High-intensity Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Effects of different exercise modes and intensities on cognitive performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity in mice.

Exercise can induce beneficial improvements in cognition. However, the effects of different modes and intensities of exercise have yet to be explored in detail. This study aimed to identify the effects of different exercise modes (aerobic and resistance) and intensities (low and high) on cognitive performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice. A total of 40 C57BL/6J mice were randomised into 5 groups (n = 8 mice per group): control, low-intensity aerobic exercise, high-intensity aerobic exercise, low-intensity resistance exercise, and high-intensity resistance exercise. The aerobic exercise groups underwent treadmill training, while the resistance exercise groups underwent ladder climbing training. At the end of the exercise period, cognitive performance was assessed by the Y-maze and Barnes maze. In addition, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated immunohistochemically by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/ neuronal nuclei (NeuN) co-labeling. The levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus, including synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), were analyzed by western blotting. Our results showed no significant differences in cognitive performance among the groups. However, high-intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased hippocampal adult neurogenesis relative to the control. A trend towards increased adult neurogenesis was observed in the low-intensity aerobic group compared to the control group. No significant changes in synaptic plasticity were observed among all groups. Our results indicate that high-intensity aerobic exercise may be the most potent stimulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Exercise interventions for the effect of endothelial function in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Endothelial dysfunction is crucial factor to the hypertension occurrence, and controversy remains regarding the effect of exercise on improving endothelial function in hypertensive patients. The authors used meta-analysis to evaluate the intervention effect of exercise on endothelial function in hypertensive patients and to investigate exercise protocols that may have a greater intervention effect. A total of 37 studies and a total of 2801 participants were included. The results were as follows: endogenous nitric oxide (NO)[SMD=.89, 95% CI (.48, 1.30), p<.0001], endothelin-1 (ET-1): [SMD=-.94, 95% CI (-1.15, -.73), p<.0001], flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [SMD=-.57, 95% CI (.36,.79), p<.000001]. In subgroup analysis, high-intensity aerobic exercise, with a single exercise duration of 35-50min, 3-4 times/week for a total of 10-12weeks, had the largest amount of intervention effect on NO, and moderate-intensity resistance exercise, with a single exercise duration of ≥60min, 6 times/week for a total of 15-18weeks, had the largest amount of intervention effect on ET-1. In conclusion, exercise can improve NO levels, FDM levels, and reduce ET-1 secretion of hypertension patients, thereby improve their endothelial function. The ideal intervention effect of improving NO level was more likely to be obtained by taking the exercise prescription of high-intensity aerobic exercise with a single exercise duration of 35-50min, 3-4 times/week for 10-12weeks; the ideal intervention effect of improving ET-1 was more likely to be obtained by taking the exercise prescription of oderate -intensity resistance exercise with a single exercise duration of ≥60min, 6 times/week for 15-18weeks.

SOLVING THE HIGH-INTENSITY MUTLIMODAL TRAINING PRESCRIPTION PUZZLE: A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING REVIEW

INTRODUCTION &amp; AIMS High-Intensity Multimodal Training (HIMT) refers to all styles of high-intensity combined aerobic, resistance and/or bodyweight exercise. Previous heterogeneity in exercise prescription and reporting in HIMT reduces the understanding of which factors should be commonly considered when prescribing HIMT (e.g., exercise volume, intensity, duration). Previous studies have demonstrated positive effects of HIMT on health and performance outcomes. However, methodological disparities limit comparisons between findings. This systematic mapping review examines the prescriptive considerations and health and performance outcomes of HIMT in the context of training. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library databases and additional sources to identify studies up until February 2023. A total of 37090 records were retrieved, of which 221 were included for review. 247 individual HIMT protocols were included for categorical analysis against the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences. RESULTS A total of 85 unique terms were used to describe HIMT. Included studies most commonly prescribed HIMT using a consistent exercise selection and circuit format. Exercise intensity was inconsistently reported on and a large proportion of studies incorrectly prescribed ‘high-intensity’ exercise according to ACSM definitions (i.e., &amp;lt;77% HRmax). Participation location, supervision and participation format were the most commonly reported non-training variables. The most frequently reported outcomes were cardiovascular health, perceptual outcomes, body composition and biochemical outcomes. A large proportion of previous HIMT research was experimental in design. CONCLUSIONS Previous HIMT research demonstrates a lack of standardisation in reporting. Future studies should seek to follow guidelines such as the CERT to improve reporting rigour. Additionally, forthcoming research should attempt to actively involve practitioners in implementation studies to improve ecological validity among interventions. REGISTRATION This review adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Preregistration: osf.io/yknq4.

