Hierarchical Model Of Personality Research Articles

A Hierarchical Personality Approach Toward a Fuller Understanding of Onychophagia and Compulsive Buying.

Employing a hierarchical model of personality, prior research suggests that cardinal traits such as conscientiousness and agreeability predict central traits such as materialism and need for arousal that in turn impact surface traits such as onychophagia and compulsive buying. More research is needed to explore additional central traits and their effect on onychophagia and compulsive buying. Thus, the goal of the current research is to examine how another central trait-negative perfectionism-impacts onychophagia and compulsive buying. A survey was administered both online and face-to-face resulting in a sample of 634 subjects of which 391 were individuals with onychophagia. Through a multi-group analysis, a causal model was tested to identify personality traits and their relationship with compulsive buying. Results showed that onychophagia was affected by other obsessive-compulsive disorders-particularly trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder, which significantly increased the likelihood that the participant was a compulsive buyer.

Social loafing in online brand communities: the roles of personality and dehumanization

PurposeThe biggest obstacle to the sustainable development of online brand communities is social loafing. Based on 3M Hierarchical Model of Personality, this paper aims to discuss the influence of the Big Five on social loafing in online brand communities, and consider the mediating role of dehumanization from the perspective of moral disengagement theory, so as to alleviate social loafing and promote the sustainable development of online brand communities.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected utilizing the online self-report questionnaires. Community members of mobile phone brands represented by HUAWEI and Xiaomi completed the questionnaire sets. Based on the responses of 214 participants, a structural equation modeling was applied to examine the relationship between Big Five on social loafing in online brand communities. Later, bootstrap analysis was used to further explore the indirect effect of dehumanization.FindingsOnly two personality traits, neuroticism and extroversion, have direct effect on social loafing, while agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness not. However, all the Big Five personality traits can indirectly influence social loafing through dehumanization.Originality/valueThis study introduces the concept of social loafing into online brand communities, and analyzes social loafing from the unique research perspective of moral disengagement theory, which can not only contribute to the development of moral disengagement theory and social loafing theory but also provide guiding points for relieving social loafing in online brand communities.

Personality trait determinants of frontline employee customer orientation and job performance: a Russian study

PurposeDespite major market-orientated reforms to enhance the competitive advantage of Russian domestic firms, the antecedents and consequences of frontline employee (FLE) customer orientation (CO) remain poorly understood. Acknowledging this paucity of research, the authors draw upon a hierarchical model of personality to examine personality trait determinants of CO and job performance in the context of the Russian financial services sector.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from 186 FLEs using a self-administered survey questionnaire and analyzed using AMOS.FindingsThe results identify which basic personality traits matter in translating FLE CO behavior into higher job performance in the Russian retail-banking sector.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations of the study include the generalizability of the findings within one organizational context. Future research should examine whether the found associations hold true for FLEs working in other service sectors in other parts of the country.Practical implicationsStudy findings differ significantly to Western-based research and provide valuable insight into the process that motivates Russian FLEs in a commercial retail setting to perform better in their jobs.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study that employs a hierarchical model of the effects of basic personality traits on FLE CO and job performance in a former socialist/communist economy. We also advance existing research on FLE CO by distinguishing between two types of CO behavior. Findings provide an understanding of those personality traits that affect the ability of Russian FLEs to better satisfy customer needs and to interact and serve customers in an enjoyable way.

Construct validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form scale scores in correctional settings.

Limited research has examined the link between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales and contemporary personality and psychopathology models within correctional settings. This study focused on establishing construct validity of the MMPI-2-RF in offender samples from a broad personality framework. Two samples of incarcerated men and women completed a battery of broadband personality measures and narrowband measures that capture conceptually related constructs. To examine how MMPI-2-RF scale scores and criterion measures converged in a conjoint latent structure, we conducted a series of exploratory structural equation modelling analyses, which revealed factors similar to those of extant hierarchical personality models. At the broadband level, four factors (Positive Activation, Negative Affectivity, Inhibition and Agreeableness) were observed, whereas narrowband criteria yielded five factors (Behavioural Approach System, Disinhibition/Externalizing, Danger/Thrill Seeking, Self-Assurance/Boldness, and Unemotionality/Coldheartedness). MMPI-2-RF scale scores converged with the personality/psychopathology models in a theoretically expected manner. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Merging Structural and Process–Related Approaches to the Study of Agreeableness: A Preregistered Replication and Extension Attempt

