Hibiscus Tiliaceus Research Articles

Application of UAV Technology for Vegetation Community Identification in Coastal BRIS Wetland

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) based methods for reconnaissance activities aim to update wetlands’ health status and are safer and cost-effective considering that wetlands normally have saturated soils, dense vegetation and wildlife. Vegetation survey work in wetland areas needs many staff to ensure the safety of researchers and equipment. This paper describes the application of UAV technology to identify and demarcate vegetation communities in a dense BRIS (beach ridges interspersed with swales) coastal wetland. The methodology employed in this research has two steps. The first step involves the utilisation of UAV imagery and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The second step entails ground truthing, which involves validating tree species using 15 quadrants. The utilisation of UAVs in conjunction with ArcGIS 10.3 demonstrated that the unique characteristics of tree canopy morphology and tree heights could be assessed and analysed. The UAV-GIS results are compared to ground truthing results to validate tree communities’ demarcation. The findings indicate that integrating two datasets, particularly tree canopy morphology and tree height, produced an acceptably accurate vegetation community demarcation. The tree canopy form of Hibiscus tiliaceus (Bebaru) was differentiated from the canopies of Acacia mangium and Nypa fruticans by analysing the image. The tree height analysis involved using ArcGIS 10.3 software to generate the digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM). Validation results indicate an 87% accuracy in the demarcation work. Hence, identification and demarcation of the vegetation communities could be achieved by utilising both tree canopy morphology and tree height data obtained from UAV.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF LEAVES OF MEDICINAL PLANT Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Antimicrobial agents are very important in the medical world. The agent is used as a surgical and intensive care procedure. However, bacteria have become resistant to the antibiotics used. Apart from that, antioxidants are also needed in the medical world as neuroprotectives and preventing free radicals in the body so as to avoid degenerative diseases. Hibiscus tiliaceus L or better known in Indonesia is a waru plant, containing various active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins that can be used as alternatives as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants. The purpose of writing this review article is to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of hibiscus plants (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.). The method used in this review article is a literature study obtained from sciencedirect, researchgate and google scholar regarding the benefits of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaf extract as an antimicrobial and antioxidant through a literature search process using research articles from the last 10 years. Based on research that has been carried out, it shows that Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves extract has the potential to be a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant.

The genus Acerocephala and observations of the life history of Acerocephala hanuuanamu sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Cerocephalidae) and its bark beetle host on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i

The behavior of Acerocephala hanuuanamusp. nov. found parasitizing Cryphalus brasiliensis under the surface of wood in Ficus microcarpa trees on the island of O‘ahu in Hawai‘i is deduced from observations in naturally occuring branches, and from direct observation using specially designed “phloem sandwich” observation chambers which consist of tree bark peeled through the phloem layer from freshly cut branches and sandwiched between a sheet of aluminum and a sheet of plexiglass. Cryphalus brasiliensis beetles, found living in large numbers in the phloem tissues in F. microcarpa trees, were collected and placed into these chambers. They tunneled into the wood and reproduced, producing an active colony of all life stages. Acerocephala hanuuanamu wasps were then placed into the system and their behavior observed. Typical behavior, aspects of which were recorded in video and still images, was as follows. A female A. hanuuanamu enters the tunnels of the bark beetles. She digs through the debris in the tunnels in a search for larvae and pupae. Cryphalus brasiliensis prepupae construct a hard pupal chamber around themselves before they pupate, and upon encountering a larva in the tunnels or the exterior of a pupal chamber with a pupa inside, she adeptly turns around in the tunnel to sting it, either inserting her ovipositor directly into the larva or by laboriously pushing it through the hard shell of the pupal chamber. When finished stinging, she withdraws her ovipositor slowly and carefully, often extracting tissue from the beetle immature as a sheath around her ovipositor. This structure remains projecting from the larva or pupa, and then the wasp turns around and host feeds through this structure, in the case of a pupa at a substantial distance through the wall of the pupal chamber. Oviposition occurs on larval stages and pupal stages. The egg hatches and the larva develops as an ectoparasitoid on the beetle. When finished feeding, it detaches and pupates in the tunnel. Mating behavior is also described. In addition to C. brasiliensis in F. microcarpa, A. hanuuanamu was also observed attacking Cryphalus mangiferae in mango (Mangifera indica) branches. Acerocephala ihulenasp. nov. was also found on O‘ahu parasitizing Eidophelus pacificus in hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) branches, and is described. The genus Acerocephala is revised given the perspective resulting from these two new species and aspects of functional morphology observed in the behavioral studies, Acerocephala indicacomb. nov. is transferred to the genus, and a key to the genus is provided.