COMBINED HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING FOR PEOPLE WITH DISORDERS OF GUT BRAIN INTERACTION: A CASE REPORT

AIMS The efficacy of high intensity exercise for improving symptoms of chronic idiopathic constipation, a highly prevalent disorder of gut brain interaction (DGBI), remains uncertain. The aim of this case report was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of 8-weeks of combined high-intensity interval training (C-HIIT) for a person (female, 23 years old) with chronic constipation. METHODS The participant enrolled in the C-HIIT for DGBI controlled trial that aims to recruit 32 participants with DGBI. Following comprehensive assessments of gastrointestinal symptoms, neuromuscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness and mental health, the participant completed an 8-week intervention consisting of thrice weekly 26-minute C-HIIT sessions. These consisted of a 3-minute aerobic warm-up (treadmill; 50-60% peak heart rate [HRpeak]) followed by 4-minutes of high-intensity aerobic exercise at ≥85% HRpeak. After 1-minute rest, eight whole body resistance exercises were performed. These involved continuous repetitions with good technique for 1-minute at an ≥8/10 (very hard) rating of perceived exertion; 1-minute rest separated each exercise. Adverse events were recorded throughout the intervention. RESULTS The participant adhered to the intervention, attending 100% of sessions and reaching the prescribed intensity for 100% of aerobic and 80% of resistance exercises. Efficacy of the exercise training was indicated by a reduction in the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms measured via the irritable bowel syndrome-symptom severity scale (from 111 to 100) and the structured assessment of gastroIntestinal symptoms (39 to 12). There were some improvements in neuromuscular fitness (handgrip strength: 27 to 29.5 kg, 30-second sit to stands: 12 to 10 repetitions) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max: 36.7 to 38.2 mL/kg/min). No changes were observed in mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale), and one non-serious adverse event (nausea post-eating), which was deemed not related to the intervention. CONCLUSION The C-HIIT intervention in a person with DGBI was feasible, efficacious and safe.

Efficacy of various exercise interventions for migraine treatment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

To compare various exercise modalities' efficacy on migraine frequency, intensity, duration, and disability. Exercise has been shown to be an effective intervention to reduce migraine symptoms and disability; however, no clear evidence exists regarding the most effective exercise modalities for migraine treatment. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Clinical trials that analyzed the efficacy of various exercise modalities in addressing the frequency, intensity, duration, and disability of patients with migraine were included. Eight network meta-analyses based on frequentist (F) and Bayesian (B) models were developed to estimate the direct and indirect evidence of various exercise modalities. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence (CI) and credible intervals (CrI) were calculated for each treatment effect based on Hedge's g and p scores to rank the modalities. We included 28 studies with 1501 migraine participants. Yoga (F: SMD -1.30; 95% CI -2.09, -0.51; B: SMD -1.33; 95% CrI -2.21, -0.45), high-intensity aerobic exercise (F: SMD -1.30; 95% CI -2.21, -0.39; B: SMD -1.17; 95% CrI -2.20, -0.20) and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (F: SMD -1.01; 95% CI -1.63, -0.39; B: SMD -1.06; 95% CrI -1.74, -0.38) were significantly superior to pharmacological treatment alone for decreasing migraine frequency based on both models. Only yoga (F: SMD -1.40; 95% CI -2.41, -0.39; B: SMD -1.41; 95% CrI -2.54, -0.27) was significantly superior to pharmacological treatment alone for reducing migraine intensity. For diminishing migraine duration, high-intensity aerobic exercise (F: SMD -1.64; 95% CI -2.43, -0.85; B: SMD -1.56; 95% CrI -2.59, -0.63) and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (SMD -0.96; 95% CI -1.50, -0.41; B: SMD -1.00; 95% CrI -1.71, -0.31) were superior to pharmacological treatment alone. Very low-quality evidence showed that yoga, high- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercises were the best interventions for reducing migraine frequency and intensity; high- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercises were best for decreasing migraine duration; and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was best for diminishing disability.