Agreeableness is one of the major domains included within prominent hierarchical models of personality like the five–factor model. (Low) agreeableness is the strongest correlate of a variety of antisocial behaviours relative to the other five–factor model domains. Although there is substantial evidence that (low) agreeableness is arguably the most important personality correlate of various antisocial behaviours, this evidence is descriptive and provides little information on the direction or processes underlying the relation. Process–related research has started to provide more insight into how agreeableness–related traits give rise to various antisocial and prosocial behaviours. The proposed study looked to first replicate previous research on some of the potential cognitive–emotional processes related to agreeableness and then conduct exploratory analyses to identify which, if any, of the empirically identified facets of agreeableness bear specific relations to the processes under study. Overall, we were unable to replicate the primary effects of interest in regard to processes of agreeableness and found little support for our preregistered confirmatory and exploratory hypotheses despite having high power (≥.94) to detect these effects. Nonetheless, process models of personality remain at the vanguard of personality research, and we discuss how the current results can inform future work in this area. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

“TAMING THE ELEPHANT IN THE (CLASS)ROOM: EXPLORING ROOT CAUSES OF STUDENT BOREDOM”

Despite being a pervasive emotion that is felt across occupational and educational contexts, boredom has heretofore been underexplored in the marketing education literature. This research attempts to rectify this notable omission by presenting two studies that lend insight into the individual personality characteristics that make students particularly prone to feelings of boredom. Through the theoretical lenses of the 3M hierarchical model of personality and Control-Value theory, Study 1 provides evidence that trait neuroticism, conscientiousness and need for arousal operate through impulsivity to shape marketing students’ feelings of boredom in the classroom, but that this effect is attenuated when students are high in self-efficacy. In Study 2, we conduct an experiment that provides converging evidence of the role of self-efficacy in attenuating these perceptions. Finally, we discuss what marketing educators can do to alleviate perceptions of a boring classroom, and discuss avenues for future research.

ЕМОЦІЙНО-ОСОБИСТІСНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я СТУДЕНТА У ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article deals with some problematic issues related to the phenomenology of personality health in the psychological sphere: the positions of researchers regarding psychological health as a vital value of the individual, as a fact and a subject of psychological knowledge, as norms and sphere of subject`s self-preservation of the educational and professional activities are analyzed. The results of analytical work, based on the scientific fund, which contains the researchers' work on the peculiarities of the emotional sphere of personality and generalization of the data of empirical research, aimed at finding out "emotional psychological problems of modern student youth", are considered. The basic parameters are defined in the context of which the constructivity of the continued and hierarchical model of personality is marked, which considers its structure in the context of formal and dynamic, informative and personal, social and imperative levels and control blocks, represented by the zones of intersection of the indicated levels. The article substantiates the position that in the search for theoretical and methodological guidelines of scientific ideas about the emotional component of psychological health of the student, it is advisable to take into account established by scientists tendencies of the personality's transition from biological to sociocultural development, determinism of emotional features of psychological health of the individual by social factors and biological matters, the constructivism of comprehension of emotionality in the context of the personality's macrostructure in the sphere of the continued and hierarchical scientific approach.

