Heteroleptic Tris Research Articles

Heteroleptic Rare-Earth Tris(metallocenes) Containing a Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Dianion.

Isolable heteroleptic tris(metallocenes) containing five-membered and larger rings remain extremely scarce. The utilization of tripositive rare-earth-metal ions with ionic radii >1 Å allowed access to unprecedented and sterically congested dibenzocyclooctatetraenyl (dbCOT) metallocenes, [K(crypt-222)][Cptet2RE(η2-dbCOT)] (RE = Y (1), Dy (2); Cptet = tetramethylcyclopentadienyl), through a salt metathesis reaction involving Cptet2RE(BPh4) and the potassium salt of the dbCOT dianion. The solid-state structures were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and IR spectroscopy and provided evidence for the first crystallographically characterized (dbCOT)2- anion in a complex containing d- or f-block metals. Remarkably, the (Cptet)- ligands force a distortion from planarity within the (dbCOT)2- moiety, engendering a rare η2-bonding motif, as opposed to the classical η8 conformation observed in complexes bearing a (COT)2- ion. The η2 coordination mode was proven crystallographically between 100 and 298 K and computationally (DFT and NBO). Furthermore, nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations uncovered significant ring current within the dbCOT ligand. The solution-state properties of 1 and 2 were analyzed via cyclic voltammetry, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammograms of 1 and 2 exhibit a quasi-reversible feature indicating the accessibility of complexes with dbCOT in two oxidation states (dbCOT2-/3-•). Importantly, the dysprosium congener, 2, is a zero-field single-molecule magnet (SMM).

A voltammetry biosensor based on self-assembled layers of a heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) europium triple-decker complex and tyrosinase for catechol detection

A highly efficient enzyme-based sensor was made from a heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) europium triple-decker complex Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2, for the first time. The ITO working electrode was modified by a mixture of hybrid multi-layers consisting of Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2, stearic acid (SA) and tyrosinase (Tyr) (Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2/SA/Tyr-ITO) using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. The microstructure and morphology of the resulting LB films can be characterized by their π–A isotherms, UV–vis absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The experimental results revealed that the triple-decker molecules of Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2 take a H-type molecular stacking mode in both pure and mixed LB film, and the microstructures of films were effectively improved by mixing SA within the triple-decker Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2 molecules. The excellent electrocatalytic effect of the Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2/SA/Tyr LB films, leads to a good linear increase from 5.26 × 10−7 to 2.1 × 10−4 M for catechol. It also leads to an excellent sensitivity of 2.19 μA/μM, and a detection limits of 6.29 × 10−8 M (S/N = 3) of catehol at the oxidation peak, achieving best catechol sensing performance among the phthalocyanine-based biosensing mediators. The reduction peak also showed a good linear increase from 5.26 × 10−7 to 1.60 × 10−4 M for catechol with a sensitivity of 0.615 μA/μM, and a detection limit of 1.69 × 10−7 M (S/N = 3). Moreover, the Eu2(Pc)[Pc(OPh)8]2/SA/Tyr-ITO electrode are easy to reproduce, stable and resistant to interference when it comes to detection for catehol, and this indicates great potential of industrial application of tris(phthalocyaninato) rare earth complexes in ultrasensitive and specific biosensors.

Ceric Cyclopentadienides Bearing Alkoxy, Aryloxy, Chlorido, or Iodido Co-Ligands.