Abstract CT232: Intense exercise for survival among men with metastatic prostate cancer: 12-month feasibility results from the INTERVAL-GAP4 trial pilot site at Edith Cowan University, Australia

Abstract Introduction: Men with prostate cancer undertaking moderate-to-vigorous exercise have a marked reduction of 30-60% in all-cause and cancer-related mortality based on observational studies. In 2016, the Intense Exercise for Survival among Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer (INTERVAL-GAP4) was launched to determine if supervised exercise improves overall survival in men with metastatic prostate cancer. Here, we describe the demographic characteristics, completion rates, exercise adherence, and safety of the first 12 months of the intervention at the pilot site, Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia. Methods: INTERVAL-GAP4 is a multi-center global randomized controlled phase III trial. Patients are randomly allocated (1:1) to: (intervention) a high intensity combined resistance and aerobic exercise supervised program for 1 year tapering to self-management in year 2; or (control) self-directed unsupervised exercise with print materials. Patients were stratified by site and by disease/treatment status (metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer [mHSPC] or metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [mCRPC] and if the latter, treatment modality). The study did not meet recruitment goals and closed to further enrollment in February 2023. Results: 240 participants were evaluated between April 2016-Feb 2023, 60 patients were consented, 52 participants were randomized, and two patients did not receive the allocation, resulting in 50 participants (27 intervention and 23 control). Main reasons for exclusion were not meeting clinical criteria (N=81), time commitment (N=24), unable to contact (N=22), not interested (N=19), and poor physical function (N=13). Median age at randomization was 72 years (IQR: 68, 77), median body mass index (BMI) was 31.7 kg/m2 (IQR: 27.5, 35.7), 94% identified as white, and time since diagnosis was 5 years (IQR: 1, 9). 13 participants (26%) had mHSPC and 37 (74%) had mCRPC. Completion rates were the following at 6 months: 84% completed surveys, 62% exercise testing, and 66% biological samples. Of 42 alive at 12 months: 85% completed surveys, 73% testing, and 73% biological samples. Median exercise adherence was 90% (IQR: 78, 97) for the first 12 months of the study. Adherence was not significantly different for those with mCRPC vs. mHSPC status. There were 10 SAEs in first 12 months; all (100%) were unrelated to the intervention. Conclusions: Exercise training was feasible and safe in men with metastatic prostate cancer with no difference observed in exercise session adherence by disease status. Survey completion was high, while in-person completion rates were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional analysis of the entire study population (N=145) is ongoing and will be compared with the pilot site. Citation Format: Stacey A. Kenfield, Nicolas H. Hart, Jennette Sison, June M. Chan, Kerry S. Courneya, Fred Saad, Robert U. Newton. Intense exercise for survival among men with metastatic prostate cancer: 12-month feasibility results from the INTERVAL-GAP4 trial pilot site at Edith Cowan University, Australia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT232.

Dose-effect of exercise intervention on heart rate variability of acclimatized young male lowlanders at 3,680 m.

This study investigated whether exercise could improve the reduced HRV in an environment of high altitude. A total of 97 young, healthy male lowlanders living at 3,680m for >1 year were recruited. They were randomized into four groups, of which three performed-low-, moderate-, and high-intensity (LI, MI, HI) aerobic exercise for 4weeks, respectively. The remaining was the control group (CG) receiving no intervention. For HI, compared to other groups, heart rate (p = 0.002) was significantly decreased, while standard deviation of RR intervals (p < 0.001), SD2 of Poincaré plot (p = 0.046) and the number of successive RR interval pairs that differ by > 50ms divided by total number of RR (p = 0.032), were significantly increased after intervention. For MI, significantly increase of trigonometric interpolation in NN interval (p = 0.016) was observed after exercise. Further, a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) after high-intensity exercise was found significantly associated with an increase in SD2 (r = - 0.428, p = 0.042). These results indicated that there was a dose effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise on the HRV of acclimatized lowlanders. Moderate and high-intensity aerobic exercise would change the status of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and decrease the blood pressure of acclimatized lowlanders exposed to high altitude.

Continuous moderate and intermittent high-intensity exercise in youth with type 1 diabetes: Which protection for dysglycemia?

AimFrom an early age, exercise is key to managing type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, hypoglycemia around aerobic exercise is a major barrier to physical activity in children. We explore whether intermittent high-intensity aerobic exercise (IHE), designed to mimic spontaneous childhood physical activity patterns, offers better protection against glycemic drop than continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME). MethodsFive boys and 7 girls with T1D (9.8 ± 1.4y) performed ergo cycle-based randomized CME and IHE of identical duration and total mechanical load [50 %PWC170vs. 15sec(150 %PWC170)/30 sec passive recovery; both during two 10-min sets, 5 min in-between]. Capillary glycemia during exercise and interstitial glucose during recovery were compared between exercises and an inactive condition, controlling for baseline glycemia, carbohydrate and insulin. ResultsThe exercise-induced decrease in capillary glycemia was attenuated by 1.47 mmol·L−1 for IHE vs. CME (P < 0.05). No symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes occurred during exercises. Post-exercise time in hypoglycemia did not differ between conditions. During early recovery, CME reduced time spent > 16.7 mmol·L−1 compared with inactive days (P < 0.05; CME: 0 %; IHE: 16,7 %; INACTIVE: 41,7 %). ConclusionIHE appeared to limit the glycemic drop compared to CME. Performing 20-min CME or IHE was not associated with increased hypoglycemic risk compared to being inactive. CME appeared even transiently protective against serious hyperglycemia.

Acute aerobic exercise at different intensities modulates inhibitory control and cortical excitability in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on inhibitory control and cortical excitability in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MethodsThe study was conducted in a within-subject design. Twenty-four adults with ADHD completed a stop signal task and received cortical excitability assessment by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after a single session of low-, moderate-, high-intensity aerobic exercise or a control intervention. ResultsAcute moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise improved inhibitory control in adults with ADHD. Moreover, the improving effect was similar between moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise conditions. As shown by the brain physiology results, short interval intracortical inhibition was significantly increased following both, moderate- and high-intensity aerobic exercise intervention conditions. Additionally, the alteration of short interval intracortical inhibition and inhibitory control improvement were positively correlated. ConclusionsThe moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise-dependent alterations of cortical excitability in adults with ADHD might partially explain the inhibitory control-improving effects of aerobic exercise in this population.

Aerobic Exercise and Endocannabinoids: A Narrative Review of Stress Regulation and Brain Reward Systems.

Aerobic exercise is a widely adopted practice, not solely for enhancing fitness and reducing the risk of various diseases but also for its ability to uplift mood and aid in addressing depression and anxiety disorders. Within the scope of this narrative review, we seek to consolidate current insights into the endocannabinoid-mediated regulation of stress and the brain's reward mechanism resulting from engaging in aerobic exercise. A comprehensive search was conducted across Medline, SPORTDiscus, Pubmed, and Scopus, encompassing data available until November 30, 2023. This review indicates that a bout of aerobic exercise, particularly of moderate intensity, markedly augments circulating levels of endocannabinoids-N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-acylglycerol (2-AG), that significantly contributes to mood elevation and reducing stress in healthy individuals. The current understanding of how aerobic exercise impacts mental health and mood improvement is still unclear. Moderate and high-intensity aerobic exercise modulatesstress through a negative feedback mechanism targeting both the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, thereby facilitating stress regulation crucial role in endocannabinoid synthesis, ultimately culminating in the orchestration of negative feedback across multiple tiers of the HPA axis, coupled with its influence over cortical and subcortical brain structures. The endocannabinoid has been observed to govern the release of neurotransmitters from diverse neuronal populations, implying a universal mechanism that fine-tunes neuronal activity and consequently modulates both emotional and stress-related responses. Endocannabinoids further assume a pivotal function within brain reward mechanisms, primarily mediated by CB1 receptors distributed across diverse cerebral centers. Notably, these endocannabinoids partake in natural reward processes, as exemplified in aerobic exercise, by synergizing with the dopaminergic reward system. The genesis of this reward pathway can be traced to the ventral tegmental area, with dopamine neurons predominantly projecting to the nucleus accumbens, thereby inciting dopamine release in response to rewarding stimuli.

