HHO Generator Research Articles

Modeling of an Adaptive HHO Gas Controller Based on Fuzzy Logic and Polynomial Function Controls to Improve Engine Torque of Gasoline Engine

Typical hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) usage to improve gasoline engine performance refers to the fixed HHO flow rate method, providing 0.25‒0.5 liters/minute of HHO for every 1000 cc engine size. However, the arising hypothesis expresses that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve engine torque for various loads. The research objective is to propose an adaptive HHO gas controller that manages the HHO generator to produce an appropriate HHO flow rate for engine operation by adapting to load and engine speed variations. Hence, the engine torque improvement optimally occurs for various loads. The adaptive HHO controller combines fuzzy logic and polynomial function controls involving real-time engine data, such as mass airflow (MAF), air-fuel ratio (AFR), and the commanded AFR from the engine control unit (ECU), whose values vary with load and engine speed. A system simulation based on Matlab-Simulink investigates engine performance improvement due to the controller. The results show that the adaptive HHO flow rate due to the proposed adaptive HHO controller improves engine torque during small, medium, and big-loaded engine operations, respectively, by 1.5%‒4.7%, 6.8%‒26.8%, and 21.1%‒72.8% depending on engine speed 2500 rpm‒4000 rpm) and the commanded AFR (12.6‒15.4). Conversely, under the same condition, the fixed HHO flow rate with 0.75 liters/minute HHO for a 1500 cc engine, used for comparison, improves the engine torque by 0%‒0.6%, 0.3%‒14.2%, and 9.3%‒50.1%, respectively. The data show that the adaptive HHO controller provides better improvement. Moreover, the adaptive HHO controller improves engine thermal efficiency and reduces AFR error against the commanded AFR.

A Research Paper on Design & Development of HHO Generator

This abstract encapsulates the essence of the research paper focusing on the design, development, and testing of an HHO (Hydrogen-Hydrogen-Oxygen) generator. The study aims to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of HHO technology in producing hydrogen gas for various applications, including engine decarbonization, renewable energy production, and industrial processes. The research begins with an in-depth exploration of HHO generation principles, electrolysis techniques, and system components. Through systematic design and engineering processes, a prototype HHO generator is developed, integrating innovative features to enhance efficiency, safety, and reliability. Experimental testing is conducted to evaluate the performance of the HHO generator across a range of operating conditions. In this study, we explore the utilization of oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) as an supplementary source for internal combustion engines. The electrolysis process of water with an electrolyte (such as KaOH) produces HHO gas, which can address fossil fuel shortages and mitigate environmental pollution.

Effects of NaOH Concentration and Plate Surface Texture on the Performance of the HHO Generator

The need for clean energy as an alternative is inevitable. HHO gas has received much attention lately. In addition to electrolyte concentration, the breakthrough with a diverse electrode surface texture approach has not been extensively performed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of NaOH concentration and plate surface texture on the performance of the HHO generator. In general, the increase in electrolyte concentration combined with surface texture caused an increase in output current, HHO gas production, and output temperature. As for the applied voltage variation with various surface textures, the increase in output current, HHO gas production, and output temperature also took place, similar to the case of increasing NaOH concentration. Either an increase in electrolyte concentration or an increase in applied voltage triggers faster ion movement, leading to an increase in conductivity, thus effectively assisting the electrolysis of water. Regarding the output current and HHO gas production, the textured surface had a much higher value than the plain surface in terms of increasing NaOH concentration or applied voltage variations. However, according to the R2 results, the linear surface has a stronger relationship with the output current and HHO gas production than the cross surface. In the case of the output temperature, the linear surface was slightly lower than the cross surface. It is possibly due to impurities in the electrolyte solution that contaminate the electrode surface, resulting in a lower output temperature on the linear surface.