A series of heteroleptic tris(cyclopentadienyl) CeIV complexes has been isolated and crystallographically characterized, revealing the broad accessibility of such organocerium(IV) compounds. The oxidation of complexes CpMe3 Ce(thf) and Cp'3 Ce(thf) (CpMe =C5 H4 Me, Cp'=C5 H4 SiMe3 ), bearing monosubstituted electron-poor cyclopentadienyl ligands, with 0.5 equivalents of 1,4-benzoquinone or C2 Cl6 gave the cerium(IV) hydroquinolate complexes CpMe3 Ce(OC6 H4 O)CeCpMe3 and Cp'3 Ce(OC6 H4 O)CeCp'3 , or the chloride complexes CpMe3 CeCl and Cp'3 CeCl, respectively; the iodide complex Cp'3 CeI was obtained from the reaction of Cp'3 Ce(thf) with elemental iodine. The behavior of Cp'3 CeCl in salt metathesis protocols employing alkali metal amides or alkyl, alkoxide, and aryloxide reagents was investigated, which gave rise to the robust and isolable cerium(IV) alkoxide Cp'3 Ce(OtBu). Trivalent [Cp'2 CeCl]2 was synthesized by AlMe4 →Cl exchange utilizing Cp'2 Ce(AlMe4 ) and AlMe2 Cl. The reactivity of [Cp'2 CeCl]2 towards the oxidants Ph3 CCl, C2 Cl6 , 1,4-benzoquinone, and I2 has been assessed, and has provided useful information on CeIII /CeIV redox deactivation pathways. In addition to X-ray structure analysis, all the complexes were characterized by NMR, DRIFT (diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform), and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. The tetravalent compounds were further analyzed for their magnetic susceptibility by using Evans' method.

Impact of the coordination environment on the magnetic properties of single-molecule magnets based on homo- and hetero-dinuclear terbium(iii) heteroleptic tris(crownphthalocyaninate).

A series of Tb(III) triple-decker heteroleptic crownphthalocyaninate complexes consisting of a homodinuclear compound [(15C5)4Pc]Tb[(15C5)4Pc]Tb(Pc) (), and two novel heterodinuclear compounds [(15C5)4Pc]Tb[(15C5)4Pc]Y(Pc), () and [(15C5)4Pc]Y[(15C5)4Pc]Tb(Pc) (), have been synthesized. All compounds were characterised using UV-Vis spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, followed by exploration into the effects of lanthanide coupling and ligand field symmetry on the magnetic properties of these complexes using SQUID magnetometry. Magnetic measurements on the homonuclear Tb(III) complex () displayed non-negligible ferromagnetic coupling between magnetic ions, eliciting a high zero-field energetic barrier to the magnetic relaxation of Ueff = 229.9(0) K, while the heteronuclear Tb(III)/Y(III) complexes displayed single-ion field-induced slow relaxation of the magnetization; yielding energetic barriers of Ueff = 129.8(0) K for , and 169.1(8) K for .

Heteroleptic chromium(III) tris(diimine) [Cr(N^N)2(N′^N′)]3 + complexes

A series of heteroleptic tris(diimine) complexes of chromium(III) is reported and the crystal structures of {4[Cr(bpy)2(phen)][PF6]3}·11MeCN and 4[Cr(4,4′-Me2bpy)2(bpy)][PF6]3}·12MeCN·H2O are described. The combined effects of a 1:3 cation: anion ratio and lattice solvent molecules are discussed, in particular in the context of the influence on intercation embraces. The presence of the methyl substituents in {4[Cr(4,4′-Me2bpy)2(bpy)][PF6]3}·12MeCN·H2O results in Me–πbpy contacts becoming the dominant packing interactions and in the assembly of motifs distinct from those in {4[Cr(bpy)2(phen)][PF6]3}·11MeCN.

Exploring excited-state tunability in luminescent tris-cyclometalated platinum(IV) complexes: synthesis of heteroleptic derivatives and computational calculations.

The synthesis, structure, electrochemistry, and photophysical properties of a series of heteroleptic tris- cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes are reported. The complexes mer-[Pt(C^N)2 (C'^N')]OTf, with C^N=C-deprotonated 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy) or 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), and C'^N'=C-deprotonated 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine (thpy) or 1-phenylisoquinoline (piq), were obtained by reacting bis- cyclometalated precursors [Pt(C^N)2 Cl2] with AgOTf (2 equiv) and an excess of the N'^C'H pro-ligand. The complex mer-[Pt(dfppy)2 (ppy)]OTf was obtained analogously and photoisomerized to its fac counterpart. The new complexes display long-lived luminescence at room temperature in the blue to orange color range. The emitting states involve electronic transitions almost exclusively localized on the ligand with the lowest π-π* energy gap and have very little metal character. DFT and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations on mer-[Pt(ppy)2 (C'^N')](+) (C'^N'=thpy, piq) and mer/fac-[Pt(ppy)3](+) support this assignment and provide a basis for the understanding of the luminescence of tris-cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes. Excited states of LMCT character may become thermally accessible from the emitting state in the mer isomers containing dfppy or ppy as chromophoric ligands, leading to strong nonradiative deactivation. This effect does not operate in the fac isomers or the mer complexes containing thpy or piq, for which nonradiative deactivation originates mainly from vibrational coupling to the ground state.