Effectiveness of Maitland Manual Therapy Approach Mobilization with Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

Background: Low back pain is the most common type of musculoskeletal pain and various treatments are given totreat it. Mobilization and aerobic exercise has very good effect in relieving pain and disability. This study focusesto evaluate the combined effect of mobilization and aerobic exercise program in patient with chronic LBP.Methods: The study designed used was a pretest and post test experimental study. Samples are taken withconvenient sample method. N=10 with a duration of 12 weeks. Posterioanterior mobilization and high intensityexercises where given and data’s were calculated and the results were obtained by two outcome tools –VAS andOSW questionnaire. the data colected from (12/01/2023 to 10/03/2023) with gardern city university physiotherapyout patient department.Results: The pre test mean value of VAS is 7.1 and the post test mean value is 5.8.The mean difference of pre testand post test value of VAS measurement is 1.9.The pre test mean value of OSW questionnaire is 41% and the posttest mean value is 21%. The mean difference of pre test and post test value of OSW questionnaire is 20%.Conclusion: Maitland mobilization with high intensity aerobic exercise was effective in reducing pain anddisability and also in the improvement of range of motion for low back pain. This study can be used as treatmentprotocol in the field of physiotherapy to treat the patient with chronic low back pain.

High-intensity aerobic exercise training improves exercise capacity, dyspnea, and fatigue in patients with severe asthma using triple inhaler.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide and causes severe symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and breathing difficulty. Despite modern treatments, 3%-10% of patients develop severe asthma, which requires high-dose medications, and they may still experience frequent and severe symptoms, exacerbations, and psychological impacts. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise training (HIAET) in patients with severe asthma. Patients with severe asthma were recruited, and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, dyspnea, and leg fatigue scores were performed before HIAET. Participants underwent a 12-week hospital-based HIAET, which involved exercising twice weekly to reach 80% of their peak oxygen uptake (VO2). Eighteen patients with severe asthma underwent HIAET, which resulted in significant improvement in peak VO2 (1214.0 ± 297.9-1349.4 ± 311.2 mL/min, P = 0.004) and work rate (80.6 ± 21.2-96.2 ± 24.8 watt, P < 0.001) and decrease in dyspnea (5.1 ± 1.8-4.1 ± 1.2, P = 0.017) and fatigue scores (5.2 ± 2.3-4.0 ± 1.2, P = 0.020) at peak exercise. No significant changes were observed in spirometry results, respiratory muscle strength, or circulatory parameters. HIAET can lead to improved exercise capacity and reduced dyspnea and fatigue scores at peak exercise without changes in spirometry, respiratory muscle strength, and circulatory parameters.

Implications for High-intensity Aerobic Exercises on Omani Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins

Background: Regular exercise provides benefits that are beyond dispute, and promoting physical activity levels ought to be a primary focus at all levels of healthcare. Chronic exercise causes a variety of cellular and organismal changes that modify how the body processes all macronutrients, including lipids. Purpose: The study investigates different types of aerobic exercise and their impact on both types of cholesterols—low-density-lipoprotein and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and recommends the best protocol for regulating cholesterol levels. Design/Methodology/Approach: This mixed-method study analyzes survey questionnaires distributed among physicians from two different sites in Oman. A total of 60 randomly selected and complete samples were used for the analysis using the Chi-square test. The survey consists of demographic information and questions about the types of cholesterol and types of aerobic exercise and the effect of different kinds of aerobic exercise on cholesterol levels. Finding: The study’s findings demonstrate a statistically significant reduction of cholesterol levels through 20-30 minutes of aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, and running). The relationship between aerobic exercise and cholesterol levels vis-a-vis age and gender is not statistically significant. Furthermore, this study recommends the best protocol for regulating cholesterol levels. Research implications: The study has wider implications for future studies in wellness rhetoric in the Arab Gulf States. The outcome is on the wellness discourse which has mass level impact. The rhetoric of wellness programs has a buy-in potential for the Arab Gulf States sitting on the cusp of lifestyle-based diseases, including blood pressure and diabetes. Originality/value: With hardly any extant research in this field in Oman and some sporadic studies in Arab Gulf states, this study establishes its originality, exigency, and value addition in the repertoire of wellness programs in Oman and the Arab Gulf States.

An empirical study on the effect of outdoor illumination and exercise intervention on Children's vision.

To explore the relationship between outdoor lighting and sports and the development of myopia, and to analyze the effects of outdoor lighting and exercise on the diopter of children with normal vision and myopia, so as to provide guidance for the prevention and treatment of myopia in children and adolescents in the future. A total of 201 children were divided into two groups according to myopia or not. Each group was randomly divided into 4 groups: outdoor exercise group, outdoor control group, indoor exercise group and indoor control group. Among them, the outdoor exercise group and indoor exercise group received moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise 3 times a week for 60 min each time for 12 months, while the outdoor control group and indoor control group had normal study and life during the corresponding period of time. No additional exercise intervention. At the end of the experiment, the diopter of each group was compared. The diopter of all groups with normal vision and myopia decreased significantly after the experiment (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in diopter between outdoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01), between outdoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.05), and between indoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in diopter between indoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01). The differences among myopic children after the experiment showed that there was significant difference in diopter between outdoor exercise group and indoor exercise group (p < 0.05), between outdoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01), and between outdoor control group and indoor control group (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the changes of diopter between the outdoor control group and the indoor exercise group with normal vision and myopia before and after the experiment (p < 0.05). Outdoor light and exercise intervention can have a beneficial effect on children's vision, but because of whether children are myopic or not, the effect is different, outdoor light and exercise have a better effect on reducing the diopter of children with normal vision.

Exercise intensity impacts the improvement of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via variations of monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 expression

BackgroundThe involvement of monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (MOGAT1) in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been recognized. While exercise is recommended for the improvement of obesity and MASLD, the impact of exercise intensity remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the influence of exercise intensity on MOGAT1 expression in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice with MASLD. MethodMale C57BL/6 mice aged 6 weeks were subjected to either a regular or HFD with 60 % fat content for 8 weeks. The mice were categorized into 5 groups based on their diet and exercise intensity: normal diet group (ND), HFD group, low-intensity exercise with HFD group (HFD+LIE), moderate-intensity exercise with HFD group (HFD+MIE), and high-intensity exercise (HIE) with HFD group (HFD+HIE). The duration of running was adjusted to ensure uniform exercise load across groups (total distance = 900 m): HFD+LIE at 12 m/min for 75 min, HFD+MIE at 15 m/min for 60 min, and HFD+HIE at 18 m/min for 50 min. ResultsLipid droplet size and MASLD activity score were significantly lower in the HFD+HIE group compared to other exercise-intensity groups (p < 0.05). Among the 3 intensity exercise groups, the lowest MOGAT1 protein expression was found in the HFD+HIE group (p < 0.05). ConclusionThis study reveals that high-intensity exercise has the potential to mitigate MASLD development, partly attributed to the downregulation of MOGAT1 expression.

The Effects of Moderate and High Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism and Brain Volume in Cognitively Normal Older Australians: Data from the IPAC Study

AbstractBackgroundA common misconception about ageing is that a decline in brain health is solely observed in those who have dementia. In fact, decreases in cognitive function and reductions in brain volume are commonly observed in adults over the age of 65. Brain changes in older adulthood have been shown to be decreased in individuals who are more physically active, with alterations in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism emerging as a potential mechanism, however this is still not well understood. In light of this, our study aims to investigate the effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism to assess the efficacy of exercise in reducing brain atrophy in cognitively normal older adults.MethodSamples were collected from the Intense Physical Activity and Cognition (IPAC) study, during which a six‐month randomised controlled trial was performed to observe the impact of aerobic exercise on brain volume measurements in cognitively normal older adults (n = 99, aged 60‐80). Blood samples and neuroimaging measures were collected at baseline and following the completion of the intervention (6 months). Baseline and post‐intervention plasma samples were collected and analysed using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy to quantify 112 lipoproteins, followed by a comprehensive in‐house mass spectrometry (MS) lipids screen targeting &gt;1200 individual lipid species.ResultPreliminary analyses suggest that lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is altered by aerobic exercise and that these alterations are associated with changes in brain volume. Further analyses will increase the sample size, and also evaluate other factors (i.e. sex, APOE status) as potential moderators of the link between aerobic exercise and the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this study is the first to establish the relationship between exercise and lipids and lipoprotein metabolism, and their association to brain volume in cognitively normal older adults. The significance of our findings will be evaluated further using an external validation cohort. The discovery of novel lipids or metabolic pathways will create avenues for future research into new therapeutic targets for future healthy ageing interventions.

Efficacy of morning versus afternoon aerobic exercise training on reducing metabolic syndrome components: A randomized controlled trial.

A supervised intense aerobic exercise program improves the health of individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, it is unclear whether the timing of training within the 24h day would influence those health benefits. The present study aimed to determine the influence of morning vs. afternoon exercise on body composition, cardiometabolic health and components of MetS. One hundred thirty-nine individuals with MetS were block randomized into morning (AMEX; n=42) or afternoon (PMEX; n=59) exercise training groups, or a non-training control group (Control; n=38). Exercise training was comprised of 48supervised high-intensity interval sessions distributed over 16weeks. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (assessed by ), maximal fat oxidation (FOmax ), blood pressure and blood metabolites were assessed before and after the intervention. Compared with the non-training Control, both exercise groups improved similarly body composition (-0.7% fat loss; P=0.002), waist circumference (-2.1 cm; P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (-3.8mmHg; P=0.004) and (3.5mLkg-1 min-1 ; P<0.001) with no differences between training groups. AMEX, in comparison with PMEX, reduced systolic blood pressure (-4% vs. -1%; P=0.019), plasma fasting insulin concentration (-12% vs. -5%; P=0.001) and insulin resistance (-14% vs. -4%; P=0.006). Furthermore, MetS Zscore was further reduced in the AMEX compared to PMEX (-52% vs. -19%; P=0.021) after training. In summary, high-intensity aerobic exercise training in the morning in comparison to training in the afternoon is somewhat more efficient at reducing cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e. systolic blood pressure and insulin sensitivity). KEY POINTS: The effect of exercise time of day on health promotion is an area that has gained interest in recent years; however, large-scale, randomized-control studies are scarce. People with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and reductions in this risk with exercise training can be precisely gauged using a compound score sensitive to subtle evolution in each MetS component (i.e. Z score). Supervised aerobic exercise for 16weeks (morning and afternoon), without dietary restriction, improved cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness, body composition and mean arterial pressure compared to a non-exercise control group. However, training in the morning, without changes in exercise dose or intensity, reduced systolic blood pressure and insulin resistance further compared to when training in the afternoon. Thus, high-intensity aerobic exercise training in the morning is somewhat more efficient in improving the health of individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Analysis of Effect of Intensity of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive and Motor Functions and Neurotrophic Factor Expression Patterns in an Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model.

The effect of aerobic exercise at different intensities on Alzheimer's disease (AD) still remains unclear. We investigated the effect of aerobic exercise at different intensities on cognitive and motor functions and neurotrophic factor expression. Thirty-two AD-induced rats were randomly assigned to control (CG), low-intensity (Group I), medium-intensity (Group II), and high-intensity (Group III) exercise groups. Each group, except for the CG, performed aerobic exercise for 20 min a day five times a week. After performing aerobic exercise for 4 weeks, their cognitive and motor functions and neurotrophic factor expression patterns were analyzed and compared between the groups. All variables of cognitive and motor functions and neurotrophic factor expression were significantly improved in Groups I, II, and III compared to those in the CG (p < 0.05). Among the neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression was significantly improved in Group III compared to that in Groups I and II (p < 0.05). In the intra-group comparison of cognitive and motor functions, no significant difference was observed in CG, but the aerobic exercise groups showed improvements. Only Group III showed a significant improvement in the time it took to find eight food items accurately (p < 0.05). Aerobic exercise improved the cognitive and motor functions and neurotrophic factor expression patterns in the AD-induced rat model, with high-intensity aerobic exercise having greater effects on cognitive function and BDNF expression.

Abstract 14853: Effects of Yearlong High Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Reducing Left Atrial Epicardial Adipose Tissue

Background: Left atrial epicardial adipose tissue (LA EAT) is often elevated in patients with heart failure and has been linked to abnormal atrial function and increased risk for atrial fibrillation. Whether LA EAT is potentially modifiable is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that one year of high intensity interval training (HIIT) would reduce LA EAT area and in turn be associated with improved atrial function in an obese cohort at risk for developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: Middle-aged obese adults (n = 80, age 40-55 yrs) enriched for increased HFpEF risk (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide &amp;gt;40 pg/mL or high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T &amp;gt;0.6 pg/mL; visceral fat &amp;gt;2kg) were randomized to one year of HIIT or attention control. Outcome variables included LA EAT area and LA strain. LA EAT area was quantified through tracings of anterior, posterior, and lateral EAT depots in long axis views on cardiac MRI. LA strain was measured with MRI feature tracking as reservoir strain during left ventricular (LV) systole, conduit strain during early LV diastole, and contractile strain during late LV diastole. Results: Fifty-three participants completed the study. There was no difference in LA EAT area after one year in either the HIIT group (n = 26) or controls (n = 27); difference in mean = -0.17 cm 2 , 95% CI = -0.93 to 0.59, p = 0.66. However, amongst all participants, reduction in LA EAT was associated with improvement in LA reservoir strain (r = -0.50, 95% CI = -0.68 to -0.26, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and LA conduit strain (r = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.68, p &amp;lt; 0.001) but not LA contractile strain (r = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.13 to 0.40, p = 0.298). Conclusions: One year of HIIT did not reduce LA EAT in at-risk obese patients. However, regardless of assignment, decreased LA EAT was associated with improved LA reservoir and conduit strain, suggesting efforts to reduce LA EAT may improve LA function in at-risk obese patients.

Abstract 16161: Effects of Year Long Aerobic Exercise on Left Atrial Size in Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Introduction: Habitual aerobic exercise is associated with left atrial (LA) enlargement and risk of atrial fibrillation. This risk may be accentuated in patients with increased left ventricular (LV) stiffness due to high LA pressure during exercise. We tested the hypothesis that 1 year long endurance exercise would increase LA size to a greater extent in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) at risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) than previously published age appropriate controls. Methods: Middle-aged adults (age 45-64 yrs) with LVH (n=53) enriched for increased HFpEF risk (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide &gt;40 pg/mL or high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T &gt;0.6 pg/mL) and healthy subjects (n=58) were randomized to one year of high intensity aerobic exercise or yoga control. LA and LV volumes were measured using 3D echo. Results: Of 111 participants, 83 had complete data available (LVH cohort: 18 exercisers, 10 yoga; healthy cohort: 29 exercisers, 26 yoga). Baseline LA size was larger in LVH vs healthy subjects (42 ± 12 vs 35 ± 9 mL; p=0.005). There was a nominal increase in LA size in LVH exercisers compared to LVH yoga (8 ± 9 vs 4 ± 7 mL; p=0.29) which was proportional to LV size (LA/LV ratio 0.05 ± 0.07 vs 0.06 ± 0.1; p=0.81). Healthy subject exercisers increased LA size compared to healthy yoga controls (4 ± 5 vs 0 ± 6 mL; p=0.02) with no increase in LA/LV ratio (-0.02 ± 0.08 vs -0.03 ± 0.08; p=0.62). Among exercising subjects only, increase in LA size was larger in LVH compared to healthy subjects after year long aerobic training (p=0.04) with greater increase LA/LV ratio (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: One year of aerobic training resulted in higher LA size in patients with at-risk LVH compared to healthy subjects. The increase in LA size was greater than changes in LV size suggesting chronic aerobic training may preferentially affect LA remodeling.