High-acceleration Rotations Research Articles

Characterization of the 3D angular vestibulo-ocular reflex in C57BL6 mice

We characterized the three-dimensional angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (3D aVOR) of adult C57BL6 mice during static tilt testing, sinusoidal, and high-acceleration rotations and compared it with that of another lateral-eyed mammal with afoveate retinae (chinchilla) and two primate species with forward eye orientation and retinal foveae (human and squirrel monkey). Noting that visual acuity in mice is poor compared to chinchillas and even worse compared to primates, we hypothesized that the mouse 3D aVOR would be relatively low in gain (eye-velocity/head-velocity) compared to other species and would fall off for combinations of head rotation velocity and frequency for which peak-to-peak position changes fall below the minimum visual angle resolvable by mice. We also predicted that as in chinchilla, the mouse 3D aVOR would be more isotropic (eye/head velocity gain independent of head rotation axis) and better aligned with the axis of head rotation than the 3D aVOR of primates. In 12 adult C57BL6 mice, binocular 3D eye movements were measured in darkness during whole-body static tilts, 20-100°/s whole-body sinusoidal rotations (0.02-10 Hz) and acceleration steps of 3,000°/s² to a 150°/s plateau (dominant spectral content 8-12 Hz). Our results show that the mouse has a robust static tilt counter-roll response gain of ~0.35 (eye-position Δ/head-position Δ) and mid-frequency aVOR gain (~0.6-0.8), but relatively low aVOR gain for high-frequency sinusoidal head rotations and for steps of head rotation acceleration (~0.5). Due to comparatively poor static visual acuity in the mouse, a perfectly compensatory 3D aVOR would confer relatively little benefit during high-frequency, low-amplitude movements. Therefore, our data suggest that the adaptive drive for maintaining a compensatory 3D aVOR depends on the static visual acuity in different species. Like chinchillas, mice have a much more nearly isotropic 3D aVOR than do the primates for which comparable data are available. Relatively greater isotropy in lateral-eyed species without retinal foveae (e.g., mice and chinchillas in the present study) compared to forward-eyed species with retinal foveae (e.g., squirrel monkeys and humans) suggests that the parallel resting optic axes and/or radially symmetric retinal foveae of primates underlie their characteristically low 3D aVOR gain for roll head rotations.

Frequency-Independent Synaptic Transmission Supports a Linear Vestibular Behavior

The vestibular system is responsible for transforming head motion into precise eye, head, and body movements that rapidly stabilize gaze and posture. How do central excitatory synapses mediate behavioral outputs accurately matched to sensory inputs over a wide dynamic range? Here we demonstrate that vestibular afferent synapses in vitro express frequency-independent transmission that spans their in vivo dynamic range (5-150 spikes/s). As a result, the synaptic charge transfer per unit time is linearly related to vestibular afferent activity in both projection and intrinsic neurons of the vestibular nuclei. Neither postsynaptic glutamate receptor desensitization nor saturation affect the relative amplitude or frequency-independence of steady-state transmission. Finally, we show that vestibular nucleus neurons can transduce synaptic inputs into linear changes in firing rate output without relying on one-to-one calyceal transmission. These data provide a physiological basis for the remarkable linearity of vestibular reflexes.

The three-dimensional vestibulo-ocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey.

The aim of this study was to determine if the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in response to pitch, roll, left anterior-right posterior (LARP), and right anterior-left posterior (RALP) head rotations exhibited the same linear and nonlinear characteristics as those found in the horizontal VOR. Three-dimensional eye movements were recorded with the scleral search coil technique. The VOR in response to rotations in five planes (horizontal, vertical, torsional, LARP, and RALP) was studied in three squirrel monkeys. The latency of the VOR evoked by steps of acceleration in darkness (3,000 degrees /s(2) reaching a velocity of 150 degrees /s) was 5.8+/-1.7 ms and was the same in response to head rotations in all five planes of rotation. The gain of the reflex during the acceleration was 36.7+/-15.4% greater than that measured at the plateau of head velocity. Polynomial fits to the trajectory of the response show that eye velocity is proportional to the cube of head velocity in all five planes of rotation. For sinusoidal rotations of 0.5-15 Hz with a peak velocity of 20 degrees /s, the VOR gain did not change with frequency (0.74+/-0.06, 0.74+/-0.07, 0.37+/-0.05, 0.69+/-0.06, and 0.64+/-0.06, for yaw, pitch, roll, LARP, and RALP respectively). The VOR gain increased with head velocity for sinusoidal rotations at frequencies > or =4 Hz. For rotational frequencies > or =4 Hz, we show that the vertical, torsional, LARP, and RALP VORs have the same linear and nonlinear characteristics as the horizontal VOR. In addition, we show that the gain, phase and axis of eye rotation during LARP and RALP head rotations can be predicted once the pitch and roll responses are characterized.

