Heroic Form Research Articles

„A szabadság fantomjai”

The rise to power of General Francisco Franco in Spain was followed after an extremely subversive civil war and bloody reprisals, which led most to perceive his system as oppressive and dictatorial. Correspondingly, various forms of anti-Francoist resistance characterized the regime from the moment of its establishment until its final days. One of the most radical and heroic forms of resistance was guerilla warfare, which unfolded over the years. Among its represent atives were active, persistent, and self-sacrificing participants from the anarchist movement in Spain. They either operated in the underground movement or were forced into exile after the civil war. This study attempts to briefly summarize the most important features of the guerilla activities maintained by anarchists, including its chronological and geographical aspects, as well as its tactics and methods. It also examines certain key actors – individuals, groups, and organizations – along with their motivations and the results they achieved.

“Small-scale aviation”: children’s technical working in the USSR in the 1920s

In the 1920s, the development of youth’s technical creativity became one of the important tasks undertaken by the Soviet authorities. This period is featured by numerous experiments diligently conducted by the Soviet government having its aim to set up a new world. Innovations affected, among the other things, the sphere of education and leisure. The reasons resulted in establishing of the children's technical stations network are discussed in this paper. Their activity is analysed having in mind the necessity to introduce young technicians to the heroic forms of socialist creating, one of which included the aviation. Enormous interest in the air force caused an influx of children and adolescents into aircraft modelling clubs. The authors consider the goals, objectives, organisational structure of children's technical stations and circles, evaluate their role in the development of Soviet aviation. The study led authors to the conclusion that children's technical stations and aircraft modelling clubs laid foundations to the technical literacy in general and acted as a “social lift” due to the interrelation of aircraft modelling and gliding sports with the professional pilots’ training system for the Air Force, and the USSR Civil Air Fleet.

Stop Making Sense: The Politics of Aristophanic Madness

Abstract This paper discusses the use of madness in Aristophanic Comedy, and in particular how it is used as a means of evaluating and interrogating political interventions. The well-known theme of madness in Aristophanes’s Wasps provides the frame. Interpreting Philocleon’s madness has proved problematic because the complexity of comic madness has been under-estimated. Against negative models of madness that dominate in tragedy and in political discourse, madness in comedy can be not only a means of interrogating ideological and political norms, but also a constructive and even heroic form of behavior, which draws on epic and religious associations. Bdelycleon’s attempt to cure his father removes the positive substance and political value that anchors his father’s insanity, which leads to the aporetic finale.

Gays, Cross-Dressers, and Emos

Gays, Cross-Dressers, and Emos

Heroic forms: Cervantes and the literature of war

Heroic forms: Cervantes and the literature of war

Hokusai's Great Waves in Nineteenth-Century Japanese Visual Culture

Katsushika Hokusai's 1831 woodcut Under the Wave off Kanagawa, popularly known as The Great Wave, occupies an iconic place in modern visual culture. Looking at the sociocultural context in which Hokusai's iterations of this motif were first produced and consumed helps to explain why this image was singled out from the Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji of which it was a part. Waves served to express a range of ideas, practices, and even materials associated with the West. Their heroic forms became critical sites for exploring Japan's shifting geopolitical circumstances, especially the country's vulnerability to foreign invasion.

Idiocy and Madness in Princely European Families

Idiocy and Madness in Princely European Families

Hymnic Epic andThe Faerie Queene’s Original Printed Format: Canto-Canticles and Psalmic Arguments*

AbstractWhen Edmund Spenser (1552?–99) published hisFaerie Queenein 1590 and 1596, two pervasive structural features would have seemed surprising: the abbreviationCant.in sectional and running titles, used instead ofCanto;and a four-line stanza of common meter for each section's argument, instead of a more expansive and prestigious stanza. Study of the relevant early modern Italian and English norms of publication indicates that these were complementary and innovative means of merging heroic form with divine poetry and hymnic discourse, and recognized as such.Cant.readily suggestedcanticleand the Solomonic Canticles, and the poet himself calls one of his so-called cantos a “canticle” (4.5.46). In style and prosodic form, his arguments would have particularly evoked the nationally distinctive Elizabethan Protestant psalmody and hymnody, as well as popular ballads. By incorporating these two metamorphic devices intoThe Faerie Queene's framework, Spenser reconfigured the heroic poem to serve his different, English vision.