A comprehensive analysis of hydrogen fuel cell integration in fishing vessels

HHO gas is a fuel supplement produced through the electrolysis process of water in an HHO generator, where HHO gas falls under the category of alternative energy and is classified as a new energy source. The fundamental principle of internal combustion engines is generally to convert the chemical energy of liquid fuel into mechanical energy. The production of hydrogen through the electrolysis process is continuously evolving to facilitate the use of environmentally friendly fuels, with potential impacts on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. This study examines the effect of adding HHO gas to electronic fuel injection (EFI) type-L gasoline engines on exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption. It has been proven that the addition of HHO gas to the combustion process of gasoline engines, particularly EFI type-D, results in reduced emission levels (CO by 15.31% and HC by 16.27%). Moreover, the introduction of 0.1 Mol of HHO gas into EFI type-L engines through the air filter leads to a significant impact on exhaust gas emissions and a 2.8% increase in fuel consumption compared to not using HHO gas. This could be attributed to the distinct characteristics of EFI systems compared to conventional engines, as they are not accustomed to fuel supplements being injected into the engine.

Electrolysis Process of Acid Acetic and Sugar Water Solution as an Alternative Fuel

One alternative energy that can be developed is hydrogen. To obtain hydrogen gas by decomposing water compounds (H2O) into hydrogen hydrogen oxygen gas (HHO) through electrolysis. The solution used in this electrolysis process uses sodium chloride (NaCl) with electric current energy. In this research, a dry cell type HHO generator was used, the electrode used was a type 304 stainless steel plate with a catalyst percentage (NaCl) of 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%. The aim of this research is to determine the hydrogen content in a solution of vinegar and sugar water which can be used as an alternative fuel. This research produced the highest hydrogen volume at a percentage of 16% of 367 mL at the highest temperature of 547 C, the lowest 317 C and the lowest hydrogen volume of 198 mL. The highest flame height is 5.72 cm and flame width is 2.98 cm and the highest flame brightness level (Red Green Blue) is 16 RGB and the lowest brightness level is 2 RGB.

Implementation of the Internet of Things for Monitoring and Protecting Hydrogen Production in Dry Cell HHO Generators

In the last few decades, researchers have been conducting various studies in search of alternative energy sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and anticipate future energy scarcity. One such alternative energy is hydrogen, which can be obtained through various methods, including electrolysis of water. Hydrogen possesses the characteristics of being flammable, odorless, colorless, and tasteless, necessitating the development of a rigorous monitoring and protection system to mitigate potential hazards. In this study, a monitoring and protection system was designed for the operation of an electrolyzer using a Dry Cell type HHO Generator. The system employs the concept of the Internet of Things, where data is connected through the internet network. The data received includes hydrogen concentration readings, electrolyzer operation automation, electrolyzer operating status, and hydrogen gas leak detection in the system. The research results obtained showed that the higher the concentration of electrolyte and the voltage supplied to the electrolysis process, the faster the production of hydrogen gas is accelerated, accompanied by an increase in temperature. If a leakage occurs in a system, the occurrence of the fire triangle will be faster when the concentration of electrolyte and the voltage supplied are greater.

Experimental investigation of the effect of fuel oil, graphene and HHO gas addition to diesel fuel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine

Today, research for alternative fuels continues due to the increasing energy demand, exhaust emission restrictions, and depletion of fossil fuels. It is important to use diesel engines for the opening of new oil fields in Turkey and for the utilization of fuel oil to be produced in these oil fields. In this study, pure diesel (D) diesel 60% and fuel oil 40% (DF40) were supplied by volume with an ultrasonic mixer. 50 (DF4050 N) and 100 ppm (DF40100 N) graphene have been added to eliminate fuel oil's adverse combustion effects by keeping the fuel oil constant. In addition, HHO gas was added to improve the combustion even more with a flow rate of 5 (DF4050N5H and DF40100N5H) and 10 (DF4050N10H and DF40100N10H) lt/min into the intake manifold by using the HHO generator. Experiments were carried out at 3000 RPM constant speed at 3.2, 6.4, 7.9, and 12.8 Nm engine torque without any modification on the diesel engine. The effects of these mixtures on combustion performance and exhaust emissions were investigated. Exhaust gas temperature and emissions were measured in the experiments. According to the measurements, thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), HC, CO, CO2, particle emission, and NOx emission values are given. Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), CO, HC, and particle emissions decreased, and thermal efficiency, NOx, CO2, and exhaust gas temperature increased with the engine torque value increased as a result of the experiments. Thermal efficiency and CO2 emission decreased, and BSEC, exhaust gas temperature, HC, CO, NOx, and particulate emissions increased by adding fuel oil to diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency was increased by adding graphene and HHO gas from the intake manifold to DF40 fuel. The thermal efficiency improved, and emissions decreased with the more addition of graphene and HHO gas. Adding HHO gas improved thermal efficiency significantly at the 12.8 Nm engine load. With the addition of graphene and HHO gas to DF40 fuel, the BSEC value was improved at high torque values. The effect of improving thermal efficiency is also understood from the decrease in CO emissions and the increase in CO2 emissions. HC and PM emissions decreased with the addition of graphene and HHO gas. It was observed that NOx and exhaust gas temperature increased with increasing thermal efficiency.

Influence of water electrolysis products on diesel engine performance in Colombia

Restrictions imposed by regulatory frameworks, the high cost of fuels, environmental impacts and the efficiency of internal combustion engines encourage research into reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. Additionally, to think about the alternative energy sources. In compression ignition engines, researchers around the world have been working for years on the use of biodiesel fuel, in order to reduce emissions and the consumption of diesel fuel. In other investigations, water electrolysis products obtained in an HHO gas generator and supplied to an internal combustion engine allow for improving performance, reducing fuel consumption and emissions. HHO gas is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen resulting from the electrolysis process of water, with energy supplied by an electric source or accumulator. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of an HHO generator products in a diesel engine that operates with diesel fuel produced in Colombia with 10 % biodiesel. The objective of this study is evaluated the influence of gas HHO on mechanical performance, fuel consumption, and polluting emissions in a single-cylinder diesel engine, performing a comparative analysis when the HHO generator operates with different amperages. The results showed a 25 % average reduction in fuel consumption between 1500 y 2500 engine revolutions when the HHO cell operated with 8 amperes. The breaking power maximum value increased a 10 %, and CO and PM10 emissions were reduced by 14 % and 53 %, respectively, at 1000 rpm. It is possible to conclude that supplying water electrolysis products in the fuel-air mixture increases the mechanical performance of a diesel engine and reduces polluting gas emissions. Additionally, research areas are opened in the development of HHO generators and standards for the application of this technology

Effect of KOH Concentration on the Performance of HHO Generator at Varying Plate Surface Textures

In an effort to improve the performance of the HHO generator, the surface texture of the electrode plate has been introduced through this study. Optimization of the HHO generator’s performance has been developed continuously in many parts of the world. Therefore, the effect of KOH concentration on the performance of the HHO generator at different plate surface textures was investigated in this study. The HHO generator used in this study combines wet and dry cells. Generally, the results showed an increase in output current, HHO production rate, and output temperature, and conversely, a decrease in operating time due to the effect of increasing KOH concentration and different surface textures. The output current exhibits a significant increase of over 200% for all types of plate surfaces. For the output temperature, the smallest increase of about 9.7% is achieved by the linear plate surface. Meanwhile, the best HHO gas production rate is 267.26 L/min with an operating time of only 112.25 s, which occurred on the surface of the linear plate. Briefly, increasing the KOH concentration followed by modification of the plate surface has yielded better results compared to the plain surface. As for the surface texture, it causes a change in the plate surface area, which has a positive impact on the performance of the HHO generator.

