Hexosamine Content Research Articles

Gastroprotective Effect of Isoferulic Acid Derived from Foxtail Millet Bran against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing GALNT2 Enzyme Activity.

Excessive alcohol consumption has led to the prevalence of gastrointestinal ailments. Alleviating gastric disorders attributed to alcohol-induced thinning of the mucus layer has centered on enhancing mucin secretion as a pivotal approach. In this study, foxtail millet bran polyphenol BPIS was divided into two components with MW < 200 D and MW > 200 D by molecular interception technology. Combined with MTT, cell morphology observation, and trypan blue staining, isoferulic acid (IFA) within the MW < 200 D fraction was determined as the effective constituent to mitigate ethanol-induced damage of gastric epithelial cells. Furthermore, a Wistar rat model with similar clinical features to alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury was established. Then, gastric morphological observation, H&E staining, and assessments of changes in gastric hexosamine content and gastric wall binding mucus levels were carried out, and the results revealed that IFA (10 mg/Kg) significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Finally, we applied techniques including Co-IP, molecular docking, and fluorescence spectroscopy and found that IFA inhibited the alcohol-induced downregulation of N-acetylgalactosamintransferase 2 (GALNT2) activity related to mucus synthesis through direct interaction with GALNT2 in gastric epithelial cells, thus promoting mucin synthesis. Our study lays a foundation for whole grain dietary intervention tailored to individuals suffering from alcoholic gastric mucosal injury.

Evaluation of wound healing potential of lawsone from Lawsonia innermis and its organometallic complexes in rats

Aim of the studyTo study the utility of Lawsone along with its zinc and copper complexes for wound healing activity using excision and incision wound models in rats. MethodsThe complex of plant nathoquinone from Lawsonia inermis called Lawsone viz Law and the metals viz. copper and zinc were synthesized. Molecular Docking (with GSK 3β protein) and Molecular Dynamic studies were carried out. The wound healing activity was evaluated using excision and incision wound models in Albino Wistar rats. The six groups comprised disease control, vehicle control, and standard, groups treated with Lawsone (Law) and its Zn Complex (ZnLaw) and copper complex (CuLaw). The progress of excision wound healing was monitored through wound contraction and biochemical and antioxidant parameters along with histopathology of granulation tissue, while for incision wounds, breaking and tensile strength were determined. ResultsThe molecular docking studies revealed that ZnLaw has the highest affinity with GSK 3β protein. The Molecular Dynamic study determined the stability of Law and its metal complexes with GSK 3β protein and was found to be stable in the environment. The test compounds Law, ZnLaw, and CuLaw displayed significant (p<0.05) wound contraction. There was a significant (P< 0.01) decrease in the period of epithelisation as compared to vehicle control. ZnLaw showed maximum reduction in the period of epithelisation (16.03±0.942). There was a significant improvement in the antioxidant parameters from the granulation tissues of wounds treated with Law, ZnLaw, and CuLaw. The metal complexes of Law viz. ZnLaw and CuLaw showed a remarkable increase in hydroxyproline and hexosamine content as compared to the control. Histopathological findings indicated re-epithelisation, neovascularization, and increased collagen deposition as compared to the disease control. The incision model also revealed a significant (P< 0.001) increase in the tensile strength and breaking strength of the healed tissue as compared to the control. ConclusionLaw and its Zinc and copper complexes exhibited good potential in healing of both incision and excision wounds.

Accelerating Healing of Excisional Wound with a Hydrogel Containing Hyacinth Bean (Dolichos lablab) Extract in a Rat Model

Introduction: Medicinal plants are essential in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses. Dolichos lablab, also known as Hyacinth Bean, is a popular legume crop in India that is rich in natural bioactive compounds. In recognition of its importance in many skin therapies, a hydrogel was prepared. The primary goal of topical formulations is to provide drug contact with the skin while reducing overall absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of Dolichos lablab extract hydrogel on full-thickness wounds in rats. Method: Wounds were created on the dorsal surface of Male Albino Wistar rats. Next, the animals were divided into four groups (n = 12). Each group was treated with 200 mg of the allotted topical treatment of blank gel, Dolichos hydrogel and marketed betadine gel. The treatments were applied immediately after the injury and twice daily for up to 14 days. Animals were euthanized on day 14 and some parameters were analyzed such as wound closure rate, Inflammatory cytokines level, oxidative stress profile, collagen hydroxyproline and hexosamine concentration, macroscopic and histopathological evidence. Results: The findings indicate that Dolichos lablab extract has potent wound healing ability, as evidenced by improved wound closure and tissue regeneration, as well as histopathological parameters. Dolichos hydrogel increased the skin's hydroxyproline level, antioxidant potential, wound contraction, and anti-inflammatory activity by modulating the production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This affirms the potency of the wound-healing properties of Dolichos lablab extract. Conclusion: Dolichos lablab hydrogel is a low-cost herbal medicine which can aid in tissue repair.

Protective effects of an alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L., a medicinal and edible Plant, was widely distributed in many Asian and African counties. It has been traditionally used to treat gastroenteritis, hypertension, rheumatism and asthma. However, there is a lack of modern pharmacology studies regarding its anti-gastric ulcer activity. Aim of the studyThe objective of this study is to investigate the protective effects of an extract from K. galanga L. rhizome (Kge) and its active components kaempferol and luteolin on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. Materials and methodsThe kge was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and the contents of kaempferol and luteolin were determined by HPLC. The mice were randomly divided into seven groups: blank control (0.5 % CMC-Na; 0.1 mL/10 g), untreatment (0.5 % CMC-Na; 0.1 mL/10 g), Kge (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), kaempferol (100 mg/kg) and luteolin (100 mg/kg) groups. The mice were treated intragastrically once daily for 7 days. At 1 h post the last administration, the mice in all groups except the blank control group were intragastrically administrated with anhydrous alcohol (0.1 mL/10 g) once to induce gastric ulcer. Then, fasting was continued for 1 h, followed by sample collection for evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. ResultsThe contents of kaempferol and luteolin in Kge were determined as 3713 μg/g and 2510 μg/g, respectively. Alcohol induced severely damages with edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and bleeding, and the ulcer index was 17.63 %. After pre-treatment with Kge (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), kaempferol and luteolin, the pathological lesions were obviously alleviated and ulcer indices were reduced to 13.42 %, 11.65 %, 6.54 %, 3.58 % and 3.85 %, respectively. In untreated group, the contents of Ca2+, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, NO, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and histamine were significantly increased, while the contents of hexosamine, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and prostaglandin E2 were significantly decreased; the transcriptional levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, calcitonin gene related peptide, substance P, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, histamine H2 receptor, cholecystokinin 2 receptor and H+/K+ ATPase were significantly increased when compared with the blank control group. After pre-treatment, all of these changes were alleviated, even returned to normal levels. Kge exhibited anti-gastric ulcer activity and the high dose of Kge (400 mg/kg) exhibited comparable activity to that of kaempferol and luteolin. ConclusionThe study showed that K. galanga L., kaempferol, and luteolin have protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. This is achieved by regulating the mucosal barrier, oxidative stress, and gastric regulatory mediators, as well as inhibiting the TRPV1 signaling pathway and gastric acid secretion, ultimately reducing the gastric ulcer index.

Harnessing the Potential of Litchi Fruit Pericarp for Wound Mitigation in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: The use of medicinal plants is vital in the treatment of several ailments. Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit pericarp is the main by-product of litchi processing. Litchi fruit pericarp contains a significant amount of polyphenolic compounds, which have been found to have a broad variety of biological activities. Methods: Litchi pericarp was produced in 10% (w/w) hydrogel and tested for wound healing activities in Wistar rats using an excision wound model. Wound healing activity was evaluated using wound-healing rate, inflammatory cytokine levels, oxidative stress, collagen hydroxyproline and hexosamine concentration, and macroscopic and histological evidence. Results: The results show that pericarp extract has significant wound healing potential, which is indicated by better wound closure, tissue regeneration, and histological characteristics. Litchi pericarp hydrogel boosted the skin's hydroxyproline content, antioxidant capacity, wound contraction, and anti-inflammatory potential by regulating the production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This supports the effectiveness of litchi pericarp's wound-healing qualities. Conclusion: Litchi pericarp hydrogel promoted wound recovery in rats, encouraging its application in wound alleviation.

