Hevea Brasiliensis Oil Research Articles

Parametric optimization of calcined and Zn-doped waste egg-shell catalyzed biodiesel synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis oil

The utilization of waste sources for energy development is increasingly gaining popularity because of its two-fold benefit to the environment. The present study discusses the synthesis of biodiesel from commercially available rubber seed oil using two catalysts: CaO derived from calcined waste egg-shells and Zn-CaO prepared by doping ZnSO4 onto the calcined egg-shells through wet impregnation. An L9 Taguchi matrix was used to optimize the process, and can accomodate 4 parameters at 3 levels each. Data obtaind was used for a comparative evaluation of their catalytic performance. During catalyst characterization studies, morphological analyses showed the effectiveness of calcination in development of a porous structure that was capable of adsorbing Zn in high quantities, which was further verified through spectral analyses. Using CaO the optimal biodiesel yield noted was 80.2%, while Zn-CaO enabled a biodiesel yield of 94.12%. The optimal conditions were a reaction temperature of 55°C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst concentration of 5% w/w for both catalysts within a reaction duration of 1.5 h (for CaO) and 2 h (for Zn-CaO). Fuel characterization tests through ASTM prescribed procedures showed that the obtained product has acceptable physico-chemical properties and is thus suitable for use as biodiesel. Reusability studies (tested up to 4th reuse) indicated that CaO loses its catalytic efficiency much faster compared to Zn-CaO, primarily due to the vacant active sites in CaO being blocked by increased adsorption of organic molecules during the transesterification phase compared to Zn-CaO.

Injecting superheated C1 and C3 alcohol supports towards non-catalytic semi-continuous conversion of Hevea brasiliensis oil into biodiesel

Biodiesel synthesis from rubber seed oil using superheated methanol and 2-propanol was comparatively evaluated in this study. For conversion, the alcohol was pre-heated far beyond its boiling point and then allowed to flow into heated oil in the reactor, where spontaneous conversion takes place, before being collected with the formed product after cooling. Batch studies were used to estimate the suitable range of parametric values for central composite design optimization. Product separation requires only distillation for alcohol removal, while formed glycerol is recovered from the unreacted oil via centrifugation. Methanol converts the oil faster than 2-propanol but propyl esters have higher thermal stability. Optimal fuel yields of 98.59% and 96.92% were obtained using initial oil mass of 400 g at preheat temperatures of 130 °C and 140 °C when reaction temperatures were 240 °C and 260 °C for 7 min and 8 min respectively with methanol and 2-propanol. Fuel characterization shows its suitability for use as biodiesel according to standards set for commercial biodiesel. Boasting a high rate of conversion and simple operation along with easy product separation, the superheated conversion approach described here can therefore be scaled up for commercial application and even made continuous with some appropriate modifications.

Parametric Optimization of Calcined and Zn-Doped Waste Egg-Shell Catalyzed Biodiesel Synthesis from Hevea Brasiliensis Oil

Parametric Optimization of Calcined and Zn-Doped Waste Egg-Shell Catalyzed Biodiesel Synthesis from Hevea Brasiliensis Oil

Comparation Study Performance Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel with Secondary Data

Biodiesel is one of the diesel engine fuels with a mixture of fossil fuels with the addition of vegetable oil fuels. Biodiesel is expected to compete with other fossil fuels. The purpose of this research is to get a trend in the performance of Diesel engines by using biodiesel against fossil fuels so as to obtain the characteristics of biodiesel fuels. Conduct a comparative study of each different type of biodiesel. Get an upward or downward trend in biodiesel fuels against fossil fuels so as to obtain the characteristics of biodiesel fuels. Diesel engine performance that is concerned is torque, power, specific fuel consumption. The best diesel engine performance requirements are torque value, power and specific fuel consumption decreases. The method of data collection is done using secondary data from the results of previous studies that have been published. This research uses palm oil, jatropha curcas oil, calophyllum inophyllum oil, gossypium arboretum oil, brassica napus oil, and hevea brasiliensis oil. The best Diesel engine performance is found in B25 jatropha curcas oil biodiesel with an increase in torque value of 6.49%, an increase in power value of 6.49%, and a decrease in the value of specific fuel consumption by 17.78%.