Adaptive design for the connection of multicell HHO generator with solar photovoltaic panels

Hydrogen is considered a new source of energy and one of the sources of clean energy. One of the most widely used methods of hydrogen production is water electrolysis. Water electrolysis causes water molecules to break down into hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through water molecules and using an intercellular membrane. If the intercellular membrane is removed, hydrogen gas and oxygen are mixed to produce hydroxy gas. This gas, which contains hydrogen and oxygen molecules, has been considered an auxiliary fuel and combustion enhancer. In this research, the design and construction of a multi-cell electrolyzer producing hydroxy gas without a membrane was carried out using 316 stainless steel sheets. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution was used as an electrolyte to increase water conductivity, and solar panels were used to supply the energy required for the electrolyzer. Adjusting the number of electrolyzer plates with the voltage of the solar panels is one of the most critical points in the optimal design of this combined system. The effect of parameters on the amount of hydroxy gas production, energy intensity, and production per electrolyzer surface has been evaluated. The experimental results show that due to the internal resistance of each electrolyzer cell, the voltage of each cell varies between 2 and 3 V in different currents. The number of series cells in the electrolyzer determines its total voltage, which should be matched to the solar system to stay at the optimum point of operation. In the studied electrolyzer, optimized design of electrolizer have 18, 17 and, 15 plates, when one, two, and three 325W solar panels is used, respectively. In the next step, the daily test is performed for optimized electrolyzers. Daily production per surface of the solar panel for the three states was 530, 600 and 533L/m2, respectively. This indicates that daily production increases with increasing the number of panels but specific production per solar panel area may not increase and will have an optimal value. So, in the combination of an HHO generator with a solar system, the number of electrolyzer plates and also the surface area of solar panels should be optimally selected to achieve the optimum operation. This issue can be completed with accurate modeling in future studies.

Effect of KOH concentration on corrosion behavior and surface morphology of stainless steel 316L for HHO generator application

Hydrogen production could be enhanced by increasing the potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration, but higher KOH concentrations result in higher corrosion rates. Therefore, a deep investigation of the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel (SS 316L) in the KOH solution is needed. This study investigates the influence of KOH concentrations on the electrochemical behavior, surface morphology, structure, and sample phases of SS 316L. The investigations were conducted by some electrochemical techniques, UV-vis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion rate was found to increase, and solution resistance to decrease with increasing KOH concentration. Samples tested in 5, 30, and 50 g l-1 of KOH showed corrosion rates of 0.457, 2.362, and 5.613 µm year-1, respectively. A wide passive region and the noblest pitting potential were noticed for the sample with 5 g l-1 of KOH. Moreover, Mott-Schottky plots and characteristic wavelengths of UV-Vis suggest the formation of iron and chromium oxides by the passivation of samples. The SEM analysis showed a dynamic change of surface morphology from the lowest to the highest concentration with the intergranular corrosion found at the grain boundaries area. In conclusion, concentrations < 50 g l-1 KOH could be recommended since they would support the optimum remaining life of SS 316 L plates in HHO generators.

Investigation of hydrogen gas production using copper and stainless-steel electrodes with varied electrical current and NaOH catalyst concentration

In recent years, the global energy demand, particularly the usage of fossil fuels as motor vehicle propellants such as gasoline and diesel, had steadily increased. This surge in consumption, alongside the burgeoning vehicle count, resulted in a depletion of petroleum reserves. Consequently, exploring alternative fuel sources became imperative. Hydrogen gas, derived from water through water electrolysis using an HHO generator, emerged as a promising alternative. This research investigated the impact of diverse copper and stainless-steel electrodes in varied electrolyte solutions and electrical currents for generating HHO gas. Employing an experimental methodology, the study modified an existing HHO generator, reassembling it with different materials based on the experimental design. Subsequent testing and data collection revealed that the highest flow rate of HHO gas, at 0.000807564 m3 /s, occurred using stainless-steel electrodes with an electrical current of 50 A and a 50% NaOH concentration. The study concluded that the size of the electric current and the amount of NaOH significantly influenced the speed of HHO gas flow, indicating a direct relationship between these factors and gas production.