Luminescent Heteroleptic Tris(dipyrrinato)indium(III) Complexes

To provide an improvement over the low fluorescence efficiencies often shown by homoleptic tris(dipyrrinato)indium(III) complexes, luminescent heteroleptic tris(dipyrrinato)indium(III) complexes bearing two types of dipyrrinato ligands are designed here by theoretical calculation and then synthesized. They possess frontier orbitals linked to suppression of the nonemissive charge-separated states; one shows a high fluorescence quantum yield (0.41) in toluene, which exceeds that of the corresponding BF2 complex.

Probing the metallating ability of a polybasic sodium alkylmagnesiate supported by a bulky bis(amido) ligand: deprotomagnesiation reactions of nitrogen-based aromatic substrates

Exploring the reactivity of sodium butylmagnesiate reagent [{Na(THF)6}(+){(Ph2Si(NAr*)2)Mg(Bu)(THF)}(-)] (1) supported by the bulky chelating silyl(bisamido) ligand {Ph2Si(NAr*)2}(2-) (Ar* = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3) towards N-methylbenzimidazole (bIm(Me)), pyrrole and 2,6-diisopropylaniline (NH2Ar*), this study provides new insights into the ability of this bimetallic base to facilitate direct Mg-H exchange reactions as well as to exhibit polybasicity. Thus 1 effectively promotes the deprotomagnesiation of bIm(Me) under mild reaction conditions to give the α-metallated intermediate [{Na(THF)5}2(+){(Ph2Si(NAr*)2)Mg(bIm(Me)*)}2(-)] (2) (bIm(Me)* = 2-N-methylbenzimidazolyl). Analysis of crystallographic and NMR data of 2 combined with DFT calculations show that the metallated C in the bIm(Me)* ligands possesses a significant carbenic character. Contrasting with previous studies of benzothiazole (btz), 1 does not react with an excess of bIm(Me) even under forcing refluxing conditions. Contrastingly, the amination reactions of equimolar amounts of 1 with pyrrole and 2,6-diisopropylaniline allowed the isolation of [{(Ph2Si(NAr*)(NHAr*))Mg(NC4H4)2(THF)Na(THF)2}] (3) and [{Na(THF)6}(+){(Ph2Si(NAr*)(NHAr*))Mg(NHAr*)2(THF)}(-)] (4) respectively as crystalline solids. Highlighting the ability of 1 to act as a polybasic reagent, 3 and 4 are formed as the result of the deprotonation of two molecules of the relevant amine via its butyl group and one amido arm of the silyl(bisamido) ligand. Similarly, the reactions of 1 with 3 molar equivalents of the relevant amine yielded homoleptic tris(amido) compounds [(THF)2NaMg(NC4H4)3] (5) and [{Na(THF)6}(+){Mg(NHAr*)3}(-)] (7), with the concomitant formation of bis(amine) Ph2Si(NHAr)2, as a result of the complete amination of 1 using its three basic sites. The structures in the solid state of 3 and 4 were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Despite their similar constitution, these heteroleptic tris(amido)magnesiates adopt contrasting structures, with the former displaying a contacted ion-pair structure, where Na and Mg are connected by two bridging pyrrolyl anions, whereas the latter gives rise to a solvent-separated ion pair motif. To the best of our knowledge 3 represents the first crystallographically characterized magnesium compound containing an anionic non-substituted form of pyrrole. Noticeably, Mg interacts exclusively with the N atoms of the pyrrolyl ligands, forming strong σ-bonds, whereas Na prefers to engage with the π-systems of both NC4-rings.