A folk-psychological ranking of personality facets

<b>Background</b><br /> Which personality facets should a general personality test measure? No consensus exists on the facet structure of personality, the nature of facets, or the correct method of identifying the most significant facets. However, it can be hypothesized (the lexical hypothesis) that high frequency personality describing words more likely represent important personality facets and rarely used words refer to less significant aspects of personality.<br /> <br /> <b>Participants and procedure</b><br /> A ranking of personality facets was performed by studying the frequency of the use of popular personality adjectives in causal clauses (because he is a kind person) on the Internet and in books as attributes of the word person (kind person).<br /> <br /> <b>Results</B><br /> In Study 1, the 40 most frequently used adjectives had a cumulative usage frequency equal to that of the rest of the 295 terms studied. When terms with a higher-ranking dictionary synonym or antonym were eliminated, 23 terms remained, which represent 23 different facets. In Study 2, clusters of synonymous terms were examined. Within the top 30 clusters, personality terms were used 855 times compared to 240 for the 70 lower-ranking clusters.<br /> <br /> <b>Conclusions</b><br /> It is hypothesized that personality facets represented by the top-ranking terms and clusters of terms are important and impactful independent of their correlation with abstract underlying personality factors (five/six factor models). <br /> Compared to hierarchical personality models, lists of important facets probably better cover those aspects of personality that are situated between the five or six major domains.

Personality Correlates of Midlife Cardiometabolic Risk: The Explanatory Role of Higher-Order Factors of the Five-Factor Model.

Varying associations are reported between Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and cardiovascular disease risk. Here, we further examine dispositional correlates of cardiometabolic risk within a hierarchical model of personality that proposes higher-order traits of Stability (shared variance of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, inverse Neuroticism) and Plasticity (Extraversion, Openness), and we test hypothesized mediation via biological and behavioral factors. In an observational study of 856 community volunteers aged 30-54 years (46% male, 86% Caucasian), latent variable FFM traits (using multiple-informant reports) and aggregated cardiometabolic risk (indicators: insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, adiposity) were estimated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The cardiometabolic factor was regressed on each personality factor or higher-order trait. Cross-sectional indirect effects via systemic inflammation, cardiac autonomic control, and physical activity were tested. CFA models confirmed the Stability "meta-trait," but not Plasticity. Lower Stability was associated with heightened cardiometabolic risk. This association was accounted for by inflammation, autonomic function, and physical activity. Among FFM traits, only Openness was associated with risk over and above Stability, and, unlike Stability, this relationship was unexplained by the intervening variables. A Stability meta-trait covaries with midlife cardiometabolic risk, and this association is accounted for by three candidate biological and behavioral factors.

I need my smartphone: A hierarchical model of personality and cell-phone addiction

Using a comprehensive personality model, this study is the first to examine the relationship between a full range of personality traits and cell phone addiction. 346 college students completed an online survey that asked respondents to complete measures of the Big-Five personality traits and measures of materialism and need for arousal, Barratt’s (1959) impulsiveness scale, and a four-item measure of cell phone addiction. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Couched in Mowen’s (2000) 3M Hierarchical Model of Personality, the elemental traits of emotional instability and materialism were positively associated while introversion was negatively associated with cell phone addiction. The central trait of attention impulsiveness exhibited a direct and positive association with cell phone addiction. A significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and all three dimensions of Barratt’s impulsiveness scale (central trait) was found. Several additional relationships between the elemental traits of Mowen’s personality hierarchy and the three dimensions of impulsiveness (central trait) also were uncovered. Study implications and future research directions are discussed.

Hierarchical analysis of persian version of diagnostic assessment of personality pathology-basic questionnaire and efficiency of its factors in predicting personality disorders

Objectives: Hierarchical personality models have potential efficiency to identify specific components of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) personality disorders (PDs). The purpose of this study was to investigate to factor structure of personality pathology as measured by the Diagnostic Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ), and to examine the capacity of the components of the DAP-BQ hierarchy to predict PDs symptoms. Materials and Methods: Students of Allame Tabatabii and Lorestan University (189 male, 176 female) and psychiatric outpatients of Loghman and Emam Hossein Hospitals (116 male, 159 female) were selected via convenient and voluntary sampling methods. Then completed the DAP-BQ and answer to Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II and Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and principal components analyses with bass-ackwards method used to investigate the hierarchical structure of the DAP-BQ. Results: Results showed that Level 5 of the hierarchy enhanced the capacity of the DAP-BQ for predicting DSM-IV PD symptoms beyond a four-factor structure, particularly for borderline PD. Conclusion: It can be concluded Level 5 represents an important level of analysis for predicting personality pathology, with an additional factor (Need for Approval) adding important information about symptoms of PD. The results from the current study may contribute to the refinement of the psychiatric nosology and assessment of personality pathology.