Wound healing properties of a new formulated flavonoid-rich fraction from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. leaves extract.

Background: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (D. viscosa) belongs to the family of Sapindaceae, commonly known as "Sinatha," and is used as a traditional medicine for treating wounds due to its high flavonoids content. However, to date there is no experimental evidence on its flavonoid-rich fraction of D. viscosa formulation as an agent for healing wounds. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the wound healing effect of ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa leaves on dermal wounds. Methods: The ethyl acetate fraction was produced from a water-ethanol extract of D. viscosa leaves and was quantitatively evaluated using the HPLC technique. The in-vivo wound healing ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa ointment (DVFO, 2.5%w/w and 5%w/w) was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats utilizing an incision and excision paradigm with povidone-iodine ointment (5% w/w) as a control. The percentage of wound closure, hydroxyproline and hexosamine concentrations, tensile strength and epithelialization duration were measured. Subsequently, histopathology analysis of skin samples as well as western blots were performed for collagen type 3 (COL3A1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa revealed flavonoids with high concentrations of quercetin (6.46% w/w) and kaempferol (0.132% w/w). Compared to the control group, the DVFO (2.5% and 5.0% w/w) significantly accelerated wound healing in both models, as demonstrated by quicker wound contraction, epithelialization, elevated hydroxyproline levels and increased tensile strength. Histopathological investigations also revealed that DVFO treatment improved wound healing by re-epithelialization, collagen formation and vascularization of damaged skin samples. Western blot analysis further demonstrated an up-regulation of COL3A, vascular endothelial growth factor and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue of the DVFO-treated group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that flavonoid-rich D. viscosa ethyl acetate fraction promotes wound healing by up-regulating the expressions of COL3A, VEGF and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue. However, extensive clinical and pre-clinical research on the flavonoid-rich fraction of D. viscosa is needed to determine its significant impact in the healing of human wounds.

Characteristics of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage tissue of skate and sturgeon

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or chondroitin sulfates were obtained from the cartilage tissue of skate (indefinite species) and sturgeon (kaluga) under the processes of hydrothermal treatment of raw materials at 50 о C, then hydrolysis with proteolytic enzyme in 4 hours under temperature 45 о C (hydromodulus 1 : 1), then sequential precipitation of GAGs in 2–3 volumes of 96 о ethyl alcohol and salting out with 2 % sodium chloride solution. The content of hexosamines and sulfated GAGs was determined in the extracted samples. GAGs of both skate and sturgeon have a high content of sulfated forms, comparable to commercial preparations, that opens up prospects for development of technology for production of monocomponent biologically active additives of chondroprotective action from the wastes of skates and sturgeons processing.

In vivo and In vitro Diabetic Wound Healing Effects of Salvadora persica Twig Extract and its Mechanisms of Action

Due to unclear etiology, the healing impairment of diabetic patients is still a serious clinical problem for physicians worldwide. The impaired wound healing in diabetic wound has brought attention to promoting healing process and prevent complications arising from diabetic wounds. Salvadora persica (S. persica) is reported to possess wound-healing activity in fresh rats. However, there is no scientific report on the wound-healing activity of S. persica twigs extract on diabetic wounds. Hence, the aim of the present study is to evaluate in-vivo wound healing activity of methanol extract of S. persica twigs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation activities of S. persica twigs extract were investigated to understand the mechanism of action behind the wound healing process. Methanol extract of S. persica twigs extract was formulated into topical gel using carbopol 971 P NF polymer as gelling agent and wound healing activity of the developed gel was evaluated using incision, excision and dead space wound models in diabetic rats. The developed topical gel accelerated the wound healing process as assessed by increased wound contraction, breaking strength, hydroxyproline and hexosamine content. Such investigation was encouraged by the efficiency of the methanol extract of S. persica twigs as antimicrobial, antioxidant, fibroblast proliferating and angiogenic properties. Hence, it can be concluded that topical gel containing methanol extract of S. persica twigs may be helpful in the enhanced healing of diabetic wounds.