Optimization and kinetic studies on conversion of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) oil to methyl esters over a green biowaste catalyst

The goal of the study was to establish the optimal condition for the transesterification process for Hevea brasiliensis oil (HBO) conversion into H. brasiliensis oil methyl esters (HBOME) using a novel base heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from a biowaste (kola nut pod husk). Thus, the influence of concentration of catalyst, MeOH:HBO molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature on the HBOME yield was identified using Taguchi orthogonal array design approach. Also, the overall reaction rate constant (k) and reaction order (n) for the process was determined as a way to develop a kinetic model. The results showed that HBOME yield of 96.97 wt% could be achieved using catalyst amount of 3.5 wt%, MeOH:HBO molar ratio of 6:1, reaction time of 75 min and reaction temperature of 65 °C. Performance evaluation of the process input variables suggests reaction time had the highest influence on the HBOME yield. The values of n and k were determined to be 1 and 0.0034 min−1, respectively via kinetic modeling of the transesterification process. The cetane number, kinematic viscosity and acid value of the HBOME produced were 59.54 ± 0.15, 4.98 ± 0.12 mm2/s and 0.22 ± 0.00 mg KOH/g oil, respectively, which compared well with the standard specifications for biodiesel. Thus, HBO and kola nut pod husk could serve as cheap bioresources for biodiesel production.

Process optimization of biodiesel production from Hevea brasiliensis oil using lipase immobilized on spherical silica aerogel

Abstract In this study, biodiesel was synthesized in an enzymatic transesterification process from Hevea brasiliensis, crude non-edible oil, using lipase immobilized on spherical silica aerogels. Enzymatic transesterification is preferred to chemical methods as it is milder and is more environmentally friendly. Lipase based transesterification of Hevea brasiliensis under optimal conditions provided high FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) yields up to 93%. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the process for maximum FAME yield. The maximum yield was obtained at a temperature of 35 °C, water content of 15% (v/v %) and methanol/oil molar ratio of 8:1. Percent yields of FAME from the transesterification process followed second order model. Even after 10 cycles of reuse, lipase immobilized on spherical silica aerogel showed only 10.7% reduction in percentage yield of FAME. The results from this study demonstrate the viability of economical biodiesel production using waste products as both source and catalyst.

Optimisation and Kinetics of Rubber Seed Oil Biodiesel Production

Due to the increasing yearn to go environment friendly, keen interest has been placed on biofuels, this leads to further studies and research in biofuels. A search for suitable vegetable/plant oil that can work just as fossil fuels and be ecofriendly was made. Hence, the study of this work investigates the production of biodiesel from non-edible Hevea brasiliensis oil. The process was catalysed by two-step acid base transesterification. Reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature and time were studied. The yield conversion of biodiesel was found to be 50.2% under the optimum conditions of 1.0 wt % NaOH and 6:1 methanol: oil molar ratio at 60°C for a reaction time of 75 min. The kinetic study was carried out at various temperatures. The conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters obeys the pseudo first-order mechanism. The reaction-rate constants and activation energies were determined. The physical and chemical characteristics of H. brasiliensis and biodiesel were determined and compared with standard value.

Biodiesel synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis oil employing carbon supported heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization by Taguchi method

The present work illustrates the parametric effects on biodiesel production from Hevea brasiliensis oil (HBO) using flamboyant pods derived carbonaceous heterogeneous catalyst. Activated carbon (AC) was prepared maintaining 500 °C for 1 h and steam activated at optimised values of activation time 1.5 h and temperature 350 °C. Carbonaceous support was impregnated with KOH at different AC/KOH ratios. The transesterification process was optimized and significant parameters affecting the biodiesel yield was identified by Taguchi method considering four parameters viz. reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol to oil ratio and catalyst loading. The physicochemical properties of Hevea brasiliensis methyl ester (HBME) were examined experimentally at optimised condition and found to meet the global American standards for testing and materials (ASTM). The optimum condition observed to yield 89.81% of biodiesel were: reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 55 °C, catalyst loading 3.5wt% and methanol to oil ratio 15:1. Contribution factor revealed that among four parameters considered, catalyst loading and methanol to oil ratio have more prominent effect on biodiesel yield. The cost for preparing carbonaceous catalyst support was estimated and observed to be fairly impressive. Thus, Hevea brasiliensis oil (HBO) could be considered as suitable feedstock and flamboyant pods derived carbon as effective catalyst for production of biodiesel.

Biodiesel production from Hevea brasiliensis oil using SO3H-MCM-41 catalyst

The use of Hevea brasiliensis oil (para rubber seed oil) as a biodiesel feedstock was achieved under high pressure in an autoclave reactor using a methyl propyl sulfonic acid-functionalised MCM-41 catalyst (SO3H-MCM-41). Four experimental parameters, namely catalyst loading, reaction time, reaction temperature, and the molar composition of 3-mercaptopropyl(methyl)dimethoxysiloxane, were investigated using the Box–Behnken design. The optimisation model showed good statistical reliability, with a linear correlation coefficient close to 1. Under the optimum reaction conditions (5.06wt% catalyst loading, 120min, 153°C, and 0.266 of MPMDS molar composition), the highest predicted and experimental fatty acid methyl ester yields were 96.6% and 95.5%, respectively. The catalyst was benchmarked against a commercial homogeneous catalyst (H2SO4) and proven to be more effective. Moreover, the catalyst could be reused up to four cycles under the optimum reaction conditions without significant loss of product yield.

