Heterogeneous Lists Research Articles

Plant Conservation in the Midst of Energy Transition: Can Regional Governments Rise to the Challenge?

Within the expanding wind energy projects context, this study explores the intricate relationship between biodiversity conservation and wind power development in the Cantabrian Mountains. By analyzing data from 1107 UTM grids measuring 10 × 10 km, we have identified 378 endangered vascular plant taxa and 36 bryophytes, including 135 that are regional endemics. Wind power complexes pose a significant risk of irreversible impacts on plant conservation zones and their integrity if proper management informed by the best available scientific knowledge is not implemented. This study introduces the concept of very important plant areas (VIPAs) as a crucial tool for identifying priority conservation areas. A total of 60% of the UTM grids were classified in the “high conservation value” category. Among the endangered species within the region, only 11% are afforded protection at the European level and 17% at the national level, leaving a key role for regional governments with heterogeneous lists. Our findings highlight the urgent need for legislation that accommodates updates to protected species lists, ensuring the inclusion of high-risk taxa and legally binding mechanisms at various administrative tiers. The proposed method relies on quantifiable and repeatable criteria, making it adaptable for application in other territories and for broader land use planning purposes.

The Role of Task-Specific Response Strategies in Blocked-Cyclic Naming

In word retrieval, speakers need to select a lexical entry among several co-activated candidates for lexicalization. How a target entry is selected is a matter of ongoing debate. Semantic context effects on naming times, as seen in the blocked-cyclic naming paradigm, are of specific interest to this debate. In the standard version of this paradigm, participants name lists of objects compiled from several repetitions (cycles) of a small set of semantically related objects (homogeneous context) or unrelated objects (heterogeneous context). In the first cycle, participants typically show either no context effect or semantic facilitation. From cycle two onward, they display a stable semantic interference effect that does not increase over cycles. In this review, I demonstrate that the early semantic facilitation effect is only observed consistently in studies that present homogeneous and heterogeneous lists in a blocked fashion. With this design, participants can easily pick up on the categorical relatedness of the items in semantically related contexts and apply this knowledge strategically. In principle, such response strategies can be easily tied in with existing models of lexical selection, but they are incompatible with accounts of semantic context effects that take the semantic facilitation effect in cycle 1 to be a consequence of processes inherent to the lexicalization process. Users of the blocked-cyclic naming paradigm should review their experimental designs carefully regarding potential response strategies. Once these are taken into account, the paradigm can be used to study lexical-semantic encoding in different populations of healthy and also impaired speakers.

Defining Diagnostic Biomarkers Using Shotgun Proteomics and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry.

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF has become a robust and widely used tool to quickly identify any pathogen. In addition to being routinely used in hospitals, it is also useful for low cost dereplication in large scale screening procedures of new environmental isolates for environmental biotechnology or taxonomical applications. Here, I describe how specific biomarkers can be defined using shotgun proteomics and whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Based on MALDI-TOF spectra recorded on a given set of pathogens with internal calibrants, m/z values of interest are extracted. The proteins which contribute to these peaks are deduced from label-free shotgun proteomics measurements carried out on the same sample. Quantitative information based on the spectral count approach allows ranking the most probable candidates. Proteogenomic approaches help to define whether these proteins give the same m/z values along the whole taxon under consideration or result in heterogeneous lists. These specific biomarkers nicely complement conventional profiling approaches and may help to better define groups of organisms, for example at the subspecies level.

Immunophenotype of normal vs. myeloma plasma cells: Toward antibody panel specifications for MRD detection in multiple myeloma.

In recent years, several studies on large series of multiple myeloma (MM) patients have demonstrated the clinical utility of flow cytometry monitoring of minimal residual disease (flow-MRD) in bone marrow (BM), for improved assessment of response to therapy and prognostication. However, disturbing levels of variability exist regarding the specific protocols and antibody panels used in individual laboratories. Overall, consensus exists about the utility of combined assessment of CD38 and CD138 for the identification of BM plasma cells (PC); in contrast, more heterogeneous lists of markers are used to further distinguish between normal/reactive PCs and myeloma PCs in the MRD settings. Among the later markers, CD19, CD45, CD27, and CD81, together with CD56, CD117, CD200, and CD307, have emerged as particularly informative; however, no single marker provides enough specificity for clear discrimination between clonal PCs and normal PCs. Accordingly, multivariate analyses of single PCs from large series of normal/reactive vs. myeloma BM samples have shown that combined assessment of CD138 and CD38, together with CD45, CD19, CD56, CD27, CD81, and CD117 would be ideally suited for MRD monitoring in virtually every MM patient. However, the specific antibody clones, fluorochrome conjugates and sources of the individual markers determines its optimal (vs. suboptimal or poor) performance in an eight-color staining. Assessment of clonality, via additional cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (CyIg) κ vs. CyIgλ evaluation, may contribute to further establish the normal/reactive vs. clonal nature of small suspicious PC populations at high sensitivity levels, provided that enough cells are evaluated.

The effect of orthographic form-cuing on the phonological preparation unit in spoken word production.

Two experiments using the form-preparation paradigm were conducted to investigate the effect of orthographic form-cuing on the phonological preparation unit during spoken word production with native Mandarin speakers. In both experiments, participants were instructed to memorize nine prompt-response monosyllabic word pairs, after which an associative naming session was conducted in which the prompts were presented and participants were asked to say the corresponding response names as quickly and accurately as possible. In both experiments, the response words in the homogeneous lists shared the same onsets, or shared the same rimes; the response names had no common aspects of pronunciation in the heterogeneous lists. Chinese characters (Experiment 1) and Pinyin (phonetic transcription of the characters) (Experiment 2) were used to investigate the effect of the orthographic form. Significant onset facilitation and rime inhibition was shown for Pinyin syllables but not for characters. The contrasts of the onset and rime effect in the two orthographic forms suggest that a specific phonological unit is promoted in spoken word production in a certain orthographic form. Pinyin cued the participants to prepare the onset whereas Chinese characters did not. The rime interference effect may arise as a result of lexical competition in spoken word production.

Instance chains

Type classes have found a wide variety of uses in Haskell programs, from simple overloading of operators (such as equality or ordering) to complex invariants used to implement type-safe heterogeneous lists or limited subtyping. Unfortunately, many of the richer uses of type classes require extensions to the class system that have been incompletely described in the research literature and are not universally accepted within the Haskell community. This paper describes a new type class system, implemented in a prototype tool called ilab , that simplifies and enhances Haskell-style type-class programming. In ilab , we replace overlapping instances with a new feature, instance chains , allowing explicit alternation and failure in instance declarations. We describe a technique for ascribing semantics to type class systems, relating classes, instances, and class constraints (such as kind signatures or functional dependencies) directly to a set-theoretic model of relations on types. Finally, we give a semantics for ilab and describe its implementation.

Mining microarray expression data by literature profiling.

The rapidly expanding fields of genomics and proteomics have prompted the development of computational methods for managing, analyzing and visualizing expression data derived from microarray screening. Nevertheless, the lack of efficient techniques for assessing the biological implications of gene-expression data remains an important obstacle in exploiting this information. To address this need, we have developed a mining technique based on the analysis of literature profiles generated by extracting the frequencies of certain terms from thousands of abstracts stored in the Medline literature database. Terms are then filtered on the basis of both repetitive occurrence and co-occurrence among multiple gene entries. Finally, clustering analysis is performed on the retained frequency values, shaping a coherent picture of the functional relationship among large and heterogeneous lists of genes. Such data treatment also provides information on the nature and pertinence of the associations that were formed. The analysis of patterns of term occurrence in abstracts constitutes a means of exploring the biological significance of large and heterogeneous lists of genes. This approach should contribute to optimizing the exploitation of microarray technologies by providing investigators with an interface between complex expression data and large literature resources.

Efficient inference of partial types

Partial types for the λ -calculus were introduced by >Thatte in 1988 as a means of typing objects that are not typable with simple types, such as heterogeneous lists and persistent data. In that paper he showed that type inference for partial types was semidecidable. Decidability remained open until quite recently, when O'Keefe and Wand gave an exponential time algorithm for type inference. In this paper we given an O ( n 3 ) algorithm. Our algorithm constructs a certain finite automaton that represents a canonical solution to a given set of type constraints. Moreover, the construction works equally well for recursive types; this sovles an open problem stated by O'Keefe and Wand ( in “Proceedings, European Symposium on Programming,” Lect. Notes in Comput. Sci., Vol. 582, pp. 408–417, Springer-Verlag, New York/Berlin, 1992).

Efficient Inference of Partial Types

Partial types for the lambda-calculus were introduced by Thatte in 1988 as a means of typing objects that are not typable with simple types, such as heterogeneous lists and persistent data In that paper he showed that type inference for partial types was semidecidable. Decidability remained open until quite recently, when O'Keefe and Wand gave an exponential time algorithm for type inference.<p>In this paper we give an O(n^3) algorithm. Our algorithm constructs a certain finite automaton that represents a canonical solution to a given set of type constraints. Moreover, the construction works equally well for recursive types; this solves an open problem stated by O'Keefe and Wand.</p>

List structure, monotony, and levels of processing

Three experiments were designed to study the effect of the monotony of experimental lists on the level of processing of auditorily presented words. Monotonous lists were homogeneously made up of monosyllabic items and were contrasted to heterogeneous lists containing monosyllabic and bisyllabic items. The subjects' task consisted, first, in carefully listening to an experimental list made up of an equal number of words and nonwords, and second, in subjectively evaluating the actual number of words having been presented to them. Globally, it was found that subjects underestimate the number of words contained in homogeneous monosyllabic lists but not in heterogeneous ones. The first two experiments revealed that such a result held whatever the frequency of the words presented. The third experiment showed that the use of concrete words did not affect the subjective estimation of the number of words in homogeneous lists. It was concluded that words are differentially encoded as a function of the structure of the experimental list in which they are embedded. Taken together, these results suggest that the performance differences observed as a function of the list type originate in the encoding rather than retrieval processes.

Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task

A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence.

Residual effects in recall after a stimulus suffix

Two experiments investigated serial recall with eight-word lists in which the frequency rating of the terminal word was manipulated. The effect on recall of two kinds of verbal stimulus suffix as well as a control noise suffix was also tested. Recall for the terminal items in the lists was analysed. Experiment I showed that interference with a verbal suffix, irrespective of the nature of the suffix, was at least 40 per cent compared with a noise suffix for homogeneous lists in which the terminal list-word was a member of the same standard recall set as the previous words in the list. This suffix interference was considerably reduced with heterogeneous lists in which a new terminal list-word was introduced. However, the reduction in interference was less when the verbal suffix itself was also a new word compared with a standard verbal suffix. Experiment II introduced an additional end-of-list cue before the suffix, and demonstrated that this cue did not affect the pattern of findings of the previous experiment. In the heterogeneous lists of both experiments, new words of high frequency were not differentiated in recall from new words of low frequency, but the latter condition was characterized by an interesting increase in recall error at earlier serial positions in the list.

Units of speech perception: Phoneme and syllable

Two detection experiments were conducted with short lists of synthetic speech stimuli where phoneme targets were compared to syllable targets. Unlike previous experiments heterogeneous lists of syllables and phonemes were used to remove possible bias created by homogeneous lists. In Experiment I, targets that matched the response items in linguistic level were recognized faster than those that mismatched, whether the targets were syllables or phonemes. In Experiment II, where all targets and response items matched in level, phonemes were recognized faster than syllables when phonemes were relatively easy to identify, but the reverse held when phonemes were harder to identify. These results suggest that phonemes and syllables are equally basic to speech perception.

Liking and Loving: Laboratory Style

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1974, Vol 19(7), 538-539. Reviews the book, Liking and Loving: An Invitation to Social Psychology by Zick Rubin (see record 1973-31269-000). The author's invitation to social psychology is extended to quite a crowd: students who want to find out what social psychology is all about, students of social psychology who already know, “students and professionals in other areas, most notably the sociology of marriage and the family,” and the “general reader.” Large and heterogeneous guest lists often bode a mediocre party where, in an effort to provide a little something for everyone, no one leaves very satisfied. On the whole, however, the author has managed to avoid this fate of the overly ambitious host. His success is largely due to a clear and entertaining style, as well as the liberal but appropriate use of anecdotal materials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Memory storage in free recall learning as a function of arousal and time with homogeneous and heterogeneous lists

The relation of arousal to retention in free learning was studied in a 3 by 2 design employing 48 undergraduates as Ss, three list conditions (high arousal, low arousal, and mixed list), and two retention intervals (immediate and 3 days). Arousal value of the words was based on earlier studies. Contrary to previous paired-associate studies, no significant interaction between arousal condition and retention interval was obtained, nor was reminiscence detected. However, although no significant differences were found between arousal conditions on immediate retention, significantly greater performance was elicited by high arousal at the 3-day test. The high-arousal material demonstrated greater resistance to forgetting than the low-arousal material. A differential rehearsal interpretation of the data was suggested.

Memory storage as a function of arousal and time with homogeneous and heterogeneous lists

Summary This study is one of a series designed to test a general theory of perseverative consolidation. The theory states the expectations that consolidation will be accompanied by a negative bias against repetition during its course and that an increase in arousal will produce an increase in the negative bias against repetition as well as an increase in the ultimate capacity to recall. Seventy-two Ss were divided into 9 groups. Learning consisted of one trial with a list composed of 8 stimulus words and single digit numbers as response items. Three groups learned a high-arousal list, 3 groups a low-arousal list, and 3 learned a mixed list. Within each list type, one group recalled the list at 2 min. after learning, one group at 45 min., and one group at 1 week. The low-arousal list showed high immediate recall which decreased with time. The higharousal list showed some rise in recall with time. Other analyses agreed with the results of Kleinsmith and Kaplan (1963b) showing high immediate and low ultimate recall for items learned under low arousal, and low immediate recall and high ultimate recall for items learned under high arousal. Analyses are presented to account for the strong recency effect in the serial position curve for 2-min. recall in terms of short-term memory, and to account for the strong primacy effect in the one week recall serial position curve on the basis of arousal by serial position.