Solid Waste Management Hierarchy Research Articles

Influence of Levels of Awareness, Willingness to Pay, and Incentives on Solid Waste Management Practices by Commercial Enterprises in Kakamega Town

Globally, there has been an increase in population that has led to increased urbanization and change in consumption patterns. This has led to an increase in solid waste generation. Commercial enterprises have also increased exponentially, which has resulted in an increase in solid waste generation worldwide and Kakamega town. This study sought to analyse the influence of the levels of awareness, willingness to pay, and incentives on solid waste collection, transportation, and disposal by commercial enterprises in Kakamega town. A cross-sectional research design was employed. A minimum sample size of 300 commercial enterprises was drawn from a study population of 1,372 commercial enterprises using Taro Yamen formula. Simple random sampling was used to identify the commercial enterprises within the study area. Purposive sampling was used to identify key informants such as the Town Manager and the Director of the environment who were interviewed. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to the commercial enterprises, interview schedules for key informants, focused group discussions, and photography. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics: percentages, frequencies, means, graphs, and pier chats. Qualitative data were analysed thematically along with the research objectives and presented in narrative form. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine the relationship between the dependent variables as explained by the independent variables in the study; Levels of awareness, willingness to pay, incentives. The analysed findings were presented inform of tables, figures, and plates. Results shows that the awareness levels on solid waste transportation and disposal were extremely high at r=0.882, compared to the collection at r=0.375. Thus, the frequency of solid waste collection could not influence the frequency of solid waste transportation and disposal. Provision of incentives such as reduced charges, provision of defined transfer point, provision of waste holding bins were extremely high thus influencing the solid waste management practices by the commercial enterprises at r=0.830. Most of the commercial enterprises were willing to pay for solid waste management to the municipal council at 64%. Using the results, the County Government of Kakamega can incorporate all the waste generators in the solid waste management hierarchy thus improving on solid waste management practices and converting the waste into cash.

Incorporation of sludge from effluent treatment plant of an industrial laundry into heavy clay ceramics

The textile sector, in particular the laundries, is one of the industrial sectors that generates large quantity of wastes that require an appropriate treatment before their disposal in the environment. In addition to productive costs increasing, the deposition of wastes in appropriate sanitary landfills is the least noble alternative as regards the inverted pyramid for solid waste management hierarchy. In this context, the traditional ceramics industries which produce primarily bricks and roofing tiles represents one of the best alternatives to use a huge variety of industrial solid wastes. The main objective of this work is to assess the technical, environmental and the economic feasibility to use the dried textile sludge as raw material for the traditional ceramic industry. The results demonstrated that the presence of organic matter in the waste resulted in a high loss on ignition, which increased the ceramic porosity, generating an increase in water absorption and firing linear shrinkage and a mechanical strength reduction. However, although this waste has impaired the properties, the values of all of them were within the limits required by Brazilian standards for bricks. In addition, heat release occurred during the volatilization of the organic compounds in the dried textile sludge, which may contribute to energy saving during the ceramic firing stage. In relation to the environmental analysis, it can be concluded that this waste can be used as by-product for traditional ceramics industries without causing significant damage to the environment.

Key informants’ perspectives on the challenges of municipal solid waste management in Iran: a mixed method study

Evaluation of the municipal solid waste (MSW) management system seems necessary to promote urban services. The present study is aimed to identify and prioritize the problems and deficiencies of MSW management in Iran. This study has used a mixed-methods (Scoping review and Delphi technique) approach to achieve its goals. The results obtained by the scoping review showed that the average rate of Iran’s MSW generation in the last decade (2009–2019) was 0.745 kg/capita/day. The average of MSW composition was estimated to include: organic material (68.42%), paper and cardboard (7.31%), plastic (9.80%), pet (0.99%), metal (1.59%), rubber (1.09%), textile (3.02%), glass (2.33%), wood (0.97%), and others (4.48%). Also a scoping review of the current status of Iran’s MSW management showed that at present, Iran’s MSW management has both some strengths (such as collecting more than 90% of the total generated MSW) and lot of weaknesses such as lack of a systematic program for MSW reduction, weakness in source separation, low processing and recycling, unsanitary disposal of MSW, etc. According to the results of the Delphi technique, Iran’s main MSW management problems are: disregarding the investment for culturalization in the field of SWM and low effectiveness of the existing educational methods, disregarding the principles of integrated solid waste management hierarchy, imbalance in cost-efficiency in MSW systems, the existence of major deficits and weaknesses in recruitment and selection of staffs and the existence of additional non-expert human resources, lack of incongruity between the non-standard solid waste disposal crimes and their penalties, lack of executive guarantees for the proper implementation of the existing regulations, poor performance of the responsible organizations in the field of public education, as well as lack of effective cooperation among the responsible bodies in this field. Overall, consideration and elimination of priority problems and reinforcement the strengths of Iran’s MSW management system can be effective in improving the performance of this system.

Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Jambi: Challenges and Practices Against Culture

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between culture and waste recycling, in order to provide a possible estimation of the impact of cultural participation upon households behavior within the meta-issue of sustainability. We look at the cognitive and social determinants of pro-environmental behavior. Percentage of wastewater management methods by Regency / City in Jambi Province is known that waste management is still dominated by burning 60.5%, transported by officers as much as 18.4%, dumped into trenches / rivers / sea as much as 11.2%, buried in soil 6%, discarded 3.7% and composted only 0.3%. We used data on household behaviors to highlight the determinants of waste recycling by moving from a cultural - ecological standpoint. The analysis highlights a strong positive relation between the propensity to take part in some cultural activities and the propensity to abide by waste recycling guidelines and prescriptions. Our empirical results indicate that policies aiming at influencing sustainable development by fostering pro-environmental behavior may be more effective when considering the cultural participation dimension as a complementary factor. Therefore, the hierarchy of solid waste management has given the highest priority to reducing resources through 3R, intermediate treatment (waste bank) and final disposal.

Solid waste indicators in local sustainability assessment: a literature review

Abstract The Solid Waste (SW) topic within the local sustainability assessment (LSA) system context remains little explored. This article is a literature review on this topic, with emphasis on the analysis of SW indicators and of systems they concern to. It assessed whether these indicators can represent SW complexity and sustainability aspects. Results in the present review have evidenced that 77.8% of system indicators use at most two SW indicators. Most of these indicators aim at indicating destination stages and the final SW management, environmental sustainability aspects and intermediate magnitude levels in SW management hierarchy. There was evidence of the positive impact of Public participation on the assessed matters. Final considerations present recommendations about SW indicators inclusion in LSA systems.

Novel approach to quantify municipal solid waste management hierarchy based on analytical hierarchy process

A novel approach to quantify and apply the municipal solid waste management hierarchy is presented in this study. In this study, weights were assigned to the treatment methods using the analytical hierarchy process. The consistency ratio was found to be within the allowable range (0.10), indicating that weights assigned met the requirements of the analytical hierarchy process. The assigned weights for the municipal solid waste hierarchy treatment methods were prevention = 0.44, reduction/minimization = 0.27, reuse = 0.12, recycle = 0.08, incineration = 0.05, and landfilling = 0.04. The highest benefits were derived when all the treatment methods in the municipal solid waste hierarchy were applied based on the optimum weights generated by the analytical hierarchy process. It was, however, observed that a combination of reduction/minimization, reuse and recycling, was more effective and beneficial. Also, selecting only one treatment method gave the least benefits except for reduction/minimization. Also, applying up to two treatment methods yielded much benefit in some instances compared to a combination of three. When the proposed model was applied to data obtained from the Accra Metropolitan Assembly in Ghana on population and total municipal solid waste received at selected landfill sites over a period of 7 years, it proved to be ultimately effective. The developed municipal solid waste hierarchy model equations, when properly applied will ensure sustainable treatment and provide for the exploitation of municipal solid waste resources. It is therefore a new promising module for effective planning, decision making, and sustainable municipal solid waste management.

Consideration of high-efficient Waste-to-Energy with district energy for sustainable solid waste management in Korea