Pengaruh Pelarut Metanol dan Etanol Terhadap Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Kulit Pohon Waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)

Sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is one of the plants in Indonesia that is empirically used as a traditional medicine. The study aims to determine the total flavonoid content of methanol and ethanol extracts from the sea hibiscus tree bark using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Phytochemical screening of flavonoids is done using concentrated magnesium and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Total flavonoid levels are determined using the AlCl3 method specified in the QE (Quercetin equivalent). The phase of the research method includes preparation of methanol extract and ethanol extracts, phytochemical screening of flavonoid content, quantitative analysis of the flavonoid content (determination of the maximum wavelength (λmax) of quercetin, standard curve preparations of quercetin, and determination of flavonoid contents in methanol extract and ethanol extract), data management and analysis. Phytochemical screening showed methanol extracts and ethanol extract of the Sea Hibiscus tree bark showed positive contain flavonoids. Quantitative tests using UV-Vis spectrophotometry measured at 441 nm wavelengths showed that the concentration of flavonoid compounds in the Sea Hibiscus tree bark methanol extract was 0.109 %b/b, and the concentrations of flavonoids in the ethanol extracts were 0.096 %b/b.

Phytofabricated ZnO-NPs mediated by Hibiscus tiliaceus leaf extract and its potential as a diosgenin delivery vehicle.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have provided promising potential in the biomedical field, including the ability to overcome various health problems. Diosgenin is used to treat multiple health disorders but has very low solubility in water. Using ZnO-NPs as a diosgenin delivery vehicle was expected to increase the solubility of diosgenin, which would affect its bioavailability. This study demonstrates phytofabrication and characterization of ZnO-NPs, loading of diosgenin onto the ZnO-NPs, characterization of the product (ZnO-NPs/diosgenin), and evaluations of diosgenin release. Phytofabrication of the ZnO-NPs was carried out with zinc precursors and Hibiscus tiliaceus leaf extract (HLE) obtained with various extraction solvents. To explore the potential of using the ZnO-NPs as a diosgenin delivery vehicle, diosgenin release from the ZnO-NPs/diosgenin was studied. Based on the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, ZnO-NPs with high purity have been successfully fabricated. Nano-sized particles were detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealing the smallest particle size of 45.924 ± 27.910 nm obtained from the methanol extract with the zinc acetate precursor. The ZnO-NPs had hexagonal wurtzite and rod-like structures. Diosgenin was successfully added to the ZnO-NPs with loadings of 79.972% for ZnO-HLMEA-D500 (ZnO-NPs/diosgenin produced by doping with a 500 μg mL-1 of diosgenin solution) and 39.775% for ZnO-HLMEA-D1000 (ZnO-NPs/diosgenin produced by doping with a 1000 μg mL-1 of diosgenin solution). The solubilities of diosgenin from ZnO-HLMEA-D500 and ZnO-HLMEA-D1000 were higher than that of free diosgenin, confirming that ZnO-NPs have potential as delivery vehicles for diosgenin and conceivably other water-insoluble drugs.

Carbon dots synthesized from Hibiscus Tiliaceus L. leaves via microwave-assisted methods as a photocatalyst for sustainable organic transformation

Carbon dots synthesized from Hibiscus Tiliaceus L. leaves via microwave-assisted methods as a photocatalyst for sustainable organic transformation

Novel species, morpho‐molecular identification and pathogenicity of Allophoma (Didymellacaeae) causing leaf spots of true mangroves and mangrove associates in Thailand

AbstractTrue mangroves and mangrove associates are salt‐tolerant trees and shrubs that serve a critical role in preserving the ecological balance of tropical and subtropical estuarine environments. However, they are not immune to the damage caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms were gathered from mangrove estuary and forests in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Through morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses (LSU, ITS, RPB2 and TUB2) along with genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, we identified Allophoma acanthi sp. nov. from Acanthus ilicifolius. Additionally, A. minor was identified as the causative agent of leaf spots in true mangrove and mangrove associate species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Combretum sp., Hibiscus tiliaceus, Intsia bijuga, Lumnitzera racemosa and Sonneratia alba. We also provide evidence to support the synonymization of A. thunbergiae with A. minor. All eight isolates of Allophoma species in this study demonstrated pathogenicity to their original hosts with varied virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. Our findings contribute to the understanding of fungal pathogens affecting true mangroves and mangrove associates.

