Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

A comprehensive survey on QoS for video transmission in heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network

AbstractMajor challenging issue in H‐MANETs (Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc Networks) is video transmission because it gets affected due to various factors like dynamic change in topology, interference, node mobility, collusion, and so on. Periodic connection is caused by the topology dynamic change, which leads to significant packet loss. Advancements provide the technical basis for video streaming over H‐MANETs in wireless networking and mobile devices. And efforts to achieve video transmission via H‐MANETs have run into some barriers, which have been overcome in various ways. Nonetheless, H‐MANETs are essential to provide video transmission certainty and quality provisioning. Due to the limited resources, the unreliability of wireless links, node mobility, and heterogeneity, establishing video streaming or enabling real‐time multimedia applications over H‐MANET with acceptable QoS (quality of service) poses several issues. The article's main goal is to survey QoS‐based video transmission in H‐MANETs. This study discusses the video transmission method in H‐MANET and the importance of the QoS that may be used for video transmission in H‐MANET. Various routing protocols and existing methodologies to improve QoS for video transmission in H‐MANET are discussed. In addition, the impact of delay in video transmission over H‐MANET has been discussed. Several obstacles and issues have been highlighted in providing QoS for video transmission in H‐MANET. From 2013 to 2021, a systematic literature review (SLR) is done for QoS‐based video transmission in the H‐MANET. This survey systematically gives the technical direction for research on QoS‐based video transmission and discusses potential future aspects.

Queue Length and Mobility aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Network

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is different from other wireless networks in many ways. One of the key differences is that a MANET is a multihop wireless network,i.e., a routing path is composed of intermediate mobile nodes and wireless links connecting them. In this paper, heterogeneous Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (H-MANETs) are considered. H-MANETs are composed of nodes with different transmission range. We propose an improvement of AODV protocol called AMAODV (Adaptative Mobility aware AODV). This protocol is based on new metric combine more routing metrics (distance, relative velocity, queue length and hop count) between each node and one hop neighbor. Which permits to avoid losing route. Through the simulation, it is confirmed that this improvement has higher packet delivery ratio and less average end-to-end delay than basic AODV protocol.

Enlightening Enactment of Cooperative Communication in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Surroundings

Enlightening Enactment of Cooperative Communication in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Surroundings

An Energy Constraint Approach to Improve Lifetime and Reduce Routing Overhead in Heterogeneous MANET

Heterogeneous Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (H-MANET) contain different configuration nodes, each of which communicates over a wireless channel and is capable of movement. Heterogeneous wireless networking has attracted lot of interest from consumers in the previous few years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. One of the main constraints in MANET is the high probability of failure due to energy-exhausted nodes. So if the path selected for communication has low battery life then the path breaks prematurely and the re-discovery phase starts, which costs more overhead in the network. Therefore, there is unequal consumption of node energy, which must be prevented. The energy expenditure of the nodes should be balanced in order to minimize path breakage. This can be done by finding the communication path that is the most energy-efficient among alternative disjoint paths. This approach reduces path breakage and routing overhead caused by nodes with low battery life dying in the communication path, thus increasing the network’s lifetime.

Performance of AODV Protocol for H-MANETs

As per need of recent applications, new research aspects related to scalability, heterogeneity, and power consumption have been arisen. These problems are supposed to be fixed for better utilization of MANETs. MANET nodes interact through multi-hop routing. AODV is a commonly used on-demand protocol for routing in MANETs. In the existing literature, AODV has been analyzed a number of times but heterogeneity of the nodes has not been addressed. Heterogeneity may be defined as diversity among the nodes in resources or capability. The environment is usually heterogeneous in case of constraint fluid dynamic environment of MANET. In this paper we are analyzing the routing performance as well as energy efficient behavior of AODV routing protocol in both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANETs (H-MANETs), using performance parameters like ratio of delivered packets, throughput, average delay, average power consumption, energy of alive nodes, etc. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different initial energy for all the nodes, unlike the homogeneous scenario. The simulation work has been done using network simulator (NS-2). This work will be helpful to get insight of effects of heterogeneity on energy efficiency and other performance metrics of AODV.

A Cluster Based Intrusion Detection System for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Network

A Cluster Based Intrusion Detection System for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Network

SECURE AND INTELLIGENT POWER MANAGEMENT SCHEMA FOR HETEROGENOUS DISTRIBUTED WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR NETWORKS

For wireless multimedia sensor networks, very large number of sensor nodes are being used having different types sensing capability in order to gather various types of data from different environments. For multimedia type applications, considering its huge data volume structure, it is necessary to provide reliable and fair protocols in order to meet its specific requirements of quality of service demands in regard to manage them. To persist the system lifetime of wireless multimedia sensor networks, it is necessary to perform adjustments to maintain transmission rate and to manage traffic congestion In addition, scheme needs an effectively control mechanism for handling different data transmission with maintained quality of service for system without compromising security services. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy system based efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous distributed sensor mobile ad-hoc networks technique that aims to improve routing protocols by considering both energy and security. We developed fuzzy logic controller that trace route by ant path search algorithm and implement security by using a novel hash function. Finally, we simulated and compared the proposed protocol with the some existing one where, analysis and verification results shows that proposed scheme has good service merits.