Personality in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): exploring the hierarchical structure and associations with the vasopressin V1A receptor gene.

One of the major contributions of recent personality psychology is the finding that traits are related to each other in an organized hierarchy. To date, however, researchers have yet to investigate this hierarchy in nonhuman primates. Such investigations are critical in confirming the cross-species nature of trait personality helping to illuminate personality as neurobiologically-based and evolutionarily-derived dimensions of primate disposition. Investigations of potential genetic polymorphisms associated with hierarchical models of personality among nonhuman primates represent a critical first step. The current study examined the hierarchical structure of chimpanzee personality as well as sex-specific associations with a polymorphism in the promoter region of the vasopressin V1a receptor gene (AVPR1A), a gene associated with dispositional traits, among 174 chimpanzees. Results confirmed a hierarchical structure of personality across species and, despite differences in early rearing experiences, suggest a sexually dimorphic role of AVPR1A polymorphisms on hierarchical personality profiles at a higher-order level.

Development and validation of Big Four personality scales for the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality—Second Edition (SNAP-2).

Recently, integrative, hierarchical models of personality and personality disorder (PD)--such as the Big Three, Big Four, and Big Five trait models--have gained support as a unifying dimensional framework for describing PD. However, no measures to date can simultaneously represent each of these potentially interesting levels of the personality hierarchy. To unify these measurement models psychometrically, we sought to develop Big Five trait scales within the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality--Second Edition (SNAP-2). Through structural and content analyses, we examined relations between the SNAP-2, the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) ratings in a large data set (N = 8,690), including clinical, military, college, and community participants. Results yielded scales consistent with the Big Four model of personality (i.e., Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Introversion, and Antagonism) and not the Big Five, as there were insufficient items related to Openness. Resulting scale scores demonstrated strong internal consistency and temporal stability. Structural validity and external validity were supported by strong convergent and discriminant validity patterns between Big Four scale scores and other personality trait scores and expectable patterns of self-peer agreement. Descriptive statistics and community-based norms are provided. The SNAP-2 Big Four Scales enable researchers and clinicians to assess personality at multiple levels of the trait hierarchy and facilitate comparisons among competing big-trait models.

The Hierarchical Structure of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP-BQ)

Hierarchical personality models have the potential to identify common and specific components of DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs), and may offer a solution for the re-tooling of personality pathology in future versions of the DSM. In this paper, we examined the hierarchical structure of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ; Livesley & Jackson, 2009) and the capacity of various trait components at different levels to predict DSM-IV PD symptoms. Participants were 275 psychiatric outpatients and 365 undergraduate students. Goldberg's (2006) bass-ackwards method was used to investigate the hierarchical structure of the DAPP-BQ. The predictive capacity of hierarchy components was assessed. We found that Level 5 of the hierarchy enhanced the capacity of the DAPP-BQ for predicting DSM PD symptoms beyond a four-factor structure, particularly for borderline PD.

Visual product aesthetics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the nomological net of the construct of the centrality of visual product aesthetics (CVPA).Design/methodology/approachA hierarchical model of personality is employed to investigate the nomological net of CVPA. The hierarchical model incorporates both trait antecedents (e.g. the traits of need for material resources, the need for uniqueness, and openness to experience) as well as value antecedents (the values of science importance, liberalism, and conservatism). In addition, the model includes three expected consequences of CVPA not previously investigated in the literature. Data were collected from a survey of 542 adult consumers who were broadly representative of the population of the USA.FindingsThe findings identified six significant antecedents of CVPA: need for uniqueness, conservative values, liberal values, science values, openness to experience, and material needs. In addition, CVPA was positively related to individuals' interest in representational art, abstract art, and environmental concern.Originality/valueThe paper advances theory by proposing how traits and values work together to influence behavior. It advances understanding of CVPA by showing that a concern for visual aesthetics influences attitudes that extend beyond product aesthetics to a concern for the environment. Finally, methodological issues in identifying a construct's nomological net, as well as the study's managerial contributions, are discussed.

