Hidden Mass Research Articles

측두공 내 종양을 암시하는 안면마비 표정의 특성

Background : The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of facial expressions by their pathogenesis in subjects with chronic facial paralysis and to describe the partial defect of facial function in elucidating the etiology of facial paralysis. Materials and Methods : The etiology of chronic facial paralysis could be categorized into 3 groups: Group I, total resection without any reanimation surgery; Group II, acute facial nerve injury such as Bell’s palsy, and Group III, facial nerve resection and anastomosis. There was a total number of 104 subjects included in this study. Each subject with chronic facial paralysis and were investigated based on the severity of synkinesis, regression of muscular volume, latency and amplitude in electromyography, and facial movement by House-Brackmann grade system. Results : Subjects from the Group I had no synkinesis with profound regression of muscular volume, H-B grade 5.7 ± 0.34. Subjects from the Group II had moderate to severe synkinesis with moderate to severe regression of muscular volume, H-B grade 3.4 ± 0.96. In this group, thirteen subjects with atypical facial expression also had an incidental finding of a hidden mass in the intratemporal area. Lastly, subjects from the Group III had severe synkinesis without regression of muscular volume, H-B grade 3.7 ± 0.76. Conclusions : With careful examination of facial expression, a crucial point for elucidating the pathogenesis of facial paralysis may be provided. Severe facial palsy without muscular regression may indicate an incidental finding of a hidden mass in the intratemporal area.

Weighing the Galactic disk in sub-regions of the solar neighbourhood using Gaia DR2

Aims. We infer the gravitational potential of the Galactic disk by analysing the phase-space densities of 120 stellar samples in 40 spatially separate sub-regions of the solar neighbourhood, using Gaia’s second data release (DR2), in order to quantify spatially dependent systematic effects that bias this type of measurement. Methods. The gravitational potential was inferred under the assumption of a steady state in the framework of a Bayesian hierarchical model. We performed a joint fit of our stellar tracers’ three-dimensional velocity distribution, while fully accounting for the astrometric uncertainties of all stars as well as dust extinction, and we also masked angular areas of known open clusters. The inferred gravitational potential is compared, post-inference, to a model for the baryonic matter and halo dark matter components. Results. We see an unexpected but clear trend for all 40 spatially separate sub-regions: Compared to the potential derived from the baryonic model, the inferred gravitational potential is significantly steeper close to the Galactic mid-plane (≲60 pc), but flattens such that the two agree well at greater distances (∼400 pc). The inferred potential implies a total matter density distribution that is highly concentrated to the Galactic mid-plane and decays quickly with height. We see a dependence on the Galactic radius that is consistent with a disk scale length of a few kiloparsecs. Apart from this, there are discrepancies between stellar samples, implying spatially dependent systematic effects which are, at least in part, explained by substructures in the phase-space distributions. Conclusions. In terms of the inferred matter density distribution, the very low matter density that is inferred at greater heights (≳300 pc) is inconsistent with the observed scale height and matter distribution of the stellar disk, which cannot be explained by a misunderstood density of cold gas or other hidden mass. Our interpretation is that these results must be biased by a time-varying phase-space structure, possibly a breathing mode, that is large enough to affect all stellar samples in the same manner.

Quasielastic Lepton Scattering off Two-Component Dark Matter in Hypercolor Model

The interaction of high-energy leptons with components of Dark Matter in a hypercolor model is considered. The possibility of detection, using IceCube secondary neutrinos produced by quasielastic scattering of cosmic ray electrons off hidden mass particles, is investigated. The dominant contribution to the cross section results from diagrams with scalar exchanges. A strong dependence of the total cross section on the Dark Matter components mass is also found.

Low-Frequency Magnetic Scanning Device and Algorithm for Determining the Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Fractions of Moving Metallurgical Raw Materials

The development of an algorithm to automate the process of measuring the magnetic properties of macroscopic objects in motion is an important problem in various industries, especially in ferrous metallurgy and at factories where ferrous scrap is a strategic raw material. The parameter that requires work control is the hidden mass fraction of a non-magnetic substance that is present in the ferromagnetic raw material. The solution to this problem has no prototypes. In our work, a simple measuring device and a mathematical algorithm for calculating the mass fraction of the non-magnetic fraction in a strongly magnetic matrix were developed. The device is an inductance coil, in which the angle of the electromagnet losses is related to the mass of the magnetic material moving the coil. The magnitude of the instantaneous values of the lost angle integral was compared with the result of weighing the object on scales. This allowed us to calculate the proportion of the magnetic and non-magnetic fractions. The use of this prototype is herein illustrated. The experimental results of the determination of the magnetic-fractional composition depending on the mass of scrap metal and its bulk and the magnetic characteristics are presented.

Signals of Dark Matter in hypercolor vectorlike extension of the SM

In the framework of hypercolor extension of the Standard Model we consider cosmic rays scattering off hidden mass candidates. Specifically, there are two components of the Dark Matter in this model having close masses but different origin. As a result, neutrino production in the processes of scattering ofhigh energy electrons on these DM candidates is substantially different, and the secondary neutrino canbe seen, in principle, at neutrino detectors. We also note other interesting aspects of these type reactions.

Dwarfs in the entourage of the Local Volume groups: flow tracers and cosmological probes

AbstractWe consider a sample of dwarf galaxies with accurate distances and velocities around 14 massive groups in the Local Volume. We combine all the data into a single synthetic group, and then determine its radius of the zero-velocity surface, separating it against the global cosmic expansion. Our estimation is derived from fitting the the spherical infall model (including effects of the cosmological constant) to the observational data.We found the optimal value of the radius to be 0.93 ± 0.02 Mpc. Assuming the Planck model parameters, it corresponds to the total mass of the synthetic group (1.6 ± 0.2) × 1012M⊙. Thus, we obtain the paradoxical result that the total mass of the synthetic group estimated on the scale of 3–4 its virial radius is only 60% of the virial mass estimate. Anyway, we conclude that wide outskirts of the nearby groups do not contain a large amount of hidden mass outside their virial radii.

The Possibility of Spontaneous Gravitational Contraction of a Gas Cloud in Outer Space with Simultaneous Cooling of the Cloud

Gas clouds in outer space always lose energy due to electromagnetic radiation, i.e., are non-isolated thermodynamic systems. Under certain conditions, the energy loss of the gas cloud can lead to replacement of the process of dispersion by the process of spontaneous gravitational compression. Under these conditions of the initiation process of spontaneous compression, the gravitational energy released by the compression of the cloud will correspond to losses due to electromagnetic radiation it experiences. Furthermore, the cloud will shrink with a decrease in internal energy with constant enthalpy. As a result, the process of spontaneous gravitational compression of a gas cloud in outer space will be accompanied by a decrease in the temperature of the cloud. This mechanism of compression of a gas cloud with simultaneous cooling could, at a certain stage of the evolution of the universe, govern one of the possible processes of formation of a hidden mass of galaxies.

Searching for the Dark.

The article discusses the Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) as researchers entered its most sensitive phase yet in its searchfor invisible particles to explain the universe's hidden mass. Topics include weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), concepts of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and problems related to charge parity (CP). Also discussed is use of superconducting quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs).

“Dyson Spheres” as an Alternative to the Dark Matter Explanation of Hidden Masses in Galaxies

The concept of the Dyson Sphere is well known – to build an engineering construction around a star to utilize as much of the star’s energy as it is possible. Even if the detection of a “Dyson Sphere” by infrared radiation contradicts to the entire idea of the collection of star energy, they still could be detected by the gravity of a star within the “Dyson Sphere” as well as by brightness changes of stars passing behind them. A star within the “Dyson Sphere” adds the star’s gravity into the gravity of the galaxy containing this star, even if the star itself is hidden. Therefore if “Dyson Spheres” exist, the total gravity of light-emitting objects in galaxies must be less than the gravity of the entire galaxy. In fact we observe this effect, which is a well-known effect of “hidden mass” in galaxies. To solve the “hidden mass” puzzle, physicists introduced a new kind of matter –“dark matter”. However (as far as the author knows) the “Dyson Spheres” were never seriously taken into account and discussed in scientific literature as a possible solution of the “hidden mass” problem. Researches of gravitational microlensing put strict limits to the percentage of regular cosmic objects that can pretend to solve the “hidden mass” problem. However these researches are not fully suitable for analysis of “Dyson Spheres” because “Dyson Spheres” have no negligible size and because they do not only amplify the brightness of stars (gravitational microlensing) but also de-amplify the brightness of a stars when they travel behind the “Dyson Spheres”.

Hidden Mass Boson

The evidences of the hidden mass boson existence are presented following the fruitful ideas of M. Planck and A. Einstein and using empirical data of modern physics. Within this article main parameters of this mass particle are predicted and its possible structure is analyzed. Moreover, the close system of nonlinear conservative equations and the spread system of Maxwell linear equations are written in the frame of phenomenological description of the hidden mass continuous medium. The displacement current, the Umov-Pointing vector and the physical vacuum polarization have been described adequately in our paper. We discuss some applications of our methodology for simulations of nature and technical device processes. In particular, numerical solutions for cosmic jets and air breathing engines are shown.

The Hidden Mass and Large Spatial Extent of a Post-Starburst Galaxy Outflow

Outflowing winds of multiphase plasma have been proposed to regulate the buildup of galaxies, but key aspects of these outflows have not been probed with observations. By using ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, we show that "warm-hot" plasma at 10(5.5) kelvin contains 10 to 150 times more mass than the cold gas in a post-starburst galaxy wind. This wind extends to distances > 68 kiloparsecs, and at least some portion of it will escape. Moreover, the kinematical correlation of the cold and warm-hot phases indicates that the warm-hot plasma is related to the interaction of the cold matter with a hotter (unseen) phase at >>10(6) kelvin. Such multiphase winds can remove substantial masses and alter the evolution of post-starburst galaxies.

Original neutrino fluxes and hidden mass in the universe

The status of neutrino experiments in connection with the fundamental problem of searches for a signal from dark matter is discussed. Limits on the magnitude of the effect of dark-matter-particle annihilation in the Sun that were obtained with neutrino telescopes are presented. In particular, the first results from the NT-200 Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope are described.

Resonant mechanism of axion photoproduction in a magnetized electron gas

It was shown that the contribution of diagrams with electron-positron vacuum excitation in a strong magnetic field B ≫ B0 = m2/e = 4.41 × 1013 G in the Compton mechanism of axion production γe → ae at temperatures on the order of the axion mass exceeds the contribution of the “simple” Compton diagram and the contribution of the neutrino production γe → (ν\(\bar \nu \))e to the radiation power by many orders of magnitude. The conclusion is made on the probable axionic nature of the cold hidden mass of the Universe.

Catching Cosmic Clues

![Figure][1] CREDIT: NSF THE AUTHOR HENRY JAMES WROTE THAT “EXPERIENCE IS … A KIND OF HUGE spider-web of the finest silken threads suspended in the chamber of consciousness, and catching every airborne particle in its tissue.” Particle astrophysicists are trying to weave their own webs by building vast detectors on Earth and in space that will ensnare cosmic particles and so teach us about the building blocks of the universe. Thanks to enormous progress in cosmology in recent years, astrophysicists are both pleased and perplexed. On the one hand, they have succeeded in nailing down the universe's mass, geometry, and expansion rate. But on the other, they have discovered that 95% of the stuff of the universe is in two unknown forms that they have named “dark matter” and “dark energy.” Only 5% is normal matter: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Pinning down the nature of this missing mass and energy is difficult, because dark matter does not absorb light or interact with normal atoms; the dark energy driving accelerated cosmic expansion is even more intangible. Particle physicists may, however, have the tools to test some ideas. In this special issue devoted to particle astrophysics, a rapidly developing interdisciplinary area, six Perspectives cover not only candidates for dark matter but also the physics of the Big Bang fireball, neutrinos, cosmic rays, and sources of extreme-energy gamma rays such as black holes. Neutrino physics has leapt ahead in recent years, with measurements of neutrino mass and oscillations between different types, or flavors. The next frontier is neutrino astronomy, capturing neutrinos from sources more distant than the Sun, and vast arrays of detectors are being built under the ice in Antarctica and under the Mediterranean Sea to do this. Neutrinos hardly interact with normal matter at all, but occasionally they do and produce ghostly flashes of light that detectors can catch. If the universe's hidden mass takes the form of other particles, then axions and WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) are the prime suspects. Experiments, many hidden below ground to isolate the detectors from other stray particles, have been designed and are being implemented to spot these exotic particles via their recoil off other nuclei. Currently, these detectors are modest in size, but detectors now on the drawing board could weigh as much as a ton. High-energy particles can also be used for astronomy. Cosmic-ray observatories are nearing the sensitivities required to detect individual sources in the sky, thus testing acceleration physics. Cosmic rays are created by extreme astrophysical sources such as supernova shock waves, gamma-ray bursts, and near black holes. Very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from these sources is already detectable with new telescope arrays and has constrained the physics of particle jets emanating from compact stars and black holes. Particle astrophysics is an exciting area brimming with promise. As scientists come together to combine their know-how, maybe in the next decade we will find the missing matter, and crown the already remarkable achievements of cosmology. [1]: pending:yes

Heinrich Hertz’s Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Science, and its Development by Harald Høffding

This article is an investigation of parallel themes in Heinrich Hertz’s philosophy science and Kant’s theory of schemata, symbols and regulative ideas. It is argued that Hertz’s “pictures” bears close similarities to Kantian “schemata”, that is, they are rules linking concepts to intuitions and provide them with their meaning. Kant’s distinction between symbols and schemata is discussed and related to Hertz’s three pictures of mechanics. It is argued that Hertz considered his own picture of mechanics (the “hidden mass” picture) as symbolic in a different way than the force and energy pictures. In the final part of the article it is described how Harald Hoffding soon after the publication of Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics developed a general theory of analogical reasoning, relying on the ideas of Hertz and Kant.