On the Fore-Shore Vegetation of Malacca Coast of the Car-Nicobar Island

In this paper, an account is given of the Fore-shore Vegetation of a part of E. Coast of Car-Nicobar along the Malacca Coast. The various types of plant species found on the shore above upper tidal limits are described, and the characteristic ones being Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) Sweet., Panicum repens Linn., Vigna marina Mers., Ischaemum muticum Linn., Blainvillea acmella (Linn, f.) Philipson., Pandanus furcatus Roxb., Scaevola frutescens (Mill.) Krausse., Tournefortia argentea Linn., with Cocos nucifera Linn, occur behind, followed by Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn., Erythrina variegata Linn. var. orientalis (Linn.) Merr., Calophyllum inophyllum Linn., Thespesia populnea Corr., Guettarda speciosa Linn., Syzygium aqueum (Burm f.) Alston, and other trees in jungles. The various species met with are enumerated, in which 13 species and one variety would appear to be new records for the Andamans and Nicobars.

Soil depth constraints in the revegetation of reclaimed coal mine land

Abstract. Hartati W, Syahrinudin, Sudarmadji T. 2024. Soil depth constraints in the revegetation of reclaimed coal mine land. Biodiversitas 25: 1838-1845. Plants require adequate root space, nutrients, water, and air for optimal growth. This study analyzed the relationship between plant growth (i.e., diameter) and soil properties (i.e., thickness, organic matter content, texture) on revegetated post-coal mining land in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Field research was conducted at revegetated area primarily planted with four species (Hibiscus tiliaceus, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman and Acacia sp.) with age of 8 years. Data was collected from 30 plots of 0.05 ha. Plant diameter were recorded and soil samples were taken from 0-10, 10-30, and >30 cm depths using soil auger at three points per plot. Organic matter content was determined by the Walkley-Black method, and texture by the Pipette method. Multiple regression analysis was used to used to investigate the relationship between plant diameter and soil properties. The study found that different species showed varying correlations between soil properties and growth. Acacia sp. and S. saman exhibited strong correlations (r=0.78), while E. cyclocarpum had a low correlation (r=0.35), and H. tiliaceus a moderate one (r=0.49). Soil thickness had a stronger influence on H. tiliaceus (?=0.05) and S. saman (?=0.01) than other tested properties. For some species, diameter growth was primarily determined by soil thickness in the revegetated area. The study highlights the importance of considering species-specific soil requirements for successful revegetation and plant growth on post-coal mining sites.

Pemetaan Sebaran Jenis Mangrove Menggunakan Citra Drone dengan Metode Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) di Sungai Pisang, Kecamatan Bungus Teluk Kabung, Kota Padang

This research has purpose to find out what types of mangroves and factors affect the distribution of mangroves in Sungai Pisang, Bungus Teluk Kabung District, Padang City. The research method used is quantitative research. The data used is primary data such as drone imagery. The results of this research produced seven types of mangroves and factors the distribution of mangrove types. The types of mangroves found were Rizhophora apiculate, Oncomsperma tigillarium, Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Acrostichum aureum linn, Sonneratia alba. Meanwhile, there are three factors that influence the distribution of mangroves, namely Substrate, Salinity and Soil Texture. The dominant substrates are muddy and sandy substrates, the lowest salinity is 12ppt and the highest is 30ppt, while the dominant soil textures are clay, clay and sandy.

