Herring Meal Research Articles

Apparent digestibility of common feed ingredients by juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.

The digestible energy (DE) content and the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients in common feed ingredients available in Atlantic Canada for haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, feed formulations were determined. Juvenile haddock (mean weight, 93.9±2.1 g) were held in tanks equipped with fecal collection columns and fed practical fish meal-based diets for 5 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of a reference diet and six test diets, each containing 30% test ingredient, with all diets being supplemented with chromic oxide (Cr2O3, 5 g kg−1) as the inert digestion indicator. Three marine fish by-products, herring meal (HM), shrimp meal (SM) and crab meal (CRM) and three plant protein supplements, dehulled soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CAM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) were the test ingredients. The DE content of HM, SBM, CGM, CRM, CAM and SM were 18.3, 18.0, 17.8, 12.4, 10.9 and 8.8 MJ kg−1 respectively. Protein ADCs were 95.9%, 92.2%, 92.3%, 82.0%, 83.0% and 73.5% respectively. Organic matter ADCs were 95.9%, 89.0%, 72.6%, 68.9%, 58.9% and 54.9% respectively. Lipid ADCs were 97.9%, 83.0%, 57.4%, 62.0%, 87.2% and 55.8% respectively. Based upon its high crude protein content and nutrient ADC and DE content, properly processed dehulled SBM was found to be a good plant protein supplement to partially replace HM in haddock feeds.

Effect of extrusion processing on the nutritive value of canola meal for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in seawater

This study was conducted to evaluate three canola protein products as partial replacements of steam-dried whole herring meal (HM) in a practical diet for juvenile chinook salmon in seawater. Groups of 30–40 g chinook salmon held in 9.5–12°C seawater on a natural photoperiod were fed one of seven equivalent protein (390 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (20 MJ gross energy kg−1) diets to satiation. Each of three test protein sources, namely, commercial canola meal (CM), low-temperature extruded CM (90°C; LT), and high-temperature extruded CM (150°C; HT) comprised about 120 and 240 g kg−1 of dietary protein by replacement of 15 and 30%, respectively, of the HM protein in the control diet. Chinook salmon growth and feed intake were markedly depressed by replacing HM protein with a high level of CM, but these responses were not lowered by replacement with LT and HT. The phytic acid content in commercial canola meal was reduced by about 10 and 30% from the original level by extrusion cooking at low (90°C) and high (150°C) temperature, respectively. Therefore, the diets containing HT still had significant amounts of phytic acid. Terminal whole-body zinc contents were inversely related to the dietary levels of the different canola protein products. Thyroid function was altered by CM but this effect was offset by heat treatment. The results suggest that extrusion cooking of CM improves its nutritive value for chinook salmon in seawater. Indeed, it was found that HT could comprise 240 g kg−1 of the dietary protein without adversely affecting performance.

Assessment of undephytinized and dephytinized rapeseed protein concentrate as sources of dietary protein for juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was undertaken to evaluate three sources of rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) as partial or total replacements of steam-dried whole herring meal (HM) in a practical diet for juvenile rainbow trout. Groups of 4.2–4.4 g trout held in 10.0–10.3°C well water on a natural photoperiod were fed one of 10 isonitrogenous (43% protein) and isoenergetic (21.6 MJ gross energy/kg) diets to satiation 3 times daily. Each of three test protein sources, viz. undephytinized, untreated control RPC (UDC), undephytinized solvent-treated control RPC (UDSC), and dephytinized RPC (DP), comprised about 19.0, 39.0 and 59.0% respectively of dietary protein by replacement of one-third (L), two-thirds (M) and all (H) of the HM protein in the control diet. Rainbow trout growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein and gross energy utilization, mortality and health were not compromised when either UDC or DP replaced up to 66% of HM protein in the control diet. Total replacement of HM protein with each of the RPC sources did not depress feed intake, but did significantly reduce growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein and energy utilization. The procedure used to dephytinize RPC lowered RPC protein quality. Whole body concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were inversely related to the dietary levels of UDC and UDSC. Body levels of zinc were significantly depressed in fish fed the diet with UDSC-H. Fish fed diets with DP displayed normal mineral levels. Significant elevation of thyroid follicle epithelial cell heights was found only in those groups fed the diets with UDC-H or UDSC-H. Whole body proximate composition was generally uninfluenced by diet treatment. It is concluded that RPC can comprise 39% of the dietary protein (fish meal only 11%) for rainbow trout without adversely affecting performance. Nutritional strategies that may enable complete replacement of fish meal protein in diets for rainbow trout by RPC are outlined.

Productivity of laying pullets fed diets containing yellow peas ( Pisum sativum L. var. Miranda)

An experiment was conducted with 768 Dekalb XL Single Comb White Leghorn pullets from 22 to 58 weeks of age to determine their productivity when fed corn:soya-bean diets containing 0, 14.8, 29.6, 44.5, and 59% yellow pea (YP; Pisum sativum L. var. Miranda) for nine consecutive 28 day periods. The corn:soya-bean meal (0% YP) and 44.5% YP diets were supplemented with meat and bone meal (MB) and herring meal (HM) to determine the effects of these feed ingredients on layer productivity. Thinner egg shells ( P ⩽ 0.05) were observed from layers fed the 59% YP diet than from layers fed either the corn:soya-bean meal or the 14.8, 29.6, or 44.5% YP diets. Decreased yolk color ( P ⩽ 0.05) was observed from layers fed the YP diets compared with layers receiving the corn:soya-bean meal diet. Hen-day egg production, feed conversion, daily feed consumption, egg mass, egg size (large and over), egg weight, mortality rate, and interior egg quality were not affected ( P ⩾ 0.05) by the levels of YP or the supplementation of YP diets with HM or MB. Under the conditions of this experiment, Miranda YP can be incorporated at levels of up to 44.5% in laying feeds provided the diets are supplemented with adequate levels of methionine and fat to meet the requirements of the laying pullet.

Effects of soybean-containing diets on the proximal and distal intestine in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar): a morphological study

The morphology of the proximal and distal intestine of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) was studied after prolonged feeding with diets containing full-fat soybean meal (FFSB) or soybean protein concentrate (SBPC) and compared with fish fed a standard herring meal (HM) diet. To avoid possible changes due to decreased food intake, dietary inclusions of FFSB and SBPC were chosen at such levels that weight gain, and protein and lipid digestibility values were similar for all three groups. The proximal intestine showed no differences among the groups, except for an increased number of goblet cells in the fish fed SBPC. In the distal intestine, the SBPC group showed no abnormalities and was identical to the HM group. In the FFSB group, the epithelium had an increased number of goblet cells and a marked decrease or even absence of absorptive vacuoles. The microvilli of the enterocytes were shortened, with increased microvillar vesicle formation. These changes may be due to the presence of antinutritional factors in the FFSB diet. The possible role of the various antinutritional factors in soybeans for the development of the intestinal lesions, and their effect on growth and performance are discussed.

Utilization of dietary protein by the eel ( Anguilla anguilla): Optimum dietary protein levels

European eels, with mean initial body weight of 40 g and maintained at 25°C, were fed on diets of different protein content (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% protein), for 60 days. Two fish-protein sources, white fish meal (WFM) and herring meal (HM), were separately tested at the stated protein levels. WFM was a better protein source than HM, for all the protein levels assayed, as observed by feed conversion, protein efficiency for growth and apparent digestibility. For both protein sources the optimal daily protein intake for maximum growth was about 1.4 g 100 g fish.

Body composition and growth of young pigs as affected by protein source and a growth promoter

Live-weight gain, food intake and growth of chemical components of the empty body were determined in 32 pigs (16 of each sex) growing between 6 and 30 kg live wieght and offered diets based on cooked cereals and fat-filled skim milk with either soya-bean meal (SBM) or herring meal (HM) as the source of supplementary protein. The diets were given ad libitum or to a restricted scale and with or without Avotan (40 mg avoparcin kg −1). Diets with HM gave a higher dry matter (DM) content of the empty body than SBM (341.2 vs. 323.5 g kg −1; P < 0.001), higher fat and energy contents (359.4 vs. 322.0 g kg −1 DM; 27.06 vs. 26.10 MJ kg −1 DM; P < 0.01) and lower protein content (531.5 vs. 558.5 g kg −1 DM; P < 0.05). Ad libitum feeding resulted in a higher DM content of the empty body than scale feeding (338.8 vs. 325.9 g kg −1; P < 0.05) and a higher fat content (368.0 vs. 313.4 g kg −1 DM; P < 0.001). The use of HM gave greater levels of fat gain in the empty body than did SBM (62.5 vs. 48.8 g per day; P < 0.01) and a greater efficiency of energy retention (0.386 vs. 0.339; P < 0.001) and nitrogen retention (0.633 vs. 0.581; P < 0.01). The two protein sources gave similar rates of gain of live weight (515 vs. 509 g day −1) and of protein in the empty body (91.3 v. 88.6 g per day). The males and females had similar gains except that the gain of water in the empty body was higher for the males (332.3 vs. 311.5 g per day; P < 0.05). The males had a better food conversion ratio than the females (1.269 vs. 1.307; P < 0.05). Pigs fed ad libitum grew faster than those fed to the restricted scale (573.4 vs. 451.0 g per day; P < 0.001) and had a greater gain of chemical components of the empty body and greater efficiency of energy retention. The two groups had similar food conversion ratios. Inclusion of Avotan had little effect on any of the parameters, except that the food conversion ratio was improved ( P < 0.05) when the diet contained both HM and Avotan.