Differential adaptation of the linear and nonlinear components of the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex in squirrel monkeys.

Previous work in squirrel monkeys has demonstrated the presence of linear and nonlinear components to the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) evoked by high-acceleration rotations. The nonlinear component is seen as a rise in gain with increasing velocity of rotation at frequencies more than 2 Hz (a velocity-dependent gain enhancement). We have shown that there are greater changes in the nonlinear than linear component of the response after spectacle-induced adaptation. The present study was conducted to determine if the two components of the response share a common adaptive process. The gain of the VOR, in the dark, to sinusoidal stimuli at 4 Hz (peak velocities: 20-150 degrees /s) and 10 Hz (peak velocities: 20 and 100 degrees /s) was measured pre- and postadaptation. Adaptation was induced over 4 h with x0.45 minimizing spectacles. Sum-of-sines stimuli were used to induce adaptation, and the parameters of the stimuli were adjusted to invoke only the linear or both linear and nonlinear components of the response. Preadaptation, there was a velocity-dependent gain enhancement at 4 and 10 Hz. In postadaptation with the paradigms that only recruited the linear component, there was a decrease in gain and a persistent velocity-dependent gain enhancement (indicating adaptation of only the linear component). After adaptation with the paradigm designed to recruit both the linear and nonlinear components, there was a decrease in gain and no velocity-dependent gain enhancement (indicating adaptation of both components). There were comparable changes in the response to steps of acceleration. We interpret these results to indicate that separate processes drive the adaptation of the linear and nonlinear components of the response.

Vestibuloocular reflex dynamics during high-frequency and high-acceleration rotations of the head on body in rhesus monkey.

For frequencies >10 Hz, the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) has been primarily investigated during passive rotations of the head on the body in humans. These prior studies suggest that eye movements lag head movements, as predicted by a 7-ms delay in the VOR reflex pathways. However, Minor and colleagues recently applied whole-body rotations of frequencies < or =15 Hz in monkeys and found that eye movements were nearly in phase with head motion across all frequencies. The goal of the present study was to determine whether VOR response dynamics actually differ significantly for whole-body versus head-on-body rotations. To address this question, we evaluated the gain and phase of the VOR induced by high-frequency oscillations of the head on the body in monkeys by directly measuring both head and eye movements using the magnetic search coil technique. A torque motor was used to rotate the heads of three Rhesus monkeys over the frequency range 5-25 Hz. Peak head velocity was held constant, first at +/-50 degrees /s and then +/-100 degrees /s. The VOR was found to be essentially compensatory across all frequencies; gains were near unity (1.1 at 5 Hz vs. 1.2 at 25 Hz), and phase lag increased only slightly with frequency (from 2 degrees at 5 Hz to 11 degrees at 25 Hz, a marked contrast to the 63 degrees lag at 25 Hz predicted by a 7-ms VOR latency). Furthermore, VOR response dynamics were comparable in darkness and when viewing a target and did not vary with peak velocity. Although monkeys offered less resistance to the initial cycles of applied head motion, the gain and phase of the VOR did not vary for early versus late cycles, suggesting that an efference copy of the motor command to the neck musculature did not alter VOR response dynamics. In addition, VOR dynamics were also probed by applying transient head perturbations with much greater accelerations (peak acceleration >15,000 degrees /s(2)) than have been previously employed. The VOR latency was between 5 and 6 ms, and mean gain was close to unity for two of the three animals tested. A simple linear model well described the VOR responses elicited by sinusoidal and transient head on body rotations. We conclude that the VOR is compensatory over a wide frequency range in monkeys and has similar response dynamics during passive rotation of the head on body as during passive rotation of the whole body in space.

The cerebellar contribution to eye movements based upon lesions: binocular three-axis control and the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex.