Endophytic Bacteria Producing Alkaloid as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Agent from Hibiscus tiliaceus Leaves

Hibiscus tiliaceus is known to have antibacterial activity. One of the antibacterial compounds contained in the hibiscus plant is alkaloid. Alkaloids can also be obtained from endophytic bacteria that are in symbiosis with hibiscus leaves. It is known that endophytes can produce the same or similar secondary metabolites as their host plants. Medicinal plants have been proven to be a source of microorganisms that can make certain metabolites. Our previous research succeeded in isolating the endophytic bacteria Staphylococcus warneri strain 25 from waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus), which had antioxidant and antibacterial activity and contained saponins and alkaloids. In this study, alkaloids were extracted from the endophytic bacteria found in waru leaves. Subsequently, their bioactivity was assessed for antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus using the well diffusion method. Additionally, their antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH method, with gallic acid serving as the standard. A cyclic amine alkaloid compound was isolated, exhibiting a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 23 ppm against E. coli, S. typhi, and S. aureus bacteria, accompanied by inhibitory zones measuring 7 mm, 8 mm, and 6 mm, respectively. Additionally, the compound had very strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 50.11 ppm.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Leaves and their applications in dye degradation, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves and their application in dye degradation, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Analysis using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed that plant metabolite functional groups had a role in the reduction and stability of AgNPs, and X-ray crystallography (XRD) demonstrated that the AgNPs were in crystal form. The UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential investigations revealed that the AgNPs were formed with an average size of 88.10 nm in colloidal form and were stable (-49 mV). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) confirmed the shape and size of the AgNPs as spherical with a particle size of 30 - 35 nm, respectively. The AgNPs exhibited potential antioxidant activity by total antioxidant, DPPH, and reducing power assays. The biosynthesized AgNPs displayed a wide range of antibacterial activity on Gram-ve and Gram+ve bacteria by the zone of inhibition assay. AgNPs showed good anticancer activity on MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 65.83 µg/mL. Furthermore, AgNPs acted as potential catalysts in combination with the reducing agent sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), methylene orange (MO), and methylene green (MG) dyes. The degradation efficiency of catalyst AgNPs in the attendance of NaBH4 for 15 min was noted to be 12.8 %, 26.92 %, and 47.56 % for MO, MB, and MG, respectively. The study concluded that green synthesized AgNPs could be highly applicable as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents in the biomedical field. Furthermore, AgNPs could be helpful in the remediation of dye effluents.

Discovery of Cadinane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Infected Stems of Hibiscus tiliaceus as Potential Agrochemical Fungicides.

Ten new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids, named hibisceusins I-R (1-10), along with 14 known sesquiterpenoids (11-24), were acquired from the tainted stems of Hibiscus tiliaceus. Their structures were identified via spectroscopic analysis, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, and computer-assisted structure elucidation techniques, including infrared (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. Additionally, subsequent DP4/DP4+ probability methods were used to resolve 3's relative configurations by comparing their experimental values to the predicted NMR data. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 were measured through electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The ability of all isolates to inhibit the growth of five phytopathogenic fungi (Rhizopus stolonifer, Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Thanatephorus cucumeris, Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., and F. oxysporum HK-27) was evaluated. Aldehydated sesquiterpenoids (1, 6-9, 11, 12, and 22) and a known sesquiterpenoid quinine (18) exhibited significant inhibitory activities against V. dahliae, T. cucumeris, F. oxysporum, and F. oxysporum HK-27 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.5-50 μg/mL, but all isolates remained inactive against R. stolonifer. Moreover, the effects of the isolates on the mycelial morphology were watched through scanning electron microscopy. This study revealed that aldehydated cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids could be used as novel antifungal molecules to develop agrochemical fungicides in plant protection.

Estimation shelf life on hand sanitizer that utilizes waru leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus) waste using the accelerated method with arrhenius model

Reprocessing organic waste such as leaves and fruit peels can produce natural hand sanitizers with novelty or useful findings. Waru leaf hand sanitizer is a new innovation that uses natural ingredients and low alcohol. Natural extracts in products are still susceptible to damage, so an estimated shelf life is needed. Estimated shelf life is related to product quality, both producers and consumers really need it. Estimating the shelf life of an item is one way to find out how long the product can be stored. By using the ASLT (Accelerated Shelf Life Testing) method with the Arrhenius model, this study aims to determine how long the waru leaf hand sanitizer gel can last. For 18 days, the waru leaf hand sanitizer was stored at storage temperatures of 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. Direct observation of the object of research (pH, texture, aroma, color, and absorbency) was used to obtain research data. Waru leaf hand sanitizer has 108.48 days (3.17 months) shelf life at 30°C, according to the results.

Possible protective anticancer effect of chloroform fraction of Iraqi Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves extract on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male rats.