Rational Synthesis of Heteroleptic Tris(chelate) Ruthenium Complexes [RuII(2-Ph-2′-Py)(L∧L)(L′∧L′)]PF6 by Selective Substitution of the Ligand Trans to the Ruthenated Phenyl Ring

[Ru(N∧N)(MeCN)2(2-Ph-2′-Py)]PF6 (2-Ph-2′-Py = ortho-metalated 2-phenylpyridine, N∧N = phenanthroline, 2,2′-bipyridine), in which one of the nitrogens of the N∧N ligand is bound to Ru trans to the phenyl unit of 2-PhPy, were slowly isomerized (2 days) in refluxing 1,1-dichloroethane/MeCN (9/1) or more rapidly (although with a reduced yield) in the presence of UV light, to afford compounds in which the same N atom was bound to Ru trans to the pyridine of 2-PhPy; these new compounds, in opposition to their well-known isomers, proved to be nicely reactive toward substitution reactions of the MeCN ligands, by other bidentate N-containing ligands such as 4,4′-R2-2,2′-bipyridine (R = H, OMe, COOH) and 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. These results question the exact structure of the already reported heteroleptic tris(chelate) RuII complexes obtained from the same starting material in which the incoming bidentate ligands were incorrectly believed to be bound to the Ru atom at positions trans to N atoms.

Tris(imidazolin-2-ylidene-1-yl)borate Complexes of the Heavier Alkaline Earths: Synthesis and Structural Studies

Heteroleptic tris(imidazolin-2-ylidene-1-yl)borate complexes of the heavier alkaline earth elements calcium, strontium, and barium have been synthesized by deprotonation of boronium salt ligand precursors with [KN(SiMe3)2] in the presence of CaI2, SrI2, or BaI2. Complex formation invariably involved partial B−N bond cleavage of the ligand precursors, leading to the formation of the silylamide complexes [{HB(ImtBu)3}M{N(SiMe3)2}(N-ImtBu)n] (M = Ca, n = 0; Sr, n = 1; Ba, n = 1.5). All three silylamide complexes are stable toward Schlenk-type ligand redistribution in solution and show catalytic activity in the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes. In the case of M = Ca attempts to synthesize heteroleptic halide-containing species led to a 1:9 mixture of monomeric [{HB(ImtBu)3}CaI(THF)] and [{HB(ImtBu)3}CaI(N-ImtBu)] following deprotonation of the boronium salt ligand precursor with [KN(SiMe3)2] in the presence of CaI2 or to dimeric [{HB(ImtBu)3}CaBr]2 when using [Ca{N(SiMe3)2}(THF)2] as both base and calcium source. However, similar reactions with M = Sr resulted in the formation of only homoleptic [{HB(ImtBu)3}2Sr] probably due to the larger ionic radius of the strontium center combined with a less sterically demanding halide co-ligand. X-ray diffraction analyses of all compounds demonstrated in each case that the monoanionic borate ligand coordinates to the alkaline earth metal center in a C3-symmetric facial κ3-binding mode via the three N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) σ-donors.

Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and OFET Properties of Amphiphilic Heteroleptic Tris(phthalocyaninato) Europium(III) Complexes. The Effect of Crown Ether Hydrophilic Substituents

Two amphiphilic heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) europium complexes with hydrophilic crown ether heads and hydrophobic octyloxy tails [Pc(mCn)(4)]Eu[Pc(mCn)(4)]Eu[Pc(OC(8)H(17))(8)] [m = 12, n = 4, H(2)Pc(12C4)(4) = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-tetrakis(12-crown-4)phthalocyanine; m = 18, n = 6, H(2)Pc(18C6)(4) = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-tetrakis(18-crown-6)phthalocyanine; H(2)Pc(OC(8)H(17))(8) = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyanine] (1, 2) were designed and prepared from the reaction between homoleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) europium compound [Pc(mCn)(4)]Eu[Pc(mCn)(4)] (m = 12, n = 4; m = 18, n = 6) and metal-free H(2)Pc(OC(8)H(17))(8) in the presence of Eu(acac)(3).H(2)O (Hacac = acetylacetone) in boiling 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. These novel sandwich triple-decker complexes were characterized by a wide range of spectroscopic methods and electrochemically studied. With the help of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, these typical amphiphilic triple-decker complexes were fabricated into organic field effect transistors (OFET) with top contact configuration on bare SiO(2)/Si substrate, hexamethyldisilazane-treated SiO(2)/Si substrate, and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-treated SiO(2)/Si substrate, respectively. The device performance is revealed to be dependent on the species of crown ether substituents and substrate surface treatment. OFETs fabricated from the triple decker with 12-crown-4 hydrophilic substituents, 1, allow the hole transfer in the direction parallel to the aromatic phthalocyanine rings. In contrast, the devices of a triple-decker compound containing 18-crown-6 as hydrophilic heads, 2, transfer holes in a direction along the long axis of the assembly composed of face-to-face aggregated triple-decker molecules, revealing the effect of molecular structure, specifically the crown ether substituents on the film structure and OFET functional properties. The carrier mobility for hole as high as 0.33 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and current modulation of 7.91 x 10(5) were reached for the devices of triple-decker compound 1 deposited on the OTS-treated SiO(2)/Si substrates, indicating the effect of substrate surface treatment on the OFET performance due to the improvement on the film quality as demonstrated by the atomic force microscope investigation results.

An easy electrochemical and chemical synthesis of [Ru(bpy)(CH3CN)2Cl2]: a synthon for heteroleptic tris(diimine) Ru(ii) complexes

A novel approach for the synthesis of heteroleptic tris(diimine) ruthenium complexes is reported. This strategy is based on the electrochemical or chemical reduction of Ru(iii) precursor complexes in MeCN such as [Ru(bpy)(X)Cl(3)] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; X = MeCN () or MeOH ()). This method allows the preparation with high yield of the highly valuable [Ru(bpy)(MeCN)(2)Cl(2)] synthon (). The full characterization (mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR, absorption spectroscopy and electrochemistry) of [Ru(bpy)(MeCN)(2)Cl(2)] as a pure compound is reported for the first time. Indeed the later was previously only obtained in mixtures with the corresponding tris(acetonitrile) derivative: [Ru(bpy)(MeCN)(3)Cl]Cl. (1)H NMR analysis of indicates that its structure corresponds to the cis(Cl)-cis(MeCN) isomer form. [Ru(bpy)(MeCN)(2)Cl(2)] has been further used to synthesize [Ru(bpy)(Me(2)bpy)Cl(2)] (Me(2)bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) for which X-ray analysis indicates that the two chloride ligands are also in cis position.

Effect of Peripheral Hydrophobic Alkoxy Substitution on the Organic Field Effect Transistor Performance of Amphiphilic Tris(phthalocyaninato) Europium Triple-Decker Complexes

A series of four amphiphilic heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) europium complexes with different lengths of hydrophobic alkoxy substituents on one outer phthalocyanine ligand [Pc(15C5)4]Eu[Pc(15C5)4]Eu[Pc(OCnH(2n+1))8] (n = 4, 6, 10,12) (1, 2, 4, and 5) was designed and prepared. Their film forming and organic field effect transistor properties have been systematically studied in comparison with analogous [Pc(15C5)4]Eu[Pc(15C5)4]Eu[Pc(OC8H17)8] (3). Experimental results showed that all these typical amphiphilic sandwich triple-decker molecules have been fabricated into highly ordered films by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, which displays carrier mobility in the direction parallel to the aromatic phthalocyanine rings in the range of 0.0032-0.60 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) depending on the length of the hydrophobic alkoxy substituents. This is rationalized on the basis of comparative morphology analysis results of the LB films by the atomic force microscopy technique.

Synthesis, Characterization, and OFET Properties of Amphiphilic Heteroleptic Tris(phthalocyaninato) Europium(III) Complexes with Hydrophilic Poly(oxyethylene) Substituents

A series of amphiphilic heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) europium complexes with hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) heads and hydrophobic alkoxy tails {Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8}Eu{Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8}Eu[Pc(OCnH2n + 1)8] (n = 6, 8, 10,12) (1-4) were designed and prepared from the reaction between homoleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) europium compound {Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8}Eu{Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8} and metal-free 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(alkoxy)phthalocyanine H2Pc(OCnH2n + 1)8 (n = 6, 8, 10,12) in the presence of Eu(acac)3.H2O (Hacac = acetylacetone) in boiling 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB). These novel sandwich triple-decker complexes have been characterized by a wide range of spectroscopic methods and have been electrochemically studied. With the help of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, these typical amphiphilic triple-decker complexes have been fabricated into organic field effect transistors (OFET) with an unusual bottom contact configuration. The devices display good OFET performance with the carrier mobility for holes in the direction parallel to the aromatic phthalocyanine rings, which shows dependence on the length of the hydrophobic alkoxy side chains, decreasing from 0.46 for 1 to 0.014 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) for 4 along with the increase in the carbon number in the hydrophobic alkoxy side chains.

Highly efficient solid-state dye-sensitized TiO 2 solar cells via control of retardation of recombination using novel donor-antenna dyes

Two series of heteroleptic tris(bipyridyl)Ru(II) and bis(bipyridyl)(NCS) 2Ru(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. This is a part of a new concept of covalent linkage of donor-antenna groups, e.g., triphenylamine or N, N′-bis(phenyl)- N, N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD) to Ru(II) dye center. For the covalent attachment of donor units, a multi-step synthesis was carried out starting from 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine followed by chlorination and Wittig reaction with donor aldehydes. This was followed either by a metallation reaction using bis(4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl)Ru(II)dichloride ((bpy(COOH) 2Ru(II)2Cl 2 2H 2O) as precursor to get tris(bipyridyl) dyes or by a one pot synthesis starting from dichloro( p-cymene)Ru(II) dimer resulting in bis(bipyridyl)(NCS) 2 dyes. The complexes (bpy(COOH) 2) 2(bpyMe 2)Ru(II) 2PF 6 and (bpy(COOH) 2)(bpyMe 2)(NCS) 2Ru(II) without donor-antenna groups were also prepared to study and compare the properties. The influence of donor-antenna groups in these complexes was studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The heteroleptic complexes carrying donor groups show appreciably broad absorption ranges and extraordinarily high extinction coefficients. These high extinction coefficients are explained as due to the extended delocalization of π-electrons in the donor-antenna ligands. The HOMO/LUMO energy values obtained from cyclic voltammetry support the multi-step charge transfer cascade possible in these donor-antenna dyes. Examples of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell utilizing these novel donor-antenna dyes revealed spectacular performances of power conversion efficiencies of up to 3.4%, for the dye carrying a TPD donor group as measured under AM 1.5 spectral conditions. This is attributed to highly efficient light harvesting of these novel dyes and the improved charge transfer dynamics at TiO 2–dye and dye–hole conductor interfaces.

Preferred Bonding Motif for Indium Aminoethanethiolate Complexes: Structural Characterization of (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InX/SR (X = Cl, I; R = 4-MeC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4)

The metathesis reaction of InCl3 with Me2NCH2CH2SNa or the redox reaction of indium metal with elemental iodine and the disulfide (Me2NCH2CH2S)2 yield the indium bis(thiolate) complexes (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InX [X = Cl (3) and I (4)], respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 may be further reacted with the appropriate sodium thiolate salts to afford the heteroleptic tris(thiolate) complexes (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InSR [R = 4-MeC6H4 (5), 4-MeOC6H4 (6), and Pr (7)]. Reaction of 2,6-Me2C6H3SNa with 4 affords (Me2NCH2CH2S)2InS(2,6-Me2C6H3) (8), while no reaction is observed with 3, suggesting a greater reactivity for 4. All isolated compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, melting point, and Fourier transform IR and 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopies. X-ray crystallographic analyses of 3-6 show a bicyclic arrangement and a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry for In in all cases. The two sulfur and one halogen (3 and 4) or three sulfur (5 and 6) atoms occupy equatorial positions, while the nitrogen atoms of the chelating (dimethylamino)ethanethiolate ligands occupy the axial positions. The metric parameters of the (Me2NCH2CH2S)2In framework were found to change minimally upon variation of the X/SR ligand, while the solubility of the corresponding compounds in organic solvents varied greatly. 1H NMR studies in D2O showed that 6 and 7 react slowly with an excess of the tripeptide l-glutathione and that the rate of reaction is affected by the pendant thiolate ligand -SR.

Synthesis, Spectra and Electrochemistry of Dinitro-bis-{1-alkyl-2-(arylazo) imidazole} Ruthenium(II). Nitro-nitroso Derivatives and Reactivity of the Electrophilic {Ru-NO}6System

Ag+ assisted aquation of blue cis-trans-cis-RuCl2(RaaiR′)2 (4–6) leads to the synthesis of solvento species, blue-violet cis-trans-cis-[Ru(OH2)2(RaaiR′)2](ClO4)2 [Raai R′=p-R-C6H4 N=N–C3H2–NN–1–R′, (1–3), abbreviated as N,N′-chelator, where N(imidazole) and N(azo) represent N and N′, respectively; R = H (a), OMe (b), NO2 (c) and R′ = Me (1/4/7/10), CH2CH3 (2/5/8/11), CH2Ph (3/6/9/12)] that have been reacted with NO 2 − in warm EtOH resulting in violet dinitro complexes of the type, Ru(NO2)2(RaaiR′)2 (7–9). The nitrite complexes are useful synthons of electrophilic nitrosyls, and on triturating the compounds, (7b–9b) with conc. HClO4 nitro-nitrosyl derivatives, [Ru(NO2)(NO)(OMeaaiR′)2](ClO4)2 (10b–12b) are isolated. The solution structure and stereoretentive transformation in each step have been established from 1H n.m.r. results. All the complexes exhibit strong MLCT transitions in the visible region. They are redox active and display one metal-centred oxidation and successive ligand-based reductions. The redox potentials of Ru(III)/Ru(II) (E 1/2 M ) of (10b–12b) are anodically shifted by ~ 0.2 V as compared to those of dinitro precursors, (7b–9b). The ν(NO) >1900 cm−1 strongly suggests the presence of linear Ru–NO bonding. The electrophilic behaviour of metal bound nitrosyl has been proved in one case (12b) by reacting with a bicyclic ketone, camphor, containing an active methylene group and an arylhydrazone with an active methine group, and the heteroleptic tris chelates thus formed have been characterised.

Aggregation Behavior of Heteroleptic Tris(phthalocyaninato) Dysprosium Complexes with Different Alkoxy Chains in Monolayer or Multilayer Solid Films

Three heteroleptic tris(phathlocyaninato) dysprosium triple-decker complexes with different alkoxy groups at the peripheral positions of the medium phthalocyanine ligand (Pc)Dy[Pc(OCnH(2n+1))8]Dy(Pc) (n = 4, 8, 16) (I-III) {Pc = unsubstituted phthalocyaninate; Pc(OC4H9)8 = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(butyloxy)phthalocyaninate; Pc(OC8H17)8 = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyaninate; Pc(OC16H33)8 = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(hexadecyloxy)phthalocyaninate} have been synthesized, and their aggregate behaviors in monolayer and multilayer solid films have been comparatively studied. The pure compounds and their 1:4 mixtures with stearic acid (SA) have been found to form a stable monolayer at the air/water interface with a tilted edge-on orientation of (Pc)Dy[Pc(OCnH(2n+1))8]Dy(Pc) molecules. In the pure monolayers of the three triple-decker compounds, wirelike molecular aggregates were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Adding SA has been found to prevent triple-decker compounds (Pc)Dy[Pc(OC4H9)8]Dy(Pc) (I) and (Pc)Dy[Pc(OC8H17)8]Dy(Pc) (II) from forming large aggregates, and small domains with a diameter of ca. 10 nm were observed in the mixed monolayers. HRTEM studies revealed that two crystalline phases with rectangular and hexagonal lattice structure are present in the small domains. However, both pi-A isotherms and HRTEM studies indicated that the mixed monolayer of compound (Pc)Dy[Pc(OC16H33)8]Dy(Pc) (III) with SA did not show a difference from the corresponding pure monolayer. The SA molecules were pressed into the cavity above the phthalocyanine ring formed by the eight long hexadecyloxy side chains of the medium macrocycle ligand in III. The multilayer LB films of all of these triple deckers fabricated by the vertical dipping method showed very good layered structure as revealed by the multiple-order diffraction peaks in low-angle X-ray diffraction (LAXRD) patterns.

Synthetic, Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Studies of Heteroleptic Tris(phthalocyaninato) Rare Earth Complexes

AbstractThree heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) rare‐earth triple‐decker complexes [(Pc)M(Pc)M{Pc(α‐OC5H11)4}] [M = Sm, Gd, Lu; Pc = phthalocyaninate; Pc(α‐OC5H11)4 = 1,8,15,22‐tetrakis(3‐pentyloxy)phthalocyaninate] have been prepared as racemic mixtures by treating [M{Pc(α‐OC5H11)4}(acac)], generated in situ, with the bis(phthalocyaninato) rare‐earth double‐decker complex [M(Pc)2] in refluxing n‐octanol. The molecular structures of the gadolinium and lutetium complexes have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, both of which adopt the asymmetrical structure [(Pc)M(Pc)M{Pc(α‐OC5H11)4}]. The outer Pc and Pc(α‐OC5H11)4 rings are significantly domed, while the inner Pc ring is essentially planar. The ring‐to‐ring separation between the two adjacent Pc rings, as defined by the two N4 mean planes, diminishes from [(Pc)Gd(Pc)Gd{Pc(α‐OC5H11)4}] to [(Pc)Lu(Pc)Lu{Pc(α‐OC5H11)4}] as a result of the smaller LuIII ion. The decreased molecular symmetry for these complexes has also been revealed by the NMR spectra of the samarium and lutetium analogs, in which four sets of signals appear for the inner Pc ring protons due to the special disposition of the neighboring Pc(α‐OC5H11)4 ring. Electrochemical studies have revealed four one‐electron oxidations and up to five one‐electron reductions for these complexes. The dependence of the phthalocyanine Q band as well as the first and second oxidation potentials on the size of the metal center indicates that substantial π‐π interactions are present in these compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)

Electrochemistry of Heteroleptic Tris(phthalocyaninato) Rare Earth(III) Complexes

AbstractThe electrochemical characteristics of a series of heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) complexes with identical rare earths or mixed rare earths (Pc)M(OOPc)M(OOPc) [M = Eu...Lu, Y; H2Pc = unsubstituted phthalocyanine, H2(OOPc) = 3,4,12,13,21,22,30,31‐octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyanine] and (Pc)Eu(OOPc)Er(OOPc) have been recorded and studied comparatively by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in CH2Cl2 containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). Up to five quasi‐reversible one‐electron oxidations and four one‐electron reductions have been revealed. The half‐wave potentials of the first, second and fifth oxidations depend on the size of the metal center, but the fifth changes in the opposite direction to that of the first two. Moreover, the difference in redox potentials of the first oxidation and first reduction for (Pc)M(OOPc)M(OOPc), 0.85−0.98 V, also decreases linearly along with decreasing rare earth ion radius, clearly showing the rare earth ion size effect and indicating enhanced π−π interactions in the triple‐deckers connected by smaller lanthanides. This order follows the red‐shift seen in the lowest energy band of triple‐decker compounds. The electronic differences between the lanthanides and yttrium are more apparent for triple‐decker sandwich complexes than for the analogous double‐deckers. By comparing triple‐decker, double‐decker and mononuclear [ZnII] complexes containing the OOPc ligand, the HOMO−LUMO gap has been shown to contract approximately linearly with the number of stacked phthalocyanine ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)