The study of human cerebellar patients and monkeys with experimental cerebellar lesions has taught us much about the role of the cerebellum in normal ocular motor control. Here we emphasize recent findings that point to a role for the cerebellum in (1) the control of the three-dimensional axis about which the eye rotates in response to visual and vestibular stimuli, and (2) the generation of the translational VOR. Findings in cerebellar patients include abnormalities of eye torsion during attempted fixation that suggest a cerebellar role in the control of torsion so that Listing's law is obeyed. Abnormal torsion during vertical pursuit suggests that central processing of information for smooth pursuit may be based upon a phylogenetically old, semicircular canal coordinate scheme. Inappropriate and disconjugate vertical and torsional eye movements ("cross-coupling") occur during brief, high-acceleration rotations of the head. This suggests a role for the cerebellum in the binocular control of the rotation axis of the VOR. Finally, abnormalities of the modulation of the translational VOR with near viewing in cerebellar patients, but with sparing of the very initial 25-30 msec of response, suggests an important role for the cerebellum in the translational VOR.

Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey. IV. Responses after spectacle-induced adaptation.

The horizontal angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) evoked by sinusoidal rotations from 0.5 to 15 Hz and acceleration steps up to 3,000 degrees /s(2) to 150 degrees /s was studied in six squirrel monkeys following adaptation with x2.2 magnifying and x0.45 minimizing spectacles. For sinusoidal rotations with peak velocities of 20 degrees /s, there were significant changes in gain at all frequencies; however, the greatest gain changes occurred at the lower frequencies. The frequency- and velocity-dependent gain enhancement seen in normal monkeys was accentuated following adaptation to magnifying spectacles and diminished with adaptation to minimizing spectacles. A differential increase in gain for the steps of acceleration was noted after adaptation to the magnifying spectacles. The gain during the acceleration portion, G(A), of a step of acceleration (3,000 degrees /s(2) to 150 degrees /s) increased from preadaptation values of 1.05 +/- 0.08 to 1.96 +/- 0.16, while the gain during the velocity plateau, G(V), only increased from 0.93 +/- 0.04 to 1.36 +/- 0.08. Polynomial fits to the trajectory of the response during the acceleration step revealed a greater increase in the cubic than the linear term following adaptation with the magnifying lenses. Following adaptation to the minimizing lenses, the value of G(A) decreased to 0.61 +/- 0.08, and the value of G(V) decreased to 0.59 +/- 0.09 for the 3,000 degrees /s(2) steps of acceleration. Polynomial fits to the trajectory of the response during the acceleration step revealed that there was a significantly greater reduction in the cubic term than in the linear term following adaptation with the minimizing lenses. These findings indicate that there is greater modification of the nonlinear as compared with the linear component of the VOR with spectacle-induced adaptation. In addition, the latency to the onset of the adapted response varied with the dynamics of the stimulus. The findings were modeled with a bilateral model of the VOR containing linear and nonlinear pathways that describe the normal behavior and adaptive processes. Adaptation for the linear pathway is described by a transfer function that shows the dependence of adaptation on the frequency of the head movement. The adaptive process for the nonlinear pathway is a gain enhancement element that provides for the accentuated gain with rising head velocity and the increased cubic component of the responses to steps of acceleration. While this model is substantially different from earlier models of VOR adaptation, it accounts for the data in the present experiments and also predicts the findings observed in the earlier studies.

Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey. III. Responses after labyrinthectomy.