Reduction of Fuel Consumption Using HHO Cell on Gasoline Engine

Hydrogen as clean energy will certainly allow a significant reduction in the problems associated with pollution. Hydrogen is a source of future energy because it represents one of the forms of energy that is less polluting to the environment. In this paper, the main objectives of this research are to increase the efficiency of the gasoline engine using an HHO generator by decreasing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. It was designed hydrogen fuel cell and attached to a motor Hyundai Sonata 2009 with 2000cc. According to the results, integrating a HHO cell into the engine, it was reduced fuel consumption for a motor vehicle in the city by up to 31.4 %, and 32.9 % for the combined drive between the city and highways. The use of cut-outs showed no increase in ampere consumption and no increase in temperature on the HHO cell.

Impacts of HHO gas utilisation on the operating parameters in internal combustion engines

Social pressure is forcing manufacturers to make huge investments in development in order to reduce the harmful emissions of passenger cars. However, there are also cheaper solutions that promise to reduce pollutants with minimal investment. One way is to enrich the fuel/air mixture with HHO gas (oxyhydrogen with a 2 : 1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen). HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water using the vehicle's electrical system. This study investigated the impact of an HHO generator on the operating parameters of an internal combustion engine. The testing took place on two levels. The first was a laboratory test with an spark ignition (SI) engine connected to a dynamometer where complete load characteristics were measured and the function of the engine in various steady-state modes was monitored. The second was a laboratory test of a compression ignition (CI) engine vehicle in a chassis dynamometer where the engine behaviour was observed during simulated driving. During the measurements, it was clearly demonstrated that there is a serious change in the fuel/air mixture. The HHO gas mixture caused engine control instability. The control unit was not able to sufficiently regulate the engine parameters. During the test on chassis dynamometer, the steady-state regimes did not last long enough for this instability to occur.

A Predictive Approach to Optimize a HHO Generator Coupled with Solar PV as a Standalone System

Production of hydrogen by means of renewable energy sources is a way to eliminate dependency of the system on the electric grid. This study is based on a technique involving coupling of an oxyhydrogen (HHO) electrolyzer with solar PV to produce clean HHO gas as a fuel. One of objectives of this study was to develop a strategy to make the electrolyzer independent of other energy sources and work as a standalone system based on solar PV only. A DC-DC buck convertor is used with an algorithm that can track the maximum power and can be fed to the electrolyzer by PV while addressing its intermittency. The electrolyzer is considered to be an electrical load that is connected to solar PV by means of a DC-DC convertor. An algorithm is designed for this DC-DC convertor that allows maximization and control of power transferred from solar PV to the electrolyzer to produce the maximum HHO gas. This convertor is also responsible for operating the electrolyzer in its optimum operating region to avoid overheating. The DC-DC converter has been tested under simulated indoor conditions and uncontrolled outdoor conditions. Analysis of this DC-DC convertor based on maximum power tracking algorithm showed 94% efficiency.

Performance Comparison of Wet Cell HHO Generator with Galvanized Steel and Stainless Steel Electrodes

The excessive use of fossil fuels has many negative impacts on the environment and health. Many studies have been conducted to find solutions to this problem, such as the use of oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) as an alternative to reduce the use of fossil fuels as a source of energy in vehicles and other applications. The objective of this research is to compare the performance of a wet type HHO generator using two types of electrodes, stainless steel plate and galvanized steel plate. Both generators use nine electrodes with dimensions of 130 mm x 60 mm consisting of two plates at the positive pole (anode), one plate at the negative pole (cathode), and six neutral plates. Calculation of the power consumed by the HHO generators, the flow rate of the gas produced, and the efficiency of these generators are carried out to compare the performance of both HHO generators. The results showed that the performance of the HHO generator using stainless steel plate as an electrode was better than galvanized steel which was indicated by a higher efficiency value.

Experimental Investigation of the Hydroxy Gas Generation as a Clean Energy Source for Spark Ignition Engine Operation Using Different Electrolytes

The main objective of this research is to generate the hydrogen gas as a fuel and part of hydroxy gas (HHO) from the drinking water (H2O) using electrolyzing method with a different electrolytes such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and Vinegar in HHO generator for best results, the practical examinations were done by a generator that designed and built for this purpose using plate electrodes, with a rechargeable 12-volt battery and the produced gas was measured at each case and used as a fuel for operating a small single-cylinder spark-ignition engine (Honda G 200) with taking into account the safety precautions. The results show that increasing the ratio of (NaOH) grams/liter of H2O increases the gas production, while the other two electrolytes (Na2CO3 and vinegar) are not effecting too much, and using the mixing procedure (%) of the electrolytes (NaOH with Na2CO3) and (Na2CO3 with Vinegar), it is observed that the HHO generation noticeable increases with increasing the mixing ratio of the first mixture and not too much with the second.

Energy, exergy and environmental assessment of partial fuel substitution with hydroxy powered by a thermoelectric generator in low displacement diesel engines

This study evaluates the effect of partial fuel substitution with HHO (hydroxy) gas on a Jatropha oil biodiesel. For the experimental analysis, a stationary single-cylinder diesel engine was used, in which different conditions of load and rotational speed were established. Additionally, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) was installed in the engine exhaust system to power a HHO gas generator. The study tested two types of fuels, commercial diesel and a biodiesel blend (JB10). In the case of the JB10, the addition of a volumetric flow of 0.075, 0.15, and 0.30 LPM of HHO gas were studied. The results indicated that for a 28 W production in the TEG, a minimum volumetric flow of 0.32 LPM is achieved. The implementation of the TEG in the system avoids the extraction of energy from the engine to power the HHO generator while increasing up to 1.5% energy efficiency. The addition of HHO gas enables a maximum increase of 9.71%, 7.39%, and 10% in the power output, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency, respectively, compared to commercial diesel. Also, HHO gas addition minimized HC, CO2, CO emissions, and opacity by 15.81%, 9.23%, 14.89%, and 20.56%, respectively, compared to JB10 biodiesel. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that partial fuel substitution with HHO in the Jatropha oil biodiesel compensates for the adverse effects caused by the lower calorific value of the biofuel while reducing greenhouse emissions.

Generation of brown gas from a dry cell HHO generator using chemical decomposition reaction

Pollution is a factor that makes humans lives worse; because of this pollution, so much of health hazards are uprising. This article mainly contributes to constructing a dry hydroxy cell generator that generates brown gas, which is usually known as hydroxy gas. The primary catalyst used is lye (NaOH) and caustic potash (KOH), which is to be incorporated with stainless steel and followed by supplying a unidirectional current. The reaction is accelerated since the catalyst offers a proxy pathway to expedite the response. The law of electrolysis of faraday governs this process. To lower the consumption of fossil fuel, which is the primary root cause of pollution. This dissertation provides detailed scrutiny on brown gas generators and its best harvest, which is known to be the highest production volume of HHO gas. This journal deals with how the change in the catalyst, power rating and concentration ratio affects the brown gas production and how NaOH differs from KOH in HHO gas production. The average time taken to produce 1 litre of HHO gas using NaOH is about 53 seconds, whereas it is about 80 seconds for KOH.

Design of Generator HHO Dry Cell Type and Application on 110 Cc Engined Vehicles Towards Gas Emissions

The HHO generator is a tool that works on the principle of water electrolysis to produce HHO gas, which is a gas consisting of 2 hydrogen molecules and 1 oxygen molecule where the gas can be used as fuel. The number of holes on the plate electrodes affects the amount of discharge and the efficiency of the HHO generator. Therefore, a study was conducted regarding the number of holes on the electrode plate. The parameters measured were voltage, electric current, electrolyte temperature in the reservoir tank, electrolyte temperature in the HHO gas cylinder, and the HHO gas discharge. Whereas what is calculated is the power required for the HHO generator, the production rate, and the efficiency of the HHO generator. Furthermore, the HHO generator was applied to a 110cc vehicle to measure the level of exhaust emissions. Based on the results of the study, the best variation of HHO generators is found in the hole plate electrode 2 with the required power of 180.78 watts and an efficiency of 63.8%. The lowest CO emission levels were in the 2 holes variation, namely 4.01%, and the lowest HC emission levels were in the 4 holes variation, namely 892 ppm.