Comparing the Traits of Stock Market Investors and Gamblers

The goal of this research is to investigate to what extent gamblers and stock investors share similar characteristics. Using survey data, a hierarchical model of personality is employed to compare the traits of gamblers and investors. The results reveal that gamblers and investors share five trait characteristics and differ on three traits. Cluster analysis supports the proposal that gamblers and investors can be divided into four groups that differ across the personality traits. As a result, divergent communication strategies should be used to influence each group's propensity to invest and/or to gamble.

Differential relations of depression and social anxiety symptoms to the facets of extraversion/positive emotionality.

Previous research has shown that both depression and social anxiety--2 facets of internalizing psychopathology--are characterized by low levels of extraversion/positive emotionality (E/PE). However, little is known about the relations of the facets of E/PE with the symptoms of depression and social anxiety. This study utilized multiple measures of each facet of E/PE, as well as depression and social anxiety symptoms. Self-report data were collected from large samples of college students and psychiatric outpatients. Separate factor analyses in each sample revealed a 4-factor structure of E/PE consisting of Sociability, Positive Emotionality, Ascendance, and Fun-Seeking. Structural equation modeling revealed that, after controlling for the higher order internalizing factor and the overlap among the E/PE facets, social anxiety was broadly related to all 4 facets of E/PE, whereas depression was strongly related to only low positive emotionality. Implications for hierarchical models of personality and psychopathology, assessment and treatment, and etiological models are discussed.

A hierarchical model approach for identifying the trait antecedents of general gambling propensity and of four gambling-related genres

In two studies, we employed a hierarchical model of personality to examine the trait antecedents of gambling. The results revealed that a set of more abstract traits were predictive of a general gambling propensity, including materialism, body resource needs (negative), competitiveness, impulsiveness, sports fanmanship, superstition, and financial conservatism (negative). In Study 2, we controlled for the general gambling propensity and investigated the trait predictors of four gambling-related genres: online, lottery, sports gambling, and marketing sweepstakes/contests. We found that general gambling propensity predicted each genre. In addition, divergent patterns of more basic traits were predictive of the different gambling forms.

A hierarchical investigation of personality and behavior: Examining Neo-Socioanalytic models of health-related outcomes

Based on proposed hierarchical relations derived from the Neo-Socioanalytic Theory of personality [Roberts, B. W., & Wood, D. (2006). Personality development in the context of the Neo-Socioanalytic Model of personality. In D. K. Mroczek & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 11–39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers], the present study examined the relationships between trait and motivation constructs and health-related outcomes. Participants ( N = 201) completed a Big Five measure of personality traits, parallel exercise and diet behavioral identity trait measures, measures of personal values, exercise and diet-related personal strivings, and exercise and diet self-reports. Participants also completed a physical activity assessment and were weighed on a calibrated electronic scale from which body fat percentage could be determined. It was expected that contextualized trait and motivation constructs would mediate the relations between broad trait and motivation constructs and the health-related outcomes. The patterns of relations across trait and motivation constructs also were explored. The trait domain exhibited the expected pattern of hierarchical relations, but the motivation domain showed a more complex pattern of relations. The results are discussed in relation to a hierarchical model of personality and behavior that brings together trait and motivation constructs at multiple levels of analysis.

Travelers and their traits: a hierarchical model approach

Abstract Adventure travel represents an interesting form of consumer behavior that has seen tremendous growth as a segment of the tourism industry. In Study 1, we employ a hierarchical model of personality to identify the personality traits predictive of a broad measure of adventure travel. In Study 2, we distinguish several types of travel, including soft‐adventure travel, hard‐adventure travel, luxury travel, and camping. We then compare the trait predictors of each of the constructs. The results reveal that the motivational network of traits is different for the divergent types of travel interest. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.