The horizontal angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) evoked by high-frequency, high-acceleration rotations was studied in four squirrel monkeys after unilateral labyrinthectomy. Spontaneous nystagmus was measured at the beginning and end of each testing session. During the period that animals were kept in darkness (4 days), the nystagmus at each of these times measured approximately 20 degrees /s. Within 18-24 h after return to the light, the nystagmus (measured in darkness) decreased to 2.8 +/- 1.5 degrees /s (mean +/- SD) when recorded at the beginning but was 20.3 +/- 3.9 degrees /s at the end of the testing session. The latency of the VOR measured from responses to steps of acceleration (3,000 degrees /s(2) reaching a velocity of 150 degrees /s) was 8.4 +/- 0.3 ms for responses to ipsilesional rotations and 7.7 +/- 0.4 ms for contralesional rotations. During the period that animals were kept in darkness after the labyrinthectomy, the gain of the VOR measured during the steps of acceleration was 0.67 +/- 0.12 for contralesional rotations and 0.39 +/- 0.04 for ipsilesional rotations. Within 18-24 h after return to light, the VOR gain for contralesional rotations increased to 0.87 +/- 0.08, whereas there was only a slight increase for ipsilesional rotations to 0.41 +/- 0. 06. A symmetrical increase in the gain measured at the plateau of head velocity was noted after the animals were returned to light. The VOR evoked by sinusoidal rotations of 2-15 Hz, +/-20 degrees /s, showed a better recovery of gain at lower (2-4 Hz) than at higher (6-15 Hz) frequencies. At 0.5 Hz, gain decreased symmetrically when the peak amplitude was increased from 20 to 100 degrees /s. At 10 Hz, gain was decreased for ipsilesional half-cycles and increased for contralesional half-cycles when velocity was raised from 20 to 50 degrees /s. A model incorporating linear and nonlinear pathways was used to simulate the data. Selective increases in the gain for the linear pathway accounted for the recovery in VOR gain for responses at the velocity plateau of the steps of acceleration and for the sinusoidal rotations at lower peak velocities. The increase in gain for contralesional responses to steps of acceleration and sinusoidal rotations at higher frequencies and velocities was due to an increase in the contribution of the nonlinear pathway. This pathway was driven into cutoff and therefore did not affect responses for rotations toward the lesioned side.

Horizontal Vestibuloocular Reflex Evoked by High-Acceleration Rotations in the Squirrel Monkey. I. Normal Responses

The horizontal angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) evoked by high-frequency, high-acceleration rotations was studied in five squirrel monkeys with intact vestibular function. The VOR evoked by steps of acceleration in darkness (3,000 degrees /s(2) reaching a velocity of 150 degrees /s) began after a latency of 7.3 +/- 1.5 ms (mean +/- SD). Gain of the reflex during the acceleration was 14.2 +/- 5.2% greater than that measured once the plateau head velocity had been reached. A polynomial regression was used to analyze the trajectory of the responses to steps of acceleration. A better representation of the data was obtained from a polynomial that included a cubic term in contrast to an exclusively linear fit. For sinusoidal rotations of 0.5-15 Hz with a peak velocity of 20 degrees /s, the VOR gain measured 0.83 +/- 0.06 and did not vary across frequencies or animals. The phase of these responses was close to compensatory except at 15 Hz where a lag of 5.0 +/- 0.9 degrees was noted. The VOR gain did not vary with head velocity at 0.5 Hz but increased with velocity for rotations at frequencies of >/=4 Hz (0. 85 +/- 0.04 at 4 Hz, 20 degrees /s; 1.01 +/- 0.05 at 100 degrees /s, P < 0.0001). No responses to these rotations were noted in two animals that had undergone bilateral labyrinthectomy indicating that inertia of the eye had a negligible effect for these stimuli. We developed a mathematical model of VOR dynamics to account for these findings. The inputs to the reflex come from linear and nonlinear pathways. The linear pathway is responsible for the constant gain across frequencies at peak head velocity of 20 degrees /s and also for the phase lag at higher frequencies being less than that expected based on the reflex delay. The frequency- and velocity-dependent nonlinearity in VOR gain is accounted for by the dynamics of the nonlinear pathway. A transfer function that increases the gain of this pathway with frequency and a term related to the third power of head velocity are used to represent the dynamics of this pathway. This model accounts for the experimental findings and provides a method for interpreting responses to these stimuli after vestibular lesions.

Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey. II. Responses after canal plugging.

The horizontal angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) evoked by high-frequency, high-acceleration rotations was studied in four squirrel monkeys after unilateral plugging of the three semicircular canals. During the period (1-4 days) that animals were kept in darkness after plugging, the gain during steps of acceleration (3, 000 degrees /s(2), peak velocity = 150 degrees /s) was 0.61 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- SD) for contralesional rotations and 0.33 +/- 0.03 for ipsilesional rotations. Within 18-24 h after animals were returned to light, the VOR gain for contralesional rotations increased to 0. 88 +/- 0.05, whereas there was only a slight increase in the gain for ipsilesional rotations to 0.37 +/- 0.07. A symmetrical increase in the gain measured at the plateau of head velocity was noted after animals were returned to light. The latency of the VOR was 8.2 +/- 0. 4 ms for ipsilesional and 7.1 +/- 0.3 ms for contralesional rotations. The VOR evoked by sinusoidal rotations of 0.5-15 Hz, +/-20 degrees /s had no significant half-cycle asymmetries. The recovery of gain for these responses after plugging was greater at lower than at higher frequencies. Responses to rotations at higher velocities for frequencies >/=4 Hz showed an increase in contralesional half-cycle gain, whereas ipsilesional half-cycle gain was unchanged. A residual response that appeared to be canal and not otolith mediated was noted after plugging of all six semicircular canals. This response increased with frequency to reach a gain of 0.23 +/- 0.03 at 15 Hz, resembling that predicted based on a reduction of the dominant time constant of the canal to 32 ms after plugging. A model incorporating linear and nonlinear pathways was used to simulate the data. The coefficients of this model were determined from data in animals with intact vestibular function. Selective increases in the gain for the linear and nonlinear pathways predicted the changes in recovery observed after canal plugging. An increase in gain of the linear pathway accounted for the recovery in VOR gain for both responses at the velocity plateau of the steps of acceleration and for the sinusoidal rotations at lower peak velocities. The increase in gain for contralesional responses to steps of acceleration and sinusoidal rotations at higher frequencies and velocities was due to an increase in the gain of the nonlinear pathway. This pathway was driven into inhibitory cutoff at low velocities and therefore made no contribution for rotations toward the ipsilesional side.

High acceleration impulsive rotations reveal severe long-term deficits of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in the guinea pig.

While there is agreement that unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) invariably produces an immediate severe horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) deficit, there is disagreement about whether or not this deficit recovers and, if so, whether it recovers fully or only partly. We suspected that this disagreement might mainly be due to experimental factors, such as the species studied, the means chosen to carry out the UVD, or the nature of the test stimulus used. Our aim was to sort out some of these factors. To do this, we studied the HVOR of alert guinea pigs in response to low and high acceleration sinusoidal and high acceleration impulses after UVD by either labyrinthectomy or by vestibular neurectomy. The HVOR in response to high acceleration impulsive yaw rotations was measured before, and at various times after, either unilateral labyrinthectomy or superior vestibular neurectomy. Following UVD, there was a severe impairment of the HVOR for ipsilesional rotations and a slight impairment for contralesional rotations, after either operation. This asymmetrical HVOR deficit in the guinea pig parallels the deficit observed in humans. Between the first measurement, which was made 1 week after UVD, and the last, which was made 3 months after UVD, there was no change in the HVOR. This lack of recovery was the same after labyrinthectomy as after vestibular neurectomy. The HVOR to low and high acceleration sinusoidal yaw rotations were measured after UVD, and the results were compared with those in response to impulsive rotations. For low acceleration sinusoidal rotations (250 degrees/s2), the gain was symmetrical, although reduced bilaterally. As the peak head acceleration increased, the HVOR became increasingly asymmetric. The HVOR asymmetry for sinusoidal rotations was significantly less than for impulsive rotations that had the same high peak head acceleration (2500 degrees/s2). Our results show that the HVOR deficit after UVD is the same in guinea pigs as in humans; that it is the same after vestibular neurectomy as after labyrinthectomy; that it is lasting and severe in response to high acceleration rotations; and, that it is more obvious in response to impulses than to sinusoids.

Initial eye-movement responses to high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey

Initial eye-movement responses to high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey

Vestibuloocular reflex and its interactions with visual following mechanisms in the squirrel monkey. II. Response characteristics and plasticity following unilateral inactivation of horizontal canal.

Vestibuloocular reflex and its interactions with visual following mechanisms in the squirrel monkey. II. Response characteristics and plasticity following unilateral inactivation of horizontal canal.G D PaigeG D PaigePublished Online:01 Jan 1983https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1983.49.1.152MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByImbalance and dizziness caused by unilateral vestibular schwannomas correlate with vestibulo-ocular reflex precision and biasSusan King, Kilian Dahlem, Faisal Karmali, Konstantina M. Stankovic, D. Bradley Welling, and Richard F. Lewis16 February 2022 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 127, No. 2Bayesian optimal adaptation explains age-related human sensorimotor changesFaisal Karmali, Gregory T. Whitman, and Richard F. Lewis1 February 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 119, No. 2Responses of non-eye-movement central vestibular neurons to sinusoidal yaw rotation in compensated macaques after unilateral semicircular canal pluggingShawn D. Newlands, Min Wei, David Morgan, and Hongge Luan14 October 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 116, No. 4Home-Based Computer Gaming in Vestibular Rehabilitation of Gaze and Balance ImpairmentGames for Health Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3Long-term deficits in motion detection thresholds and spike count variability after unilateral vestibular lesionXiong-Jie Yu*, Jakob S. Thomassen*, J. David Dickman, Shawn D. Newlands, and Dora E. Angelaki15 August 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 112, No. 4Spatial and temporal properties of eye movements produced by electrical stimulation of semicircular canal afferentsRichard F. Lewis, Csilla Haburcakova, Wangsong Gong, Faisal Karmali, and Daniel M. Merfeld1 September 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 5Vestibuloocular Reflex Adaptation Investigated With Chronic Motion-Modulated Electrical Stimulation of Semicircular Canal AfferentsRichard F. Lewis, Csilla Haburcakova, Wangsong Gong, Chadi Makary, and Daniel M. Merfeld1 February 2010 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 103, No. 2Asymmetric Recovery in Cerebellar-Deficient Mice Following Unilateral LabyrinthectomyM. Beraneck, J. L. McKee, M. Aleisa, and K. E. Cullen1 August 2008 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 100, No. 2Response of Vestibular-Nerve Afferents to Active and Passive Rotations Under Normal Conditions and After Unilateral LabyrinthectomySoroush G. Sadeghi, Lloyd B. Minor, and Kathleen E. Cullen1 February 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 2Impaired Visual Suppression of Manually Rotated Vestibuloocular Reflex Indicates the Need of Further Evaluation by MRI and MRA in Patients with Vertigo17 May 2016 | Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 131, No. 6Asymmetric responses to rotation at high frequencies in central vestibular neurons of the alert catBrain Research, Vol. 1005, No. 1-2Commissural Inputs to Secondary Vestibular Neurons in Alert Cats After Canal PlugsKarl Farrow, and Dianne M. Broussard1 June 2003 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 89, No. 6Adaptive plasticity in the otolith-ocular reflexAuris Nasus Larynx, Vol. 30Inactivation of Semicircular Canals Causes Adaptive Increases in Otolith-Driven Tilt ResponsesDora E. Angelaki, Shawn D. Newlands, and J. David Dickman1 March 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 87, No. 3Semicircular canal occlusion causes permanent VOR changesNeuroReport, Vol. 11, No. 11Horizontal Vestibuloocular Reflex Evoked by High-Acceleration Rotations in the Squirrel Monkey. III. Responses After LabyrinthectomyDavid M. Lasker, Timothy E. Hullar, and Lloyd B. Minor1 May 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 83, No. 5Horizontal Vestibuloocular Reflex Evoked by High-Acceleration Rotations in the Squirrel Monkey. II. Responses After Canal PluggingDavid M. Lasker, Douglas D. Backous, Anna Lysakowski, Griffin L. Davis, and Lloyd B. Minor1 September 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 3Influence of Surgical Plugging on Horizontal Semicircular Canal Mechanics and Afferent Response DynamicsR. D. Rabbitt, R. Boyle, and S. M. Highstein1 August 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 2Vestibular and Optokinetic Function in the Normal Guinea Pig29 June 2016 | Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 106, No. 10Testable predictions from recurrent backpropagation models of the vestibulo-ocular reflexNeurocomputing, Vol. 6, No. 2Rehabilitation Therapy for Patients with Disequilibrium and Balance Disorders1 July 1992 | Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 107, No. 1Central adaptation models of the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systemsBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 61, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 49Issue 1January 1983Pages 152-68 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1983.49.1.152PubMed6827292History Published online 1 January 1983 Published in print 1 January 1983 Metrics

Responses of vestibulospinal neurons to sinusoidal rotation of neck.

ArticlesResponses of vestibulospinal neurons to sinusoidal rotation of neckR. Boyle, and O. PompeianoR. Boyle, and O. PompeianoPublished Online:01 Oct 1980https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1980.44.4.633MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByVestibular nucleus neurons respond to hindlimb movement in the conscious catAndrew A. McCall, Derek M. Miller, William M. DeMayo, George H. Bourdages, and Bill J. Yates3 October 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 116, No. 4Neck rotation modulates flexion synergy torques, indicating an ipsilateral reticulospinal source for impairment in strokeMichael D. Ellis, Justin Drogos, Carolina Carmona, Thierry Keller, and Julius P. A. Dewald1 December 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 11Trunk Position Influences Vestibular Responses of Fastigial Nucleus Neurons in the Alert MonkeyJ. F. Kleine, Y. Guan, E. Kipiani, L. Glonti, M. Hoshi, and U. Büttner1 May 2004 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 91, No. 5Signal Processing in the Vestibular System During Active Versus Passive Head MovementsKathleen E. Cullen, and Jefferson E. Roy1 May 2004 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 91, No. 5Central projections of the saccular and utricular nerves in macaques19 September 2003 | The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Vol. 466, No. 1Brain Stem Pursuit Pathways: Dissociating Visual, Vestibular, and Proprioceptive Inputs During Combined Eye-Head Gaze TrackingJefferson E. Roy, and Kathleen E. Cullen1 July 2003 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 90, No. 1Vestibuloocular Reflex Dynamics During High-Frequency and High-Acceleration Rotations of the Head on Body in Rhesus MonkeyMarko Huterer, and Kathleen E. Cullen1 July 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 88, No. 1Vestibuloocular Reflex Signal Modulation During Voluntary and Passive Head MovementsJefferson E. Roy, and Kathleen E. Cullen1 May 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 87, No. 5Vestibulospinal and Reticulospinal Neuronal Activity During Locomotion in the Intact Cat. I. Walking on a Level SurfaceKiyoji Matsuyama, and Trevor Drew1 November 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 84, No. 5Vestibulospinal and Reticulospinal Neuronal Activity During Locomotion in the Intact Cat. II. Walking on an Inclined PlaneKiyoji Matsuyama, and Trevor Drew1 November 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 84, No. 5Reconsidering the 90° head-rotation paradigm used in neuropsychological research: Are there reflexive rather than hemispatial effects?Neuropsychologia, Vol. 32, No. 5Noradrenergic agents in the cerebellar vermis affect adaptation of the vestibulospinal reflex gainBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 35, No. 5-6Responses of locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus neurons to sinusoidal neck rotation in decerebrate catNeuroscience, Vol. 31, No. 2Influences of neck receptors on soleus motoneuron excitability in manExperimental Neurology, Vol. 95, No. 1Directional sensitivity of, and neck afferent input to, cervical and lumbar interneurons modulated by neck rotationBrain Research, Vol. 367, No. 1-2Neuronal mechanisms of the interaction of Deiters' nucleus with some brainstem structuresNeuroscience, Vol. 16, No. 4Directional sensitivity of neurons in the lumbar spinal cord to neck rotationBrain Research, Vol. 323, No. 1Convergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on reticulospinal neuronsNeuroscience, Vol. 12, No. 1Responses of medullary reticulospinal neurons to sinusoidal rotation of neck in the decerebrate catNeuroscience, Vol. 11, No. 2Responses to corneal stimulation in vestibulospinal units of nucleus DeitersExperimental Neurology, Vol. 83, No. 1Electrophysiological analysis of cerebellar corticovestibular and fastigiovestibular projections to the lateral vestibular nucleus in the catBrain Research, Vol. 272, No. 2Neuronal organization of the vestibulospinal system in the catBrain Research, Vol. 259, No. 2Canal-neck interaction in vestibular nuclear neurons of the cat3 September 2013 | Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 46, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 44Issue 4October 1980Pages 633-649 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1980 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1980.44.4.633PubMed7431044History Published online 1 October 1980 Published in print 1 October 1980 Metrics

Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. II. Response to sinusoidal stimulation and dynamics of peripheral vestibular system.

A CENTRAL PROBLEM in vestibular physiology has been the elucidation of the dynamics of the peripheral vestibular apparatus. Following the development of the torsion-pendulum model by Steinhausen (24, 25), many efforts have been directed toward the determination of the time constants of the model. That the model, itself, might not adequately describe the transfer characteristics of the peripheral system has seldom been questioned. Further, the procedures employed to estimate the time constants have had their drawbacks. The dynamics of the system have sometimes been deduced from hydrodynamic principles (5, 6, 15, 17, 22, 23). Such an analysis permits the inference of only some of the relevant variables. In the torsionpendulum model, it will be recalled, the angular deflection of the cupula g(t) is related to the angular acceleration a(t) by the equation

THE ELEMENTARY VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX ARC

THE ELEMENTARY VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX ARC