We aimed to examine the potential protective effects of IraqiH. tiliaceus L. chloroform leaves extract on DEN-induced HCC in male Wistar Albino rats. Rats were assigned to four groups, six in each group. Group I: rats were administered a daily oral dose of 1 mL/kg/day of distilled water. Group II: rats were intraperitoneally injected with 70 mg/kg DEN once per week for 10 consecutive weeks. Group III: rats received 250 mg/kg of chloroform leaves extract. Groups IV: the rats were administered 500 mg/kg of chloroform leaves extract, along with their food, for five days per week over 20weeks, with a subsequent dose of DEN once per week for 10 consecutive weeks. The results indicate that the extract demonstrated a significant reduction (p<0.05) in oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory mediators, and HCC parameters, the extract also had a beneficial effect on liver function tests, and there was a significant elevation (p<0.05) of antioxidant parameters in a dose-dependent manner. This study supports the protective properties of the chloroform extract of Iraqi H.tiliaceus L. leaves in HCC.

The Influence of Hibiscus tiliaceus Leaf Extract as Capping Agent on the Zinc Oxide Properties and its Photo-simultaneous Performance

Polyol method, as one alternative in ZnO synthetic methods, have been developed and generated a nano-ZnO. However, the produced nano-ZnO is unstable due to its small particle size. To overcome the problems, we added Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves’ extract during the ZnO (EZnO) synthesis to change the water content and hydrolysis ratio of Zn2+/water. The addition of H. tiliaceus extract resulted in a shifting peak at (101) plane compared to ZnO synthesized without extract addition (WZnO). The use of H. tiliaceus extracts leads to the formation of large and non-uniform particles compared to the one prepared without the extract, which is in agreement with the intensity of diffraction pattern. The use of H. tiliaceus extracts shifted the bandgap energy to visible range. The performance of WZnO and EZnO samples was tested for simultaneous photo-oxidation of methylene blue and photo-reduction of Cr(VI) ions under UV-C irradiation. The EZnO is equally active as WZnO for Cr(VI) ion photo-reduction but less active for photo-oxidation of methylene blue. The presence of retained organic material in EZnO is plausibly affected by the adsorption and subsequent photo-oxidation of the bulky MB leading to a lower photo-oxidation performance. However, the activity of EZnO was a little bit lower than that of WZnO, revealing that the synergistic of particle size and band gap energy is a crucial factor in photo-removal process. In addition, the presence of phenolic compounds on the EZnO surface might change the nature properties of WZnO, which influence its performance.

Plant-microbial interactions inspired the discovery of novel sesquiterpenoid dimeric skeletons of hidden natural products from Hibiscus tiliaceus

Hidden natural products are representative of defensive strategies produced in vivo in diseased plants, a process that is induced by the plant immune system. The first transcriptome library of uninfected and pathogen infected Hibiscus tiliaceus stems was constructed by transcriptome sequencing technology, genes related to cadinene-type sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis were screened and combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis data, which indicated pathological tissue had potential to produce novel carbon skeletons of cadinane sesquiterpenoid dimers. Successfully, two cadinane-derived sesquiterpenoid dimers with unprecedented carbon skeletons, hibisceusanols A (1) and B (2) were isolated for the first time from the stems of H. tiliaceus induced by plant-microbial interactions. Their structures and absolute configurations were unambiguously established by spectroscopy, advanced chemistry development (ACD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antitumor activity in vitro with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.3–7.2 µmol/L. The anticancer effect was generated via the induction of HepG2 cell apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway.

Antimicrobial constituents from the leaves of Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Repeated column chromatography resulted in the isolation of two new megastigmane derivatives, methyl-tiliaceates A and B (1 and 2), along with four known metabolites (3–6) from the leaves of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. The structures of the purified phytochemicals were elucidated by interpreting their NMR, HRESIMS, and CD spectroscopic data, as well as comparison with the previous literature. The compounds isolated were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial assays against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Candida albicans). Compound 1 showed obvious selective inhibition against the B. cereus strain, whereas 3 − 5 showed weak inhibitory activities against E. faecalis and S. aureus bacterial, and C. albicans fungal strains (with MIC values ranging from 128 to 256 µg/mL).