He-SERIeS: An inventive communication model for data offloading in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the dynamic infrastructure-less network that contains a heterogeneous wireless mobile devices. There are several issues that can occur in MANET such as limited bandwidth, dynamic topology, routing overhead, and battery constraints. In this paper, the heterogeneous MANET comprising of different MAC layer protocols are considered. The problems faced by the Heterogeneous Secure-dEed-Reflection-Inducement-eState (He-SERIeS) algorithm are scalability and offloading. In order to resolve these challenges of the existing SERIeS algorithm, a He-SERIeS algorithm is designed. The Cluster Head (CH) is elected using the on-demand clustering algorithm and the nodes with similar requirements are clustered into a distinct cluster using the similarity measure algorithm. The auxiliary key management schemes such as MD5 and SHA1 are used to predict the faulty nodes. The performance of the proposed He-SERIeS algorithm is analyzed with the existing algorithms such as Random Cache (RC), Centrality based Cache (CC), Set Cover Based Caching (SCBC) and SERIeS algorithm. The metrics used for comparison are throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, replication overhead and offloading ratio. The proposed scheme achieved 92.8% PDR, a high throughput of 96.6% and a high offloading ratio of 0.532, less replication overhead, and end-to-end delay.

Energy consumption pattern and scalability of routing protocols for heterogeneous MANETs

Routing proposals in MANETs have been implemented and tested considering homogeneous environment where nodes have equal capabilities and responsibilities to perform. These assumptions are not helpful to realise the actual performance of the routing protocols. Therefore, existing routing protocols should be tested and benchmarked for heterogeneous MANETs (H-MANETs). In this paper, an analysis of AODV, DSR, AOMDV and CBRP protocols is done. The efficacy of these protocols has been judged for varying network size and varying traffic for H-MANETs. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different random initial energy values given to each node. The performance analysis has been done using network simulator (NS-2) for various important performance parameters. Results show that CBRP as compare to other protocols performs better and as a second choice, especially for large traffic, AOMDV is the best protocol. This work is useful for the judicious and sensible selection of the base routing protocol.

Capacity-Optimized Access Scheduling Control for Heterogeneous MANETs with MIMO Links

Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technique can significantly improve transmission reliability and bandwidth efficiency in wireless networks. However, many upper layer aspects of MIMO links, especially in mobile networks with heterogeneous antennas and strong interference environments, need further investigation. In this paper, we study its impact on medium access and network capacity. Since MIMO links can enhance physical layer capacity and co-channel interference suppression that affects network access scheduling directly, we develop a capacity-optimized access scheduling control (COASC) scheme for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with MIMO links. We formulate the distributed scheduling taking the key of optimization into design to improve the network capacity and transmission reliability. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Energy consumption pattern and scalability of routing protocols for heterogeneous MANETs

Routing proposals in MANETs have been implemented and tested considering homogeneous environment where nodes have equal capabilities and responsibilities to perform. These assumptions are not helpful to realise the actual performance of the routing protocols. Therefore, existing routing protocols should be tested and benchmarked for heterogeneous MANETs H-MANETs. In this paper, an analysis of AODV, DSR, AOMDV and CBRP protocols is done. The efficacy of these protocols has been judged for varying network size and varying traffic for H-MANETs. Heterogeneity has been introduced in terms of different random initial energy values given to each node. The performance analysis has been done using network simulator NS-2 for various important performance parameters. Results show that CBRP as compare to other protocols performs better and as a second choice, especially for large traffic, AOMDV is the best protocol. This work is useful for the judicious and sensible selection of the base routing protocol.

English

English

SCIDR: A Scalable Cluster based Inter-Domain Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous MANET

The area of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has already been a topic of attention from past decade among the research community owing to its potential communication advantages as well as issues associated with it. However, the cases of inter-domain routing in the MANET have challenges furthermore compared to conventional MANET system. Border gateway protocol cannot be applied to support interdomain routing in mobile ad-hoc network as it cannot support the dynamic behavior of MANET. Hence, the this paper proposes a novel technique called as SCIDR-Scalable Cluster based Inter-domain Routing that is meant exclusively for heterogeneous MANET system. SCIDR is designed on a totally different principle compared to standard CIDR protocol, where CSI-Channel State Information, as well as channel correlation factor, are introduced to leverage further outcomes. For the first time, extensive performance parameters are used to benchmark the proposed system that ensures effective scalability.

Power Aware Mobility Management of M2M for IoT Communications

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications framework is evolving to sustain faster networks with the potential to connect millions of devices in the following years. M2M is one of the essential competences for implementing Internet of Things (IoT). Therefore, various organizations are now focusing on enhancing improvements into their standards to support M2M communications. Thus, Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Network (HetMANET) can normally be considered appropriate for M2M challenges. These challenges incorporated when a mobile node (MN) selects a target network in an energy efficient scanning for efficient handover. Therefore, to cope with these constraints, we proposed a vertical handover scheme for handover triggering and selection of an appropriate network. The proposed scheme is composed of two phases. Firstly, the MNs perform handover triggering based on the optimization of the Receive Signal Strength (RSS) from an access point/base station (AP/BS). Secondly, the network selection process is performed by considering the cost and energy consumption of a particular application during handover. Moreover, if there are more networks available, then the MN selects the one provided with the highest quality of service (QoS). The decision regarding the selection of available networks is made on three metrics, that is, cost, energy, and data rate. Furthermore, the selection of an AP/BS of the selected network is made on five parameters: delay, jitter, Bit Error Rate (BER), communication cost, and response time. The numerical and experimental results are compared in the context of energy consumption by an MN, traffic management on an AP/BS, and QoS of the available networks. The proposed scheme efficiently optimizes the handoff related parameters, and it shows significant improvement in the existing models used for similar purpose.

An Inter-Domain Routing Protocol Based on Autonomous Clustering for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

An Inter-Domain Routing Protocol Based on Autonomous Clustering for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

On the performance of heterogeneous MANETs

Recent decades have witnessed the birth of major applications of wireless communication technology, further supported by the increasing capabilities of portable devices, low cost and ubiquitous presence. Despite radio technology diversity, a great deal of existing research focuses on a single and isolated wireless technology at a time, where homogeneous elements are identified by IP addresses. This work presents a heterogeneous technology routing (HTR) Framework, targeted towards scenarios where the heterogeneity of devices and networking technologies is present. Our contribution is many fold. It consists of a framework, which encompasses a process for bootstrapping networks, a routing protocol capable of dealing with multiple network interfaces, and a tuning with multipath extensions. We evaluate the performance of the bootstrap, routing and multipath mechanisms by way of simulation and an actual testbed implementation. The multipath evaluation simulates HTR networks with WiMAX, 3GPP LTE and Wi-Fi support. Results show that our proposal can effectively improve the data delivery ratio for ad-hoc networks and that it reduces the end-to-end delay without major impact on network energy consumption. As part of HTR tuning, we investigate next the impacts of tuning the HELLO refresh interval timer on route convergence and its subsequent energy consumption reduction during this phase. We also compare our tuned HTR with the widely used optimized link state routing protocol. Results show that varying the HELLO refresh interval can improve the convergence time and reduce the energy consumption without major impact on network behavior. Our proposal also includes a new distributed address allocation algorithm, namely, the dynamic node configuration protocol (DNCP). This paper conducts a comparative analysis between the Prime, Prophet and the DNCP schemes using static and dynamic topologies in terms of network setup time, energy consumption and control message overhead. Results show that the DNCP had a lower battery power consumption and less control message overhead while it slightly suffers with regard to setup.

A Loose-Virtual-Clustering-Based Routing for Power Heterogeneous MANETs

Power heterogeneity is common in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). With high-power nodes, MANETs can improve network scalability, connectivity, and broadcasting robustness. However, the throughput of power heterogeneous MANETs can be severely impacted by high-power nodes. To address this issue, we present a loose-virtual-clustering-based (LVC) routing protocol for power heterogeneous (LRPH) MANETs. To explore the advantages of high-power nodes, we develop an LVC algorithm to construct a hierarchical network and to eliminate unidirectional links. To reduce the interference raised by high-power nodes, we develop routing algorithms to avoid packet forwarding via high-power nodes. Via the combination of analytical modeling, simulations, and real-world experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of LRPH on improving the performance of power heterogeneous MANETs.

Reliable Geographic Routing Protocol (RGRP) towards Improving Quality of Service (QoS) in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Developing Quality of Service (QoS) aware routing protocol is an ever demanding task for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). This research aims in developing Reliable Geographic Routing Protocol (RGRP) towards improving Quality of Service (QoS) in heterogeneous MANET. RGRP is an adaptive on-demand geographic routing protocol which builds efficient paths based on the need of user applications and adapt to various scenarios to provide efficient and reliable routing. To lessen the impact due to inaccurate local topology knowledge, the topology information is updated at a node in a periodic manner based on network dynamics and traffic demand. On-demand routing mechanism is used in order to reduce control overhead compared to the proactive schemes which are normally adopted in current geographic routing protocols. The QoS metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, overhead, packets drop are taken for comparison with Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. NS2 is used for simulation and the results proved that the proposed RGRP outperforms AODV in all aspects such as improved throughput, packet delivery ratio and decreased delay, overhead.

Secured Reliable Multipath Routing Protocol (SRMRP) using Trust Computation and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Intimation (CSMA/CI) for Heterogeneous IP-based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Secured Reliable Multipath Routing Protocol (SRMRP) using Trust Computation and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Intimation (CSMA/CI) for Heterogeneous IP-based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

QoS Aware Reliable Cluster based Routing Protocol (QoS-RCBRP) for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

QoS Aware Reliable Cluster based Routing Protocol (QoS-RCBRP) for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks