Heterogeneous Catalyst In Transesterification Reaction Research Articles

Effect of K-Silica heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reaction of crude palm oil

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is a raw material form of vegetable oil that cannot be consumed anymore and where the availability is very large. The purpose of this study was to observe the use of crude palm oil in the manufacturing of biodiesel by using a catalyst of bamboo ash leaves catalyst impregnated with KOH to get in the best yield of various reaction variables performed. The transesterification process reacted oil and methanol to produce methyl esters and glycerol. The methyl ester was produced at the top layer and it was separated from the glycerol and then washed. The effects of various process variables such as the type of the catalyst, the amount of catalyst, and time of reaction were observed in this experiment. The properties of biodiesel such as ester content, density, and kinematic viscosity, were evaluated and compared with Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Under the best conditions, the maximum yield of biodiesel was 92.58% and 99.76% FAME methyl ester was 99.76% obtained using a molar ratio of oil: methanol of 1: 9 at 65°C with a reaction time of 2 hours and 4% catalyst. The results obtained in this study indicated that the K-Silica catalyst of KOH impregnated ash bamboo leaves is suitable as a catalyst to produce biodiesel.

Clean and efficient production of biodiesel using barium cerate as a heterogeneous catalyst for the biodiesel production; kinetics and thermodynamic study

Abstract Barium cerate, a novel solid base catalyst was employed in transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The catalyst was characterized by Thermogravimetric analyses, powder X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy attached with energy dispersive unit, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Karanja oil was used as non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. The fatty acid profile of feedstock was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In the present study, calcination temperature was optimized for synthesis of perovskite barium cerate with highest phase purity. Additionally, various Ba/Ce stoichiometric ratios were also checked to evaluate the active metal phase of catalyst. Ultimately, perovskite structure with 1:1 Ba/Ce was found to be most efficient one to catalyze the transesterification. This owed to the higher basicity value as well as compact and well-arranged perovskite crystal system which facilitate the catalysis on its surface. It produced the karanja oil methyl ester with 98.4% conversion at following experimental conditions: catalyst dose (1.2 wt %), oil to methanol molar ratio (1:19), reaction temperature (65 °C), reaction time (100min), and agitation speed (600 rpm). The pseudo-first order kinetic model was also successfully established for transesterification reaction. Green chemistry metrics (E-factor) and turn over frequency were also evaluated for methanolysis reaction. Barium cerate exhibited sixth cycle reusability with 81% methyl ester conversion. Therefore the prepared catalyst was ascertained as a sustainable heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized karanja oil methyl ester were measured according to ASTM D 6751 and were found to be within the permissible range. It ensured the compatibility of produced biodiesel with existing CI engines without any further modification.

Acid Modified Jourdiqua Clay for Methanolysis of Castor Oil

Clay and clay minerals have very promising future in catalysis of chemical reactions. In this work Jourdiqua clay from north of Sudan was acid modified and used as heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reaction of castor oil with methanol. The clay was modified with hydrochloric acid, HCl. at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% weight concentration with respect to the clay, respectively. The raw and acid modified clay were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), field emission electron microscope (FESEM), back titration, TPD-NH3 technique and nitrogen adsorption desorption (BET) analysis, to determine the physico-chemical properties and the acidity of the raw and modified clay. The surface area and active sites of the modified clays were found to increase with the acid treatment. Transesterification of castor oil with methanol were done under the reaction condition of 9% w/w catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio of 18:1, 3 h reaction time and the reaction temperature of 67°C. The biodiesel yield was monitored using nuclear magnetic resonance 1HNMR spectroscopy. The highest conversion observed is 83.86% achieved by 50% HCl/Clay.

Production of biodiesel from castor oil using iron (II) doped zinc oxide nanocatalyst

The depletion of fossil fuels has caused the price of petroleum to rise remarkably and created need for alternative energy such as biodiesel. In the present study, the biodiesel was produced from castor oil using ferromagnetic zinc oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction. Single phase of nanocatalyst were confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction analysis. The spherical shape of the aggregated nanocatalyst was observed in Scanning Electron Microscopy. Magnetic properties were analysed using vibrating sample magnetometer. Atomic Force Microscopic analysis revealed the larger surface area and roughness of nanocatalyst. The biodiesel yield of 91% (w/w) was obtained in 50 min at 55 °C with 14 wt % catalyst loading and 12:1 methanol/oil ratio and was confirmed by Gas chromatograph with Mass Spectrometer. The result showed that the iron (II) doped ZnO nanocatalyst is a promising catalyst for the production of biodiesel via heterogeneous catalytic transesterification under milder reaction conditions.

Transesterifcation of Palm Olein Oil Using Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> as Heterogeneous Catalyst

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from transesterification reaction of palm olein oil with methanol in the presence of Na3PO4 as heterogeneous catalyst was investigated. The effects of molar ratio of methanol to oil, amount of catalyst and reaction temperature on the yield of FAME were studied. The results showed that sodium phosphate can be used effectively as heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reaction. The rate of reaction and yield of FAME depend on molar ratio of methanol to oil, amount of catalyst used and operating temperature. Molar ratio of methanol to oil of higher than 18:1 gives fastest rate of reaction and highest FAME content. Higher operating temperatures tend to accelerate the rate of reaction but reduces glycerol by-product quality. When large excess of methanol is used, the experimental results agrees with irreversible 1st order kinetic model and the activation energy is found to be 43.6 kJ/mol.

Preparation and characterisation of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate and metal aluminophosphate as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction

Abstract Preparation, characterisation of pure aluminophosphate and aluminophosphate modified with different transition metals (V, Fe, Co Ni & Cu) and their catalytic activity in mono/dibenzyl substituted malonates synthesis are explained. The materials were prepared by the coprecipitation method in the absence of any structure-directing species and characterized for their composition, crystalline nature, total surface acidity, specific surface area pore diameter and pore volume by different techniques. Catalytic activity of the materials was investigated in transesterification of diethylmalonate with benzyl alcohol in liquid phase. Pure aluminophosphate resulted only in benzyl ethylmalonate whereas the incorporation of transition metals favored the formation of both benzyl ethylmalonate and dibenzylmalonate. Catalytic activity parallels the surface acidity and mesoporosity of the catalysts. The effect of the molar ratio of reactants, amount of catalyst, and reaction time on the conversion of diethyl malonate and transester yield has been studied. The highest activity of iron aluminophosphate is attributed to its mesoporous nature with uniform pore size distribution, higher surface acidity and surface area. Further, the scope and generality of iron aluminophosphate as a catalyst in the transesterification was studied using various aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic alcohols. The catalysts could be recycled by retaining most of its initial activity.