Hibiscus tiliaceus ethanolic leaf extract modulates quorum sensing-facilitated virulence factors

Abstract. Husnah M, Suhartono S, Ismail YS. 2023. Hibiscus tiliaceus ethanolic leaf extract modulates quorum sensing-facilitated virulence factors. Biodiversitas 24: 5962-5971. Bacterial pathogenicity and infections are often associated with the presence of virulence factors generated mostly through quorum-sensing (QS) mechanisms. Therefore, QS suppression is considered an effective strategy for combatting pathogens. Many studies to search for new anti-QS agents, particularly those of plant origin, have been intensively conducted. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. is one of the medicinal plants exhibiting various pharmacological activities including antibacterial potential; however, the study regarding its effects on bacterial QS systems has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potency of Hibiscus tiliaceus ethanolic leaf extract (HELE) as a modulating agent against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC122472, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. The extract was obtained through maceration and phytochemical screening was carried out by GC-MS. To evaluate antibacterial and anti-QS potentials of HELE, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC); growth inhibition rate; disc diffusion; and inhibition of violacein, pyocyanin, swarming motility, and biofilm formation were assayed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPPS software and Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) was employed to determine significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of 16 different compounds in HELE, represented predominantly by diterpenoids (phytol), fatty acids (palmitic acid and oleic acid), and p-Tolualdehyde. MIC was found at 10 mg/mL against both C. violaceum ATCC122472 and S. aureus ATCC 29213, and 160 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa PA01. The MBC for the first two bacteria was 20 mg/mL, whereas that against P. aeruginosa PA01 remains to be determined. HELE was able to suppress the production of violacein, pyocyanin, and swarming motility at sub-MIC concentrations, highlighting the anti-QS potential of the extract. HELE at sub-MICs was found to stimulate biofilm formation, whereas at 2 x MIC exhibited an inhibitory effect. These findings justified that HELE might serve as a promising candidate not only as a future QS-inhibitory but also as a concentration-dependent QS-modulating agent.

Possible Protective Anticancer effect of Ethanol Fraction of Iraqi Hibiscus Tiliaceus L. Leaves Extract on Diethylnitrosamine-induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Male Rats

Abstract&#x0D; Liver cancer with hepatocellular carcinoma a serious clinical illness that progresses quickly and has a bad prognosis because to increased malignancy. Fibrosis is the precursor of liver cancer, which progresses to cirrhosis and carcinoma Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a chemical molecule that has been used as a carcinogenic agent to promote cancer in test animals because of its strong carcinogenic potential. Herbal plants have long been used as inexpensive, effective alternatives to pharmaceuticals in various liver-associated complications, since they contain many bioactive compounds useful in liver disorders. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) contain various phytochemicals in the plant extracts such as Flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Quinones, Coumarine, Triterpenoids, glycosides and Steroids. Thus, has various health benefits, and have medicinal and therapeutic values, It could be a source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, hepatoprotective compounds, and antimutagenic effects.&#x0D; The study was designed To study the possible protective role of Iraqi Hibiscus tiliaceus L. ethanol leaves extract administered in two different doses on diethylnitrosamine induced liver carcinoma in male Wistar Albino rats. Rats utilized in this study were randomized into 4 groups (six rats per each group); Group I: (Control) Rats were administered oral daily dose of 1ml /kg/day of distilled water for 20 weeks; Group II: rats intraperitoneally injected with 70 mg/kg diethyl nitrosamine once per week for 10 continuous weeks; Group III: Rats were administered 250mg/kg of Iraqi Hibiscus tiliaceus L. ethanol leaves extract as chronic oral administration with food for 5 days per week for 20 weeks and subsequently intraperitoneal dose of diethylnitrosamine (70 mg/kg) once per week for 10 continuous weeks; Groups IV: Rats were administered 500mg/kg of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. ethanol leaves extract as chronic oral administration with food for 5 days per week for 20 weeks with subsequently intraperitoneal dose of diethylnitrosamine (70 mg/kg) once per week for 10 continuous weeks. The finding revealed that Iraqi Hibiscus tiliaceus L. ethanol leaves extract showed significant reduction (P&lt;0.05) in malondialdehyde, alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TSB), pro-inflammatory cytokines include transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and significant elevation (P&lt;0.05) of anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in dose dependent manner. In conclusion this study demonstrated that the chemoprotective role of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. ethanol leaves extract might be explained by; lowered levels of hepatic enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant levels, as well as decreased levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), the gold standard for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma.