas. This research aims to understand the effect of different extraction methods and fertilizers on Azolla pinnata and its secondary metabolites. The fertilizers treatments that were tested were chicken manure and AB. The different extraction methods that were tested were SFE and Soxhlet extraction. In the test, the amount of dry weight of A.pinnata obtained from using AB fertilizer was higher compared to chicken manure. For the extraction, both SFE and Soxhlet extraction produced an almost similar amount of extracts but different amounts of secondary metabolites. The amounts of the secondary metabolites were determined and analyzed using GC-MS. The metabolites identified were theamine, bioxirane, acetic acid, 9 methyl-1-decene, glycerine, dihydroxyacetone, thymine, pyranone, 6-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, 2-formyl-4,6 dichlorophenyl ester, and isoglutamine. Based on the result, treatment with AB fertilizer provides higher amounts of secondary metabolites in A.pinnata compared to chicken manure, while for extraction methods, SFE provides higher amounts of secondary metabolites in A.pinnata compared to Soxhlet extraction.

Evaluation of Primary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential Activity of Cayratia trifolia (Leaf and Stems)

Cayratia trifolia Linn. Domin Syn. Vitis trifolia (Family: Vitaceae) is commonly known as Fox grape in English; Amlabel, Ramchana in Hindi and Amlavetash in Sanskrit. It is native to Asia and Australia. This plant is used for chronic fever, rheumatic, anti-inflammatory etc. In the present study, quantitative analysis and free radical scavenging activities of stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia was investigated. The extract was found to possess more secondary metabolites and it exhibit radical scavenging activities, Based on the results it can be concluded that, the stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia which contains high amount of secondary metabolites and exhibits free radical scavenging activities, phytochemistry from leaves and stems using spectral techniques. This research paper provides information mainly on various biological activities like antimitotic, antidiabetic and anti-implantation and several medicinal uses. Biological activities of few of them have been studied maximum concentration of Proteins (58.4mg/gdw) and minimum concentration in total soluble sugar (0.7mg/gdw) and maximum concentration of Lipid peroxidase (5.01mg/gdw) and minimum concentration in FRAP (0.197mg/gdw).
 Keywords: Cayratia trifolia; Vitaceae; Phytochemistry; Antioxidant.

One Extra Copy of lon Gene Causes a Dramatic Increase in Actinorhodin Production by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

ATP-dependent Lon protease plays important roles in different physiological processes, including cellular differentiation of the bacteria and is a part of an important stress response regulon (HspR/HAIR). In Streptomyces, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites starts with cellular differentiation and stress is one of the factor that affect metabolite production. To clarify the effect of Lon protease on secondary metabolite production, we constructed a recombinant strain of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) that has one extra copy of lon gene with its own promoter and transcriptional terminator in its genome. Expression of lon gene in the recombinant strain was determined by quantitative real time (RT-qPCR). Actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin production of the recombinant cell was measured in liquid R2YE and it was found to produce about 34 times more actinorhodin and 9 times more undecylprodigiosin than the wild-type at 168h of growth. Development of stable Streptomyces strains capable of producing high amounts of secondary metabolites is valuable for biotechnology industry. One extra copy of lon gene is enough to boost antibiotic production by S. coelicolor A3(2) and this change do not cause any metabolic burden in the cell.

UPLC-HRMS and NMR applied in the evaluation of solid-phase extraction methods as a rational strategy of dereplication of Phyllanthus spp. aiming at the discovery of cytotoxic metabolites

The classical approach to drug discovery from natural products (NP's) requires strenuous and complex purification steps for the isolation and structural elucidation. Modern strategies as dereplication aim to accelerate the identification of known compounds present in a crude or partially purified extract. In this work, we investigated the influence of the solid-phase extraction (Oasis, Plexa, and Agilent C18 cartridges with and without organic modifiers) chemical profile obtained by UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR and cytotoxicities of aqueous extracts from Phyllanthus niruri and P. amarus. Our results showed differences between the SPE cartridges and the mass recovered. P. niruri showed higher mass recovery than P. amarus indicating a higher amount of secondary metabolites. The UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed that P. niruri crude extract presents higher contents of phenolic compounds than P. amarus. According to NMR analysis, P. niruri contained more tyrosine, corilagin, and glycosidic residues while P. amarus, presented higher content of ellagic acid. The different stationary phases, as well as mobile phases for exploratory SPE, enabled the exploitation of the different chemical functionalities within the Phyllanthus species. The SPE (MeOH:H2O 70:30 with C18 cartridges) samples showed greater in vitro cytotoxicity than the crude extracts, with IC50 ranging from 8.01 to 94.92 μg mL−1 against the tumor lines tested. The solid phase extraction allowed the concentration of molecules with desirable physicochemical characteristics, which might increase the hit of therapeutically useful substances.

Efficient and High-Quality RNA Isolation from Metabolite-Rich Tissues of Stevia rebaudiana, an Important Commercial Crop.

Stevia rebaudiana, a perennial herb native to northeastern Paraguay, has gained immense attention globally over the recent decades due to the natural sweetness of its leaves. Like in most plants, this particular species contains high amount of secondary metabolites, thus rendering the isolation of high quality and quantity RNA extract for molecular applications rather challenging. An effective, high-yield and high-quality RNA isolation protocol for this economically important plant species was devised here based on the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction method, with an additional genomic DNA (gDNA) removal step. DNA and other contaminants that may affect downstream applications were effectively removed. Our results exhibited that RNA samples isolated from the leaves and stems of Stevia rebaudiana using this improvised method are high in integrity and quality with RNA integrity number (RIN) of more than 8 and low in contaminants.