Central composite design approach towards optimization of flamboyant pods derived steam activated carbon for its use as heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification of Hevea brasiliensis oil

The present investigation emphasises the preparation of carbon based KOH impregnated heterogeneous catalyst from flamboyant pods (Delonix regia) for the production of biodiesel from novel feedstock Hevea brasiliensis oil (HBO). Initially, carbonized char was physically activated by superheated steam and the process was optimized to study the effects of activation time and temperature by central composite design approach (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). Activated carbon was impregnated with KOH at four different ratios. Biodiesel production process was carried out at constant temperature 60°C, reaction time 1h, and 5g of carbon based catalyst at varying quantities of catalyst loading (0.5, 2, 3.5, 5wt%) and methanol to oil ratio (5:1–20:1). The influence of parameters on the biodiesel yield at varied condition was studied. Maximum yield of 89.3% was obtained at methanol to oil ratio 15:1 and catalyst loading 3.5wt% and corresponding yield at same process parameters was observed to be 88.7% implying the significant activity of catalyst in reutilization. Produced biodiesel was characterized following ASTM standards. The experimental analysis confirmed that the carbonaceous catalyst developed from flamboyant pods under optimized condition is capable of transesterifying HBO into biodiesel.

Preliminary study of rubber seed Hevea brasiliensis oil utilization for tilapia diet

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="Pa2">This research was conducted as a preliminary study on utilization of RBO for Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis </em>sp.) diet by also evaluating its effect on growth the performance. This research used SULTANA strain at average initial body weights of 8.33±0.07 g/ind. Experimental design was set in completely randomized design. Each treatment was done in triplicates. The treatments were various additions of RBO to replace corn oil in the diet, which were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Feeding rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, fat retention, specific growth rate, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and hematology were used as evaluating parameters. The results showed that the growth performance, blood chemistry and hematology of fish decreased as the increasing of RBO level in the diet. These are caused by feed intake decreased significantly, which were 583.5 g to 145.6 g of treatments 0% to 100% RBO. Blood glucose, haemoglobin and specific growth of fish in the treatment of 0–100% RBO were 48.7–22.2 mg/dL, 7.6–5.4%, and 3.5–0.8%, respectively. The lowest survival was observed in fish fed 100% RBO (66.7%). Fish growth performance of 0% RBO was the best, so RBO could not be utilized yet as a source of fatty acid or corn oil replacement in tilapia diet.</p><p class="Default"> </p><p>Keywords: free radical, HCN, <em>Oreochromis </em>sp., rubber seed oil</p><br /><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="Pa2">Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai studi awal pemanfaatan minyak biji karet (MBK) untuk pakan ikan nila dan mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ikan nila. Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan nila strain SULTANA dengan bobot awal rata-rata 8,33±0,07 g/ind. Penelitian didesain dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji berbagai sumbangan MBK untuk mengganti minyak jagung dalam pakan, yaitu 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%. Selama pemeliharaan, beberapa parameter yang diukur adalah jumlah konsumsi pakan, efisiensi pakan, retensi protein, retensi lemak, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, glukosa, kolesterol, trigliserida, <em>high-density lipoprotein </em>(HDL), dan gambaran darah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kinerja pertumbuhan, kimia darah dan gambaran darah ikan semakin menurun seiring dengan penambahan MBK dalam pakan. Hal ini disebabkan semakin menurunnya jumlah konsumsi pakan secara signifikan, yaitu 583,5 g menjadi 145,7 g dari perlakuan 0% ke 100% MBK. Glukosa darah, hemoglobin dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik ikan pada perlakuan 0–100% MBK masing-masing adalah 48,7–22,2 mg/dL, 7,6–5,4% dan 3,5–0,8%. Sintasan ikan terendah terjadi pada perlakuan 100% MBK, yaitu 66,7%. Kinerja pertumbuhan pada perlakuan 0% MBK adalah yang paling baik sehingga MBK belum dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber lemak menggantikan minyak jagung pada pakan ikan nila.</p><p class="Default"> </p><p class="Pa2">Kata kunci: radikal bebas, HCN, <em>Oreochromis </em>sp., minyak biji karet</p>