Sensorimotor Memory For Fingertip Forces: Evidence For A Task-Independent Motor Memory

When repetitively lifting an object with randomly varying mechanical properties, the fingertip forces reflect the previous lift. We examined the specificity of this "sensorimotor memory" by observing the effects of an isolated pinch on the subsequent lift of a known object. In this case, the pinch force was unrelated to the fingertip forces necessary to grip the object efficiently. The peak grip force used to lift the test object (4 N weight) depended on the preceding task. Compared with repetitively lifting the 4 N test object, the peak grip force was 2 N greater when a lift of the same object was preceded by a lift in which a hidden mass was attached to the object to increase the weight to 8 N. This 2 N increase in grip force also occurred when subjects lifted the 4 N test object after pinching a force transducer with a force of 8 N. Thus, similar grip forces were stored in sensorimotor memory for both tasks, and reflected subjects' use of 7.9 +/- 1.1 N to lift the 8 N object. Similar effects occurred when the preceding pinch or lift was performed with the opposite hand. The peak lift force was unaffected by the isolated pinch, suggesting that a generalized increase in fingertip and limb forces did not occur. We conclude that the sensorimotor memory is not specific for lifting an object. It is doubtful that this particular memory stores the physical properties of objects or reflects a forward internal model for predictively controlling fingertip forces.

Thermal Mass and Night Ventilation - Utilising “Hidden” Thermal Mass

This paper presents an overview of systems that utilise thermal mass in conjunction with night ventilation. It discusses the concepts behind and development of a system (“CoolDeck”) to improve the performance of systems where air is ventilated through false ceiling and floor voids to access “hidden mass”. The system improves thermal interaction between the circulating air and the thermal mass of the slab. A case study is presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the system in a refurbishment application (Stevenage Borough Council (UK) offices). The incorporation of phase change material into the system for a subsequent phase of the refurbishment is also described.

Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt

The total mass of the asteroid belt is estimated from an analysis of the motions of the major planets by processing high precision measurements of ranging to the landers Viking-1, Viking-2, and Pathfinder (1976–1997). Modeling of the perturbing accelerations of the major planets accounts for individual contributions of 300 minor planets; the total contribution of all remaining small asteroids is modeled as an acceleration caused by a solid ring in the ecliptic plane. Mass M ring of the ring and its radius R are considered as solve-for parameters. Masses of the 300 perturbing asteroids have been derived from their published radii based mainly on measured fluxes of radiation, making use of the corresponding densities. This set of asteroids is grouped into three classes in accordance with physical properties and then corrections to the mean density for each class are estimated in the process of treating the observations. In this way an improved system of masses of the perturbing asteroids has been derived. The estimate M ring ≈(5±1)×10 −10 M ⊙ is obtained ( M ⊙ is the solar mass) whose value is about one mass of Ceres. For the mean radius of the ring we have R≈2.80 AU with 3% uncertainty. Then the total mass M belt of the main asteroid belt (including the 300 asteroids mentioned above) may be derived: M belt ≈(18±2)×10 −10 M ⊙. The value M belt includes masses of the asteroids which are already discovered, and the total mass of a large number of small asteroids—most of which cannot be observed from the Earth. The second component M ring is the hidden mass in the asteroid belt as evaluated from its dynamical impact onto the motion of the major planets. Two parameters of a theoretical distribution of the number of asteroids over their masses are evaluated by fitting to the improved set of masses of the 300 asteroids (assuming that there is no observational selection effect in this set). This distribution is extrapolated to the whole interval of asteroid masses and as a result the independent estimate M belt ≈18×10 −10 M ⊙ is obtained which is in excellent agreement with the dynamical finding given above. These results make it possible to predict the total number of minor planets in any unit interval of absolute magnitude H. Such predictions are compared with the observed distribution; the comparison shows that at present only about 10% of the asteroids with absolute magnitude H<14 have been discovered (according to the derived distribution, about 130,000 such asteroids are expected to exist).

Hidden mass in the Local Universe

Hidden mass in the Local Universe

Skrytaya massa v Mestnoi vselennoi

Skrytaya massa v Mestnoi vselennoi