Phosphorylated chitosan accelerates dermal wound healing in diabetic wistar rats

Phosphorylated chitosan (PC), a water-soluble derivative of chitosan possesses several biological and chemical properties suitable for diabetic wound healing. In the present study, we report the synthesis and diabetic wound healing capabilities of PC. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, 13C-NMR and 31P-NMR techniques were employed for the chemical characterization of PC. In vitro, antioxidant properties of PC were determined in terms of Fe3+ reducing, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation and superoxide scavenging ability. The wound healing potential of PC was assessed in diabetic excisional wound rat model. PC exhibited good water solubility, and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Wound contraction was higher in PC-treated wounds (91.11%) as compared to untreated wounds (67.26%) on 14th-day post wound creation. Histopathology of PC-treated wounds revealed improved tissue morphology with higher number of fibroblasts, a thicker epithelial layer, enhanced collagen deposits and angiogenesis as compared to untreated wounds. An overall increase of 57% and 25% in hydroxylamine and hexosamine content respectively were noted as compared to untreated wounds. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in SOD activity and a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in lipid peroxides were recorded in PC-treated wounds as compared to untreated wounds. These observations demonstrated that PC can be used as an effective agent in diabetic wound healing.Graphical Illustration of phosphorylated chitosan (PC) synthesis and its wound healing potential: Chitosan was phosphorylated to impart diabetic wound healing properties. Chemical characterizations such as elemental analysis, FT-IR and NMR confirmed successful phosphorylation of chitosan. PC exhibited good in vitro antioxidant properties. To assess the diabetic wound healing potential, an excisional wound model was developed in diabetic rats. PC treatment demonstrated accelerated wound healing.

Attenuation of dermal wounds through topical application of ointment containing phenol enriched fraction of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam.

Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. is one of the important medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka (India) for treating wounds. In our previous study ethanol extract of the plant was evaluated for its wound healing activity. In continuation, the present study was aimed to evaluate the phenol enriched fraction (PEF) of ethanol extract for wound healing activity along with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The potent wound healing activity of PEF was evidenced by observation of increased rate of cell migration in L929, 3T3L1 and L6 cells (92.59 ± 1.53%, 98.42 ± 0.82% and 96.63 ± 0.61% respectively) at 7.81 μg/ml doses in assays carried out in vitro. Significantly enhanced rate of wound contraction (97.92 ± 0.41%), tensile strength (973.67 ± 4.43 g/mm2), hydroxyproline (31.31 ± 0.64 mg/g) and hexosamine (8.30 ± 0.47 mg/g) contents were observed on 15th post wounding day in 5% PEF treated animals. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) were upregulated (15.89 ± 0.17 U/mg, 48.30 ± 4.60 U/mg and 4.04 ± 0.12 μg/g respectively) with the administration of 5% PEF. The significant antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities support the positive correlation of PEF with its enhanced wound healing activity. PEF contains expressive amounts of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (578.28 ± 2.30 mg GAE/g and 270.76 ± 2.52 mg QE/g). Of the various chemicals displayed in RP-UFLC-DAD analysis of PEF, gallic acid (68.08 μg/mg) and ethyl gallate (255.91 μg/mg) were predominant. The results indicate that PEF has great potential for the topical management of open wounds.

Solanum pubescens Wild Fruits Essential Oil - A Golden Casket for its Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Mediated Wound Healing Efficacy in Vertebrate Model Mus musculus.

Solanum pubescens Willd, growing wild in the hills of Rayadurg jurisdiction of Southwestern Andhra Pradesh, has gained significant attention among researchers for its diverse folkloric applications, existence of novel phytochemicals and leaf extracts which hold great medicinal promises. To date, the S. pubescens fruit's essential oil (SPO) has never been investigated. The current research has been focused to evaluate the chemical composition of S. pubescens fruit essential oil through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), followed by the investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound healing activities in appropriate models to uncover its biological potentials. Extraction of (Solanopuboil/SPO) from the fresh unripe fruits of Solanum pubescens was carried out in Buchner funnel and Whatman no.10 filter paper and concentrated at 40°C using a rotary evaporator. The metabolic profiling of SPO was analysed by GC-MS technique. The MIC, MBC, activity index, and total antimicrobial activity of SPO were evaluated using standard procedures. Anti-inflammatory activity of SPO was screened using Carrageenan induced paw oedema and Cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Tail immersion test, Acetic acid writhing response and Formalin paw lick test was performed in rats in order to examine the analgesic activity of SPO. Wound healing activity of SPO was investigated by performing the incision wound model, Excision wound model and Dead space wound model in rats. The SPO displayed a constant degree of antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, A. niger, A. fumigatus and C. albicans with significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Also, a prominent wound healing potential of it was observed in excision, incision and dead space wound models with considerable elevation in granulation tissue hydroxyproline, hexuronic acid and hexosamine content in association with remarkable regulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant markers i.e., Lipid peroxidase (LPO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). These findings strongly validate the therapeutic potential of S. pubescens fruit essential oil in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory mediated wound healing and suggests its promising application as valuable and novel indigenous leads in the food and pharmaceutical industries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever investigatory report on the systematic phytochemical and therapeutic examination of S. pubescens fruit essential oil.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by the Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp.: Characterization, Antimicrobial and Diabetic Wound-Healing Actions.

Green nanotechnology is now accepted as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective advance with various biomedical applications. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. is a unicellular spherical cyanobacterium with photo- and hetero-trophic capabilities. This study investigates the ability of this cyanobacterial species to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the wound-healing properties of the produced nanoparticles in diabetic animals. Methods: UV–visible and FT-IR spectroscopy and and electron microscopy techniques investigated AgNPs’ producibility by Synechocystis sp. when supplemented with silver ion source. The produced AgNPs were evaluated for their antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and diabetic wound healing along with their angiogenesis potential. Results: The cyanobacterium biosynthesized spherical AgNPs with a diameter range of 10 to 35 nm. The produced AgNPs exhibited wound-healing properties verified with increased contraction percentage, tensile strength and hydroxyproline level in incision diabetic wounded animals. AgNPs treatment decreased epithelialization period, amplified the wound closure percentage, and elevated collagen, hydroxyproline and hexosamine contents, which improved angiogenesis factors’ contents (HIF-1α, TGF-β1 and VEGF) in excision wound models. AgNPs intensified catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide content and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) level. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB (the inflammatory mediators) were decreased with AgNPs’ topical application. Conclusion: Biosynthesized AgNPs via Synechocystis sp. exhibited antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis promoting effects in diabetic wounded animals.

Intensity of liver parenchym fibrosis in patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis depending on the presence of dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome

Objective — to establish the features of iron homeostasis in patients with steatohepatitis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic etiology depending on the presence of dysmetobolic iron overload syndrome, to identify the probable link between ferrokinetics and markers of biochemical syndromes of steatohepatitis, the intensity of endotoxicosis and fibrosing reactions.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was based on the clinical follow‑up of 125 individuals, including 60 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and 65 patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis, 25 practically healthy individuals of appropriate age and gender. Depending on the indicators of iron homeostasis, the examined patients were divided into 4 groups: alcoholic steatohepatitis with dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome — 40 patients, 25 patients without dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome; 18 patients with non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis and dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome and 42 patients — without dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome.&#x0D; Results. In alcoholic steatohepatitis, activation of collagen anabolism processes was observed through the growth of protein‑bound oxyproline in blood — in the presence of iron overload syndrome 2.5 times (p &lt; 0.05), in the absence — 2.0 times (p &lt; 0.05), as well as a significant increase in the intensity of collagen catabolism — by increasing the content of free oxyproline in blood, respectively — by 1.5 and 1.3 times (p &lt; 0.05), which occurred due to a significant increase in collagenolytic activity of blood plasma (respectively in 1.6 and 1.4 times; p &lt; 0.05) with the presence of a probable intergroup difference (p &lt; 0.05) in all the cases. There was a significant increase in the content of hexosamines in blood: with iron overload syndrome 1.6 times (p &lt; 0.05), in its absence — 1.5 times (p &lt; 0.05), the content of sialic acids, respectively — 1.6 and 1.5 times (p &lt; 0.05), and the accelerated degradation of fucoglycoprotein components of the extracellular matrix. In non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis, activation of collagen synthesis processes with an increase in blood protein‑bound oxyproline was established — in the presence of iron overload syndrome 1.6 times (p &lt; 0.05), in the absence — 1.3 times (p &lt; 0.05), as well as a slight increase in the intensity of collagen breakdown — with an increase in the content of free oxyproline in blood in non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis with iron overload syndrome — 1.2 times (p &lt; 0.05). There was also a significant increase in the content of hexosamines in blood: in the presence of iron overload syndrome by 1.3 times (p &lt; 0.05), in its absence — by 1.2 times (p &lt; 0.05), the content of sialic acids, respectively — in 1.4 and 1.2 times (p &lt; 0.05), and the accelerated degradation of fucoglycoproteins.&#x0D; Conclusions. The regularities of liver fibrosis progression in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis with iron overload syndrome are inextricably linked with the activation of collagen anabolism, the increase in the intensity of collagen catabolism, which occurred due to a significant increase in collagenolytic activity of blood plasma. An important consequence of the activation of cytolysis and inflammation is a significant increase in the content of hexosamines in blood. In patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, there was an activation of collagen synthesis, a slight increase in the intensity of collagen breakdown in the presence of iron overload syndrome, as well as a characteristic increase in blood hexosamines, and the accelerated degradation of fucoglycoproteins.&#x0D;

Novel Class of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Based on 6'-Galactosyllactose Containing N-Acetylglucosamine Branches Extended by Oligogalactoses.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted much attention in recent years not only as a prebiotic factor but also in particular as an essential component of infant nutrition in relation to their impact on innate immunity. The backbone structures of complex HMOs generally contain single or repetitive lacto-N-biose (type 1) or lactosamine (type 2) units in either linear or branched chains extending from a lactose core. While all known branched structures originate from the 3,6-substitution of the lactosyl core galactose, we here describe a new class of HMOs that tentatively branch at the terminal galactose of 6'-galactosyllactose. Another novel feature of this class of HMOs was found in linear oligo-galactosyl chains linked to one of the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) branches. The novel structures exhibit general formulas with hexose versus hexosamine contents of 5/2 to 8/2 and can be designated as high-galactose (HG)-HMOs. In addition, up to three fucosyl residues are linked to the octa- to dodecasaccharides, which were detected in two human milk samples from the Lewis blood-group-defined donors. Structural analyses of methylated glycans and their alditols comprised matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, electrospray-(collision-induced dissociation) mass spectrometry and linkage analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the derived partially methylated alditol acetates. Enzymatic degradation by the application of β1-3,4-specific galactosidase supported the presence of terminal galactose-linked β1-6 to one of the two GlcNAc branches. The mass spectrometry glycomic data have been deposited at the GlycoPOST archive with the data set identifier GPST000191 (Username: franz.hanisch@uni-koeln.de; Password: Soma1Dita2Carb. Watanabe, Y. GlycoPOST realizes FAIR principles for glycomics mass spectrometry data. Nucleic Acids Res.2021,49, D1523-D1528).

THE EFFECT OF BICYCLOL ON THE STATE OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS OF THE LIVER EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN THE COMPLEX THERAPY OF NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS WITH LIVER FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

The aim of the research was to determine the probable effect of metformin, rosuvastatin and bicyclol on markers of hepatocyte cytolysis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes mellitus type 2 with diabetic kidney disease, the degree of hepatocyte steatosis and stage of liver fibrosis, as well as the content of extracellular protein and carbohydrate components in the blood tissues that are markers of the intensity of liver fibrosis and the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Materials and methods. Studу of changes in the course of treatment of 60 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage I–IV diabetic kidney disease was conducted, among whom 48 patients were diagnosed with mild non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and 12 – with moderate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A comorbid disease, i.e. type 2 diabetes mellitus of moderate severity, was registered in 100% of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: among them, 15 people had diabetes in the compensatory stage, 45 people – in the subcompensated stage. All patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes had comorbid diabetic kidney disease, including 21 cases of stage I–II diabetic kidney disease, 20 cases of stage III diabetic kidney disease, and 19 patients with stage IV diabetic kidney disease. Results. Analysis of the results of extracellular matrix connective tissue metabolism in the blood of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease indicated that the inflammatory and dysmetabolic process contributed to a significant imbalance of connective tissue components. In particular, activation of anabolic collagen was shown on the basis of an increase in blood protein-bound oxyproline by 2 times (p &lt; 0.05), as well as a decrease in the intensity of collagen catabolism – based on a decrease in blood free oxyproline by 1.4 times (p &lt; 0.05), which probably occurred due to inhibition of collagenolytic activity of blood plasma (by 1.4 times, p &lt; 0.05). That is, activated processes of collagen synthesis were accompanied by inhibition of its degradation and accumulation in the extracellular matrix. We also found a significant increase in the blood content of hexosamines by 1.5 times (p &lt; 0.05) and accelerated degradation of carbohydrate-protein components of the matrix (with an increase in the content of unbound fucose by 2.6 times, (p &lt; 0.05)). Conclusions. The combination therapy with metformin, rosuvastatin in combination with Вicyclol in individuals with comorbid nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease for 3 months helped to eliminate the syndrome of cytolysis of hepatocytes, a significant reduction liver fibrosis intensity due to optimization of spectrum of connective tissue components of the extracellular matrix in the blood with a decrease in the content of markers of collagen anabolism, increase in the content of markers of collagen catabolism due to increased total collagenolytic activity of blood plasma, decrease in the content of hexosamines and carbohydrate protein markers.

Wound Healing Activities of Latex of Grassleaf Spurge (&lt;i&gt;Euphobia &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;raminea&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Jacq.)

The present study evaluated the wound healing potentials of E. graminea (EG) latex. The latex of EG was screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents; in vitro antioxidant property and erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity was used to investigate anti-inflammatory property of the latex. The wound healing potential of E. graminea latex (EGL) was investigated via incision and dead space wound models in wistar rats; eighteen wistar rats (separately for each model) were randomly divided into 3 groups (6 in each group): Group A: wound + EGL ; Group B: wound + Gentamycin (G); Group C: wound without treatment (control). Wound breaking strength (Incision model), hexuronic acid and hexosamine concentrations, activities of antioxidants biomolecules (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) as well as the levels of free radicals (nitric oxide-NO, malondialdehyde -MDA) were evaluated in the granulation tissue (dead space model) of experimental rats. The result of the study revealed that EGL tested positive for the presence of saponins, alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Also, EGL contained an appreciable concentration of total flavonoids and phenolics. The latex exhibited mild ferric reducing power, inhibited DPPH in dose dependent manner as well as protected red blood cells against hypotonic and heat induced lyses. In wound incision model, EGL exhibited 13.6 % increase in wound breaking strength when compared to the control animals. Also, in dead space wound model, there was significant increase (p < 0.05) in hexoxamine, hexuronic acid and GSH concentrations as well as SOD activity in EGL and gentamycin treated wound compared to the control. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in MDA concentration in EGL and gentamycin treated wound compared to the control while NO level and catalase activity showed no significant difference. This study revealed that EGL contained potentially bioactive molecules that could be employed in the treatment of wound.