Amino Acid Availability in Lavera Yeast Compared with Soybean and Herring Meal

Amino acid composition and availability of Lavera yeast grown on gas oil (LY), soybean meal (SBM), and herring meal (HM) were studied with broiler chicks, after correcting for the endogenous amino acids measured in excreta from the amino acid free diet.The average content of protein and availability of amino acids in LY, SBM, and HM were 62.56, 45.14, and 72.06% and 85, 91, and 96%, respectively. There were no significant differences among the three feedstuffs in availabilities of the amino acids lysine, arginine, proline, cystine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.As judged by its amino acid availability, LY is a reasonable feedstuff, but it has the disadvantage that its methionine content is limiting.

Acceptability of Rapeseed Proteins in Diets of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Weight gain and feed consumption results showed that rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) and rapeseed meal (RM) can be substituted for soybean meal (SM) and perhaps partially for herring meal (HM) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) control (SM–HM) diet and thus have economic benefits. Rapeseed flour (RF) was a poor source of proteins due to its greater effect on thyroid function. Rapeseed proteins have little effect on liver weight, body moisture, liver and body lipid, liver and body sterol content, visual and histological appearance of liver, heart and visceral tissues, or on the flavor, but caused yellow pigmentation of the skin. The levels of individual fatty acids in the diets directly affected the levels of individual fatty acids in the liver and body, while the type and level of dietary rapeseed proteins appeared to have no effect. The levels of fatty acids, 20:1 and 22:1 (includes erucic acid), were lower in the body and even lower in the liver compared with the diets. All test diets, except RPC–HM diet, caused marked thyroid hyperplasia, believed to be due to glucosinolates (goitrogens). However, some compensation for this goitrogenic action must occur because plasma T4 levels indicated a hypothyroid state for only five test diets (highest RPC-containing diet; highest RM-containing diet; all three RF-containing diets). Key words: dietary rapeseed, glucosinolates, feed–gain ratios, growth, lipids, fatty acids, plasma T4, thyroid histology, flavor, weight gain

Nutritional Effects of Using “Salty” Herring Meal in Oregon Moist Pellets

Nutritional Effects of Using “Salty” Herring Meal in Oregon Moist Pellets

A Serum Enzyme Increasing Effect of Non-Toxic Herring Meal FED to Sheep

In a series of experiments it was demonstrated that highly increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase (= GOT), total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) occurred in serum of sheep on herring meal feeding. The alanine aminotransferase (A1AT = GPT) level remained unchanged. The enzyme increase was apparently not related to the liver toxic agent dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) occasionally occurring in lethal doses in meals produced from raw materials preserved with excesses- of nitrite. Histological changes of the liver or other tissues were never detected in experimental animals killed at a stage with very high serum enzyme values. Diets equivalent in digestible crude protein consisting of vegetable as well as of animal protein sources other than fish meal, did not give rise to elevated serum enzyme values. Electrophoretic separation of the LDH isoenzymes in serum of herring meal-fed sheep showed an increased percentage of the LDH1 fraction, which is predominant in liver, heart, and kidney. Determination of enzyme activities in various tissues resulted in a markedly higher concentration in livers from herring meal-fed animals than in sheep fed casein at an equal protein level. It is suggested that herring meal may have a special promoting effect on the de novo synthesis of the enzymes concerned. As a practical consequence of the experiments it must be emphasized that serum determinations of these enzymes for diagnostic purposes will give a false picture of the clinical condition of sheep fed even moderate amounts of herring meal.

Nutrient Composition and Evaluation of British Columbia Whole Herring Meal

Six composite samples of British Columbia whole herring meals representative of the 1960–1961 commercial production were analyzed for protein, fat (ether extract), ash, water, minerals, vitamins of the "B complex", available lysine, 13 amino acids and protein digestibility. The biological availability of the protein was also checked by determining the supplementary protein value for chicks. The results, which are tabulated and discussed, indicate that the herring meals were of comparatively consistent composition and of high nutritional value.