Comparative Antioxidative and Antihyperglycemic Profiles of Pneumatophores of Two Mangrove Species Avicennia alba and Sonneratia apetala

Ethanolic extracts of pneumatophores of two mangrove species- Avicennia alba and Sonneratia apetala were studied in vitro for antioxidant capacity by measuring their ability to scavenge free radicals and determining total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. In vivo measurement of antihyperglycemic activity of extracts was done by oral glucose tolerance test. In considering the antioxidant activity, S. apetala extract showed superior IC50 (concentration of sample required to inhibit 50% of free radicals) value for scavenging DPPH radical (71.77 μg/ml), hydrogen peroxide radical (97.27 mg/l), hydroxyl radical (79.62 mg/l) and superoxide anion (108.89 mg/l). For A. alba, the values for the radical scavenging assays were much higher. In addition, total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content demonstrated by S. apetala were 204.03 mgGAE/g, 228.68 mgQE/g and 235.89 mgGAE/g whereas for A. alba, they were 65.52 mgGAE/g, 44 mgQE/g and 37.71 mgGAE/g, respectively. In oral glucose tolerance test, S. apetala reduced the blood glucose level to a higher extent than A. alba. So, S. apetala with higher amount of secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, tannin) is a superior source of natural antioxidants and antihyperglycemics.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(2): 205-211, 2018 (December)

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT PACHYGONE OVATA (POER.) HOOK.F. & THOMS FROM MENISPERMACEAE FAMILY FOR BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

The present study deals with the phytochemical examination of Pachygone ovata (Poer.) Hook.f.& Thoms., an important medicinal plant from menispermaceae family. Leaf and Stem extracts were prepared by using different solvents systems and phytochemical screening was performed using the standard methods given by Harborne. Leaf and stem extracts were prepared from aqueous and organic solvents like petroleum ether, acetone, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the petroleum ether, acetone,ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts prepared from P. ovata leaf and stem part. Leaf part revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenols and tannins. Stem part revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, Resin, Steroids, phenols and tannins. The ethanolic extract showed higher amount of secondary metabolites than the other solvent extracts. This observation becomes important in the context of the therapeutically and drug applications of P. ovata.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF HAMMADA SCOPARIA EXTRACTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN ALGERIA

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the aerial part extracts of Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin to validate the medicinal potential of this Algerian plant species.Methods: Crude extracts were prepared by cold maceration with absolute methanol and distilled water. Preliminary phytochemical screening is carried out to detect the presence of the major secondary metabolites using qualitative characterization methods. Quantitative estimation of total phenols, total flavonoids, flavanols, flavonols, and condensed tannins contents is performed using gallic acid, rutin, catechin, and quercetin as standards. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the free radical scavenging activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity by scavenging of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay, and the ferric reducing power assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power).Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and sterols, saponins, and anthocyanins. Total phenols were present more in aqueous crude extract (ACE) with 336.756±0.855 mg gallic acid equivalent/g DM. Total flavonoids and flavonols were more abundant in methanolic crude extract (MCE) than ACE. However, condensed tannins and flavanols were present less in MCE with only 0.958±0.052 and 4.547±0.055 mg CE/g DM, respectively. The ACE of this plant species had greater antioxidant activity than the other extract by DPPH and ABTS assays (35.823±0.129 and 51.323±0.394 mg trolox equivalent/g DM). The better ferric reducing power (2060.535±2.566 mM Fe+2/g DM) was also recorded with the same extract.Conclusion: ACE of aerial part of H. scoparia (Pomel) Iljin showed a high amount of secondary metabolites. The obtained results confirmed that the extracting solvent influenced the antioxidant property estimations of this plant. Hence, the ACE can be further exploited further for in vitro and in vivo research work.

Evaluation of Apricot, Bilberry, and Elderberry Pomace Constituents and Their Potential To Enhance the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Activity.

Pomace, the press residue from different fruits accumulating as waste product in food industry, contains high amounts of secondary metabolites that could be utilized for health-related applications. This study aims at evaluating the potential of pomaces of apricot, bilberry, and elderberry to serve as a source for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-activating compounds. Five extracts obtained from the lyophilized pomace of apricot and elderberry with solvents of different polarity were found to enhance A23187-stimulated eNOS activity when tested at 50 μg/mL in an [14C]-l-arginine to [14C]-l-citrulline conversion assay in the human endothelium-derived cell line EA.hy926 (p < 0.05). The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts obtained with methanol/water (70:30) led to several active fractions from apricot pomace (p < 0.05) and elderberry pomace (p < 0.01). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based chemical analysis of the extracts and active fractions pointed mainly to triterpenoic acids as active compounds. One particular dihydroxytriterpenoic acid, characteristic for elderberry, was enriched as the main compound in the two most active fractions and might serve as a promising lead structure for further studies.

Evaluation of genetic stability using FRAPD markers as novel method along with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of micropropagated Salacia chinensis L.

Salacia chinensis L., a perennial medicinal plant, is well-known for its well-documented anti-diabetic properties. The daily growing demand in pharmaceutical industry is stimulating the conservation and wide-ranging production of the plant using plant tissue culture techniques (micropropagation). In the present study, the plants generated by direct micropropagation from nodal explants were assessed using fluorescently labeled RAPD (FRAPD) primers. Although standard RAPD primer bands in agarose gel showed genetic stability, using FRAPD analysis in genetic DNA sequencer as a novel strategy showed more accurate and reliable method has indicated by the evidence in 5% genetic variation. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of micropropagated plants versus mother plant were examined using DPPH, FRAP, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase assays. The results showed that the micropropagated plants, which are able to produce higher amount of secondary metabolites than the mother plant, possess higher in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties.