Heterogeneous Gateway Research Articles

REERP: A Region-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for IoT Wireless Sensor Networks

An essential component of the Internet of Things (IoT) is wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Since individual sensor nodes are strongly power-constrained, several techniques are adopted to save power. By grouping nodes into clusters—thus reducing the transmission distance between sensor nodes and the base station (BS)—a clustering protocol can ensure energy preservation and increase the lifetime of the network. However, current clustering techniques have problems with the clustering structure that negatively impact their performance. Whenever routing protocols were implemented for a longer period of time, it was observed that they had a higher rate of energy consumption, a shorter period of stability, and fewer data transfers to the BS. In this paper, an improved region-based routing protocol (REERP) is developed for wireless sensor networks in the IoT is developed. It is based on (i) the addition of new nodes to the already formed clusters, (ii) the selection of the new head node based on the amount of residual energy, (iii) the setup of the multi-hop communication in all the regions of network, and (iv) the utilization of the energy hole reduction method. All of these tactics increase the useful life of the network. Performance has been evaluated against (1) a stable election protocol, (2) a gateway energy-aware routing protocol, and (3) a heterogeneous gateway energy-aware routing protocol, and using the metrics lifetime, energy consumption, number of dead nodes, and number of packets sent to the base station vs. number of packets acquired by the base station. The results of the proposed routing protocol have been found to outperform the state-of-the-art approaches considered.

Power-Aware Fog Supported IoT Network for Healthcare Infrastructure Using Swarm Intelligence-Based Algorithms

Healthcare services become increasingly technology dependent every passing day such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Fog Computing, 5th generation (5G) and beyond communications, etc. They enable the processing and exchange of huge volumes of healthcare data whose integrity and real-time delivery are critical for healthcare services. Optimal power consumption in such essential healthcare infrastructure is critical for the well-being of patients and crucial to reduce the operational cost of healthcare facilities. In this paper, a Fog node has been introduced in an IoT healthcare infrastructure with power consumption as a key deciding factor. This work proposed a mathematical formulation to decide the deployment of two heterogeneous gateways in the healthcare infrastructure. The target of optimization is to minimize transmission power and infrastructure costs. Two swarm intelligence-based algorithms have been used to solve the computationally challenging optimization problem. These evolutionary algorithms are a discrete fireworks algorithm and a discrete artificial bee colony algorithm with an ensemble of local search methods. Their performance is compared against the genetic algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate a saving of up to 33 percent in power consumption in the proposed healthcare infrastructure that can significantly improve healthcare data communications and its operational costs.

Fairness-driven link scheduling approach for heterogeneous gateways for digital twin enabled industry 4.0

The advent of Industry 4.0 has brought with it the integration of digital twin technology, which has enabled businesses to develop a virtual replica of their physical assets. This technology allows businesses to optimize their operations and improve their overall efficiency. However, the successful implementation of digital twin technology in Industry 4.0 heavily relies on the effective utilization of gateways. A significant challenge in gateway utilization is the fair allocation of resources, particularly in heterogeneous environments where gateways have different capabilities. Digital Twin is helping Industry 4.0 vision by connecting the authorized people to the exact data and processes to protect the data/assets from unauthorized access. It is accomplished by connecting sensing devices using a unique addressing system and transmitting their combined data to the Internet of Things (IoT) cloud. Massive volumes of heterogeneous data have resulted from the rapid growth of IoT applications and services. As a result, evaluation of data which affects the Digital Twin enabled industry is studied in this article which focuses on data traffic generated from different Industry 4.0 applications and protection of data along with the industry assets is looked by Digital Twin technology. IoT gateways are currently used to connect the devices from various technologies to the Digital Twins. In such networks, sudden increase in demand of IoT gateways will increase with the increase in IoT devices and the operational cost will also be increased. In the proposed system, low-cost specific gateways are proposed to minimize cost and maximize network performance for protecting assets of smart city through Digital Twin technology. In order to accomplish effective resource allocation in a Digital Twin based infrastructure, data transmission fairness at every gateway is accomplished in an IIoT network by considering link scheduling issues. To address these issues and provide fairness in heterogeneous networks with enhanced data transfer, two steps solution is implemented. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) technique is used in the initial step of traffic prediction to assess the minimal time of prior traffic conditions before being applied to estimate dynamic traffic. In the second step, effective link scheduling and selection are made for each wireless technology, taking into account predicted load, gateway distance, link capacity, and estimated time. More data is transmitted at maximum capacity as a result of improved data transfer fairness for all gateways and then the data is protected by Digital Twin technology. Simulated results show that our suggested strategy performs better than other approaches by obtaining maximum network throughput in Industry 4.0 to provide protective solutions using Digital Twin technology.Index Terms – Internet of Things (IoT), Link Scheduling, Traffic Prediction, Machine Learning (ML), Industry 4.0.

A Probabilistic Framework for Protocol Conversions in IIoT Networks With Heterogeneous Gateways

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) supports multi-technology applications and data flow across IIoT networks incurs protocol conversion. Hence, an accurate estimation of network performance during data transmission must include the protocol conversion overhead. This overhead becomes significant in large IIoT networks, where data transmission relies on multi-hop transmission over specialized multi-technology gateways, which are heterogeneous in their technology support. This letter provides a probabilistic framework, which quantifies protocol conversions incurred by a packet while traversing through a heterogeneous gateway route. Results derived here can be used for forecasting the protocol conversion overhead, while designing network deployments supporting efficient traffic flows.

Optimal Gateway Placement for Hybrid BANETs-Sensor Networks in Urban Areas

For a given urban area, we apply the existing bus-based ad hoc networks (BANETs) to collect and transmit information, monitored by wireless sensor networks (WSNs), from subareas to the data center. Sensors are well deployed in each subareas divided by streets. WSNs and BANETs are heterogeneous and minimal gateways are required to connect the both kinds of networks. In this paper, we provide two gateway placement problems: minimum gateways placement and minimal gateways placement with minimum average delay. We present two constant algorithm MGPPA and MADGPPA to solve the two problems, respectively. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that MGPPA is a (1 + lnλ)-approximation algorithm and MADGPPA is a λ-approximation algorithm correspondingly, where λ is the maximum number of subareas covered by a gateway candidate. In the geometric topology of the grid urban area, λ ≤ 4. Extensive comparison simulation show the performance of minimum gateways and minimal gateways with minimum average delay achieves significantly.

Reflections on Rails and the City

As the articles in this special section show, railways mark out urban experience in very distinctive ways. In the introduction, Steven D. Spalding makes plain there is no clear relationship between railway development and the shape and size of cities. For many cities, suburban rail travel has been either substantially insignificant or a relative latecomer as a factor in urban growth and suburbanization. Walking, tramways and the omnibus may indeed have had a much greater impact on built form, yet the cultural impact of railways on the city life should not be minimized. Iconic city stations are both objects of civic pride and socially heterogeneous gateways to the promise of a better urban life. The physical presence of substantial tracts of infrastructure, viaducts, freight yards and warehousing, divide and segregate residential districts encouraging and reinforcing status differentials between communities. Subways, metros, and suburban railways open on to the often grubby quotidian underbelly of city life whilst marking out a psychic divide between work and domesticity, city and suburb. Railways not only produced new forms of personal mobility but by defining the contours, parameters, and possibilities of this experience, they have come to help shape how we think about ourselves as urbanized individuals and societies. The chapters in this special section mark out some of this territory in terms of, for example: suburbanization, landscape, and nationhood (Joyce); the abstractions of urban form implicit in the metro map (Schwetman); the underground as a metaphor for the topologically enfolded interconnections of urban process (Masterson-Algar); and the competing lay and professional interests freighting urban railway development (Soppelsa). In the introduction Spalding is right to stress both the multiple ways that railways shape urban experience and the complex processes that continuously shape and re-shape urban cultures as sites of contest and sometimes conflict. As Richter suggests, in the nineteenth century only rail travel demanded the constant and simultaneous negotiation of both urban social disorder and the systematic ordering associated with large technological systems and corporate business. Thus “the railroad stood squarely at the crossroad of the major social, business, cultural and technological changes remaking national life during the second half of the nineteenth century.”

Efficient Packets Management over Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

With the wireless technology becoming more and more mature, uncountable numbers of wireless networks are used worldwide. Hence, QoS (Quality of Service) has become the most important topic that have to be seriously considered, such as the jitter, the packet loss ratio and the transmission rate. In this paper, we propose an EPM (Efficient Packets Management) mechanism to improve the transmission quality in the wireless heterogeneous networks. The heterogeneous architecture which we propose is based upon the ”WiMAX” (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and the Wi-Fi with QoS specification (802.11e). We also propose a heterogeneous gateway named the Arbitrative Classify Gateway (AC-Gateway) in the wireless heterogeneous environment, and cooperate with our derived EPM mechanism to classify the streaming data from the media center, or the voice data from another base station (BS) according to the privilege. The packets will be scheduled efficiently and transmit correctly. Based on the architecture we propose, the transmission quality will be raised. Finally, we will give some powerful simulation results to prove our architecture works.