The global hierarchy of sustainable solid waste management is ranked with source reduction, reuse, recycle, waste-to-energy, and landfill. After adoption of the Paris Agreement, the main issue in energy usage is to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, universally. In this context, the necessity of renewable energies was increased. However unpredictable fall in oil prices brings about the price drop of recyclables and threatens the motive of recycling activities and the frame of solid waste management hierarchy as well. In order to react properly on in the energy and waste management sectors, the current situation of Waste-to-Energy(WtE) and District Heating and Cooling (DHC) in Korea were investigated compared with the EU and considered the suggestions for improvement of WtE plants and the synergy between WtE and DHC network.As the mixed residual waste to be treated may be increased, WtE is becoming weightier for the climate change and sustainable society. Since the late 1990s, there had established directives in terms of reducing final disposal and increasing the usage of sustainable energy gained from many sources, especially from WtE as a district energy. Including Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden which have introduced landfill bans and promoted the WtE and renewable energy usage. As a result, the WtE technology aiming at maximizing energy recovery is well developed and simultaneously the DHC system connected with WtE plant is promoted. Thus the enhancement for the current WtE system and for the synergies with district energy, the changes in policy and techniques are required. In technical view, treatment of raw Municipal Solid Waste MSW through bio-drying MBT(Mechanical Biological Treatment) will reduce the final disposal and further produce high calorific value of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) by removing moisture. Burning SRF will increase the power generation efficiencies rather introducing raw MSW. Additionally, high-efficient WtE technology which applied widely through Japan, Denmark and the Netherlands also enhance the total energy recovery for securing the district energy. Eventually, combined technology between bio-drying MBT with high-efficient WtE and DHC can reduce the GHG emission and achieve the sustainable development goals.

Municipal Approaches in Maine to Reduce Single-use Consumer Products

Maine’s solid waste management hierarchy prioritizes reduction and reuse over recycling. While most municipalities in Maine have focused on increasing recycling, they have undertaken minimal efforts to specifically foster source reduction and reuse. In this paper, Travis Wagner examines the approaches adopted in Maine by the state and by municipalities to reduce the consumption of single-use consumer products including bans, fees, consumer education, choice architecture, and retail take back.

Assessment of different methods of treatment for an integrated municipal waste management for an Algerian city

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide suitable solutions to the management system of the municipal solid waste in an Algerian city. Design/methodology/approach – The adopted approach focussed on the evaluation of different methods concerning the Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), by analyzing methods of solid waste management hierarchy which constitutes appropriate tools in the MSWM. Findings – One pillar of sustainable solid waste management is strategic planning, and links to guidance are provided. Another pillar is cost analysis of solid waste options, and links to useful analytical tools are also provided. Research limitations/implications – This research has limitations that the paper plans to study in perspective: assessment of citizen perception of waste and its practical implications in the management of municipal solid waste as well as involvements of other agents or structures. Practical implications – Results investigations conducted in this study allows to the municipality for solving city problems of MSW with priority to the environmental and public health protection. Originality/value – The interest is carried, here, with the success of the different methods concerning the solid waste management hierarchy, which conditions mainly the success of the improvement of the waste management system.

Solid Waste Management – A Case Study of Moradabad

Many people feel that solid waste management is simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump. But if we consider it true then why do so many towns suffer from uncollected refuse, blocking street and drains, harbouring flies and rats and degrading urban environments? Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought, efforts and much learning from mistakes. Preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines, and careful consideration of local conditions. Keeping in mind all above, the present paper is an attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological, chemical and civil engineering to resolve the problem related to solid waste management for the Moradabad district. It is felt that there is need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practice, need to focus on environmental impacts (e.g. surface and groundwater) of solid waste around dump sites etc a plan was prepared for its proper management. At present A2Z Waste Management Private Limited is involving for the solid waste management work in Moradabad. Data related to waste generation, composition of municipal solid waste etc is provided by Nagar Nigam, Moradabad, Municipal Corporation and A2Z Moradabad. In Moradabad, there are about 100 notified slum settlements constituting about 21% of the total population i.e. 1,80,000. The steady incremental in the city population results in the increase of domestic waste generation. This project consists of the hierarchy of solid waste management starting from sources, types and composition of solid waste, waste generation, handling, storage, collection, reduction, combustion, upto landfill and recycling for waste management.

Awareness of 3R's Critical Success Factor for Greener Higher Educational Institutions

Awareness of solid waste reduction programs is the priority in institutions of higher learning nowadays for a greener environment, thus brought about the issues of 3r's (reduce, reuse and recycle) practice by all the waste generator within Urban and Higher educational institutions (HEIs) around the globe. Integrated solid waste management hierarchy was adopted to enlighten the waste generators to use them in 3r's critical success factor as a substantial method to deal with the situation, given priority to the waste reduction. This paper highlight the awareness method of 3r's and interdependent nature of the higher education institution's environment, as these can result in cost avoidance, and enhance the systematic practice and lessen environmental impacts for effective and efficient solid waste management in HEI's.

3R s Critical Success Factor in Solid Waste Management System for Higher Educational Institutions

Thousands of solid waste tonnage are generated daily in Higher Educational Institutions (HEI's). The significance of integrated solid waste management systems in recent years increased due to the growing number of populations within HEI's and problems of waste management issues affecting the daily lives of people and the impact on the environment. Several promising approaches have been developed in the past few years, one of them is the 3R's system in Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy. 3r's (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) system were proposed with priority on source minimization, intermediate treatment then final disposal and enlighten the waste generators to practice 3r s as a substantial measure to reduce, reuse and recycle the generated solid waste there all day. This paper critically analyses the 3R s strategic approach for the awareness amongst the waste generators within HEI's to minimizes the solid waste generated within HEI's and reduce the running cost of the system, for effective and efficient waste management in HEI's.

Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Practices and challenges

Rapid economic development and population growth, inadequate infrastructure and expertise, and land scarcity make the management of municipal solid waste become one of Malaysia's most critical environmental issues. The study is aimed at evaluating the generation, characteristics, and management of solid waste in Malaysia based on published information. In general, the per capita generation rate is about 0.5-0.8 kg/person/day in which domestic waste is the primary source. Currently, solid waste is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, with the participation of the private sector. A new institutional and legislation framework has been structured with the objectives to establish a holistic, integrated, and cost-effective solid waste management system, with an emphasis on environmental protection and public health. Therefore, the hierarchy of solid waste management has given the highest priority to source reduction through 3R, intermediate treatment and final disposal.

The Problem of Solid Waste: A Case Study of the Maharagama Local Authority

Abstract: Environment friendly disposal of solid waste is Management' concept has several solutions for the often not being practised in most developing countries. The problem of solid waste, such as 'Source reduction' problem of solid waste arises because ofits improper dumping. ~~~~~~li~~' (plus ti^^), Modern waste management approaches that rely on integrated waste management, are popular world wide. This 'Combustion' and 'Landfills' (as disposal approach includes practical - - measures for the problem such as reuse, recycling, combustion and landfills. A case study of the Maharagama area had been conducted to identify the METHODOLOGY current status of the problem in a typical residential zone. Findings are summarized and discussed separately under the Most of the secondary data were received from above mentioned features of an Integrated Solid Waste Management hierarchy. the Maharagama PS and therefore, this study mainly targets the PS area and not the UC.

The practice and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore

This paper presents an overview of the current solid waste management situation in Singapore and provides a brief discussion of the future challenges. Singapore is a small island city-state with a large population, warm climate and high humidity. Over the past two to three decades, rapid industrialization and economic development have caused a tremendous increase in solid waste generation. The yearly disposed solid waste increased from 0.74 million tonnes in 1972 to 2.80 million tonnes in 2000. Solid waste management in Singapore has traditionally been undertaken by the Ministry of Environment (ENV), with the participation of some private sectors in recent years. The hierarchy of solid waste management in Singapore is waste minimization (reduce, reuse and recycle or so-called 3 Rs), followed by incineration and landfill. As land is extremely scarce and only one newly constructed offshore landfill site is available, solid waste incineration has been identified as the most preferred disposal method. Waste minimization, the utilization of incineration ashes, industrial waste management are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.

Toward a Durable Future: Countering Popular Dogma

Popular dogma are both a guide and a hindrance. Two dogma are reviewed in this essay. The first offers a hierarchy of solid waste management as a guide to municipal policy makers in their management of household waste, but is mistaken by its inclusion of valuable resources as waste. The second represents organizations as environmental bad actors, but is mistaken by its disregard of individuals who peruse environmental protection.

Organic Composting (New Jersey Case) – A Viewpoint

New Jersey′s “garbage crisis” has resulted in the State mandating a 60 per cent recycling goal by the end of 1995. Attainment of this goal will be difficult as recovery of paper, glass, tin, aluminium and plastic represent less than 60 per cent of the materials discarded by the Garden State. Source separation and composting of clean organic materials such as food, soiled paper, waxed corrugated and other food processing residuals can help the State reach and surpass the 60 per cent goal. In 1993, American Soil, Inc. (ASI), a regional compost facility located in Freehold, NJ, played a key role as the first company in the State to integrate organic composting successfully as a recycling activity into the State′s solid waste management hierarchy. New Jersey′s “regulatory gauntlet”, developed since 1972, proved to be enormously burdensome to ASI as it strived to gain final approval. For this to change, strong leadership and co‐operation between the public and private sector communities must be established and maintained.