Structural characterization of a safflower polysaccharide and its promotion effect on steroid-induced osteonecrosis in vivo

A water-soluble polysaccharide (SPAW) was purified from Safflower and it was identified to be (1→3)-linked β-d-Glucan. The therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of SPAW on steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) in a rabbit model was performed here. The abnormal histopathologic changes and apoptosis of femoral head in model group were significantly reverted after SPAW (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg) administration for 60 days, as evidenced by the a decline of empty lacunae rate, the average bone marrow fat cell size and the proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, administration of SPAW significantly decreased the Bax and caspase-3 protein expression, but increased the protein expression of Bcl-2 when compared these in model rabbits. Meanwhile, increased hydroxyproline (HOP) and decreased serum hexosamine (HOM) concentration in rabbit serum were turned to the opposite way. The present study suggested that SPAW may provide an alternative treatment for the treatment of SANFH.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Melia dubia leaves on full‐thickness cutaneous wounds in Wistar rats

In recent years, the therapeutic effects of phyto-principles have been appreciated for their promising effects on wound healing. Melia dubia (Malabar neem) possesses anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and fungicidal properties. Here, we studied the wound healing efficacy of ethanolic extract of M. dubia leaves on cutaneous wound healing for the first time. The ethanolic extract of M. dubia was applied topically on the wounds of the experimental rats until the wounds heal completely. Wounds of the control rats were treated with PBS. Granulation tissues formed on wound surfaces of the excision wound were harvested on days 4 and 8 and analyzed to determine the total collagen and hexosamine content. Total collagen and hexosamine were significantly (p < .001) higher in M. dubia treated rats compared to control. The rate of wound closure was significantly higher (p < .001) and period of epithelialization was shorter in M. dubia treated rats. Incision wound tissue was used for the tensile strength measurement. Tensile strength was improved in M. dubia treated wound tissues. Results concluded that the topical application of ethanolic extracts of M. dubia improved the rate of wound contraction and tensile strength by increased synthesis of collagen.

Effect of Ascophyllan from Brown Algae Padina tetrastromatica on Cell Migration and Extracellular Matrix Stabilisation in Burn Wounds

Background:Burn injuries are the most common injuries and a major health problem affecting communities worldwide. Many alternative therapies are used as treatment for burns. The healing efficacy of sulphated polysaccharide ascophyllan was evaluated and studied its mechanism of action on experimental burn wounds in rats.Methods:Ascophyllan fractions were extracted from marine brown algae Padina tetrastromatica (Dictyotaceae) and evaluated its burn wound healing potential. Full thickness burn wounds induced in male albino rats were used for in vivo study and evaluated wound healing parameters.Results:The results showed that Ascophyllan Fraction 3 (AF3) had no cytotoxic effect and it increases cell migration and production of VEGF in fibroblasts. AF3 significantly reduced in vitro secretion of cytokines in blood mononuclear cells treated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo study showed that AF3 (5%) has significant wound healing activity in albino rats and this dose was used for studying the healing mechanism. The reference control used for the study was povidone-iodine ointment. Wound area contraction and reepithelialisation was faster in AF3 (5%) administered group. When applied topically, AF3 (5%) increased hydroxyproline and hexosamine content at the wound site. Uronic acid, DNA and proteins levels were also increased. Compared to the control groups, AF3 (5%) treatment showed an increase in neovascularization and fibroblast proliferation as evidenced by histopathology of granulation tissue.Conclusion:Sulphated polysaccharide ascophyllan is beneficial for the wound environment as it enhances the healing process and suggested the safe usage of this algal polysaccharide as an alternative for replacing current synthetic wound healing agents in medicine.

Beneficial contribution of a safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) polysaccharide on steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head in rats

A water-soluble polysaccharide (SPS) was purified from dried safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and its structure was identified using a combination of chemical and instrumental analysis. SPS has a repeating backbone of 1,4,6-β-Glcp, which was attached with T-β-Glcp at its C6 position along the main chain in the molar ratio of 1:1. A steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) model was established in mice injected with dexamethasone (50 mg/kg) twice per week for 6 weeks. Following SPS treatment at 25 and 100 mg/kg for 60 days, the decreased bone mineral density, abnormal histopathological changes, the increased rate of empty lacunae and apoptosis rate of osteocytes of femoral head in mice induced by dexamethasone was significantly reversed. Meanwhile, increased serum hydroxyproline (HOP) and decreased serum hexosamine (HOM) concentration in mice were turned to the opposite trend with increasing dosage of SPS, thus leading to a high rate of HOM/HOP. In conclusion, SPS may serve as a potential agent for the treatment of SANFH.