The Absorption of the Expressive Values of the Past

This key text offers the most extensive outline of Aby Warburg’s speculations about social memory, the origin of artistic expression and the psychological energies driving the history of European culture from classical antiquity onwards. According to Warburg, the conflicting responses to the legacy of classical antiquity directly informed the styles of the visual arts, from the realism of Netherlandish art to the heroic forms of the Italian Renaissance. Warburg’s theory of culture engages with Nietzsche’s ideas on classical antiquity, its legacy and the meaning of the Dionysus-Apollo duality. It is also informed by empathy theory, contemporary anthropological thought, evolutionary theory, the study of mythology, and biological conceptions of memory.

Queering Medieval Genres by Tison Pugh

REVIEWS marriage), but it is laden with unsupported claims and is undercontextualized to the point that it reads as notes rather than an argument. Kristi Gourlay’s essay, ‘‘A Pugnacious Pagan Princess,’’ is the first of the essays to consider race and ethnicity; it rather too broadly surveys attitudes toward male and female anger in a variety of sources, from court records to literary texts, then turns to an interesting study of the Saracen romance heroine Floripas, showing how exceptional are her displays of emotion. Sarah Westphal’s theoretically sophisticated and exceptionally well-argued analysis looks at the intersection of law and gender in Middle High German texts. It carefully delineates forms of anger (for example , the socially approved heroic form of anger), then turns to a consideration of female anger in the Sachsenspiegel, showing how representations of Calefurnia’s excessive bodily rage in the courtroom contributed to the historical diminishment of female legal agency and ultimately to female silencing. Westphal furthermore demonstrates how ethical negativity is ascribed to the dark skin of other female characters when their anger is not contained. Valerie Allen’s intelligent essay concerning the Ancrene Wisse and Chaucer within a well-focused context of works by Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas shifts attention to an entirely different area of discourse, shame and sexuality, and demonstrates how shame that arises from bodily experience is specifically feminized in medieval texts. The collection rather abruptly ends here and could have been improved with a bibliography. A collection that initiates discussion of a large but badly neglected topic will inevitably cohere with difficulty. It is bold of Perfetti to begin a crucially important investigation into a pervasive cultural trope. As society continues to associate women with excessive displays of emotion and casts such displays in a negative light, it is all the more crucial that we investigate the origins of these views. This collection of essays provides ample avenues for further discussion. Elizabeth Robertson University of Colorado at Boulder Tison Pugh. Queering Medieval Genres. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. x, 226. $65.00. Tison Pugh’s Queering Medieval Genres is a rich and careful book: rich in the breadth of engagement with queer studies from classical to postPAGE 319 319 ................. 16094$ CH17 11-01-10 14:05:15 PS STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER modern, with literary criticism from Bakhtin to Derrida, and with medieval texts and scholarship, English and Franco-Latin; and careful in framing the investigated texts as ‘‘resistance’’ and ‘‘subversion,’’ and not as rejection or short-circuit of sexual and gender hegemony. The dominant ideological edifice within which these texts practice their subverting bricolage remains intact. Pugh states: ‘‘On the whole, I see little evidence to indicate their interest in subverting Christianity. . . . Rather, through their queering authorial play, they resist, expand, and subvert Christian constructions of queerness while affirming a commitment to salvation and to Christ’’ (p. 15). By contrast, some queer theorists would perceive conflict and opposition where Pugh sees resistance and subversion . The concentration of power in the institutions of which the authors were dependent members, and in relation to which, as Pugh shows, they acted as acculturated contributors, amplifies any trace of insubordination , however feeble. (By the way, thanks to Pugh’s insightful readings, the traces appear far from feeble.) In a queer theoretical framework different from Pugh’s, the opposition voiced by these texts would be seen as witnesses of an irreconcilably different consciousness. In that different framework, the texts would mark the onetime presence and subsequent maintenance and/or clever clandestine subsistence of a parallel culture. The texts’ ‘‘little . . . interest in subverting Christianity’’ (p. 15) would be seen either as a survival strategy or as the trace of a mute (and thus the more disturbing) breakdown testifying to the violence exerted by the dominant culture. By focusing on genre as the means of analyzing queerness, Pugh’s investigation is, much of the time, equally interested in same-sex desire as in subversions or differences of many kinds; for example, the play between the anticipated genre projected by the narrative frame versus the genre of the imbedded narratives in Canterbury Tales, in his incisive discussion of ‘‘Alison of Bath, the fabliau...

Modern Warfare in Early-Eighteenth-Century Poetry

Between 1704 and 1709 large numbers of poems celebrated allied victories in the War of the Spanish Succession. Most of the poems attempted at once to adapt the heroic forms of the ancients and to represent modern battle accurately. The two aims proved incompatible. Modern war and the modern understanding of war brought constraints on representation and ideas about the nature of heroism that sit uneasily in ancient forms. By the end of the war, there seems to have been a growing realization that ancient martial models might not fit, or be made to fit, modern experience.

Sir Joshua Reynolds’ Lady Caroline Howard

Sir Joshua Reynolds’ <i>Lady Caroline Howard</i>

Ujęcie mitotwórcze i demityzujące w polskiej literaturze współczesnej o tematyce żydowskiej

The paper claims that thematic approach has played an essential role in Polish literary criticism for the last fifty years. Although the typological criteria for thematic classification are usually disputed, literary works depicting the tragic experience of the Second World War do not lack the consensus of scholars in this respect. There has been intense debate over Jewish topics as literary controversy has been determined by external factors for the past half-century. Further complications may arise from the manifestation of demythologization and myth-creating tendencies in deheroizing and heroic forms in works on the Second World War. While these facts can be merely used as classifying factors in the case of existential-historical themes, the heroic and myth-creating approach indicates the posterity's negative aesthetic evaluation of works describing life in concentration camps.

Review: Allegory and Epic in English Renaissance Literature: Heroic Form in Sidney, Spenser, and Milton

Review: Allegory and Epic in English Renaissance Literature: Heroic Form in Sidney, Spenser, and Milton

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Allegory and Epic in English Renaissance Literature: Heroic Form in Sidney, Spenser, and Milton by Kenneth Borris

Allegory and Epic in English Renaissance Literature: Heroic Form in Sidney, Spenser, and Milton by Kenneth Borris

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:Harold, Skulsky Milton and the Death of Man: Humanism on Trial in Paradise LostKenneth, Borris Allegory and Epic in English Renaissance Literature: Heroic Form in Sidney and MiltonRobin, Grey The Complicity of Imagination: The American Renaissance, Contests of Authority, and Seventeenth‐Century English Culture

Allegory and epic in English Renaissance literature: heroic form in Sidney, Spenser, and Milton

List of illustrations Note on translations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The formalization of allegory in Heroic poetry 2. Allegory and the metamorphoses of Heroic form 3. Reconfiguring the Epic repertoire 4. Arcadian allegorical epic 5. Sidneian transformations of Heroic poetry 6. Arthurian configurations: Spenser's continued Heroic allegorism 7. Spenser's Heroic allegory and the politics of ennobled virtue 8. 'Union or communion deified': universal analogies of Milton's pattern-hero 9. 'So God with man unites': Heroic community in one greater man 10. 'In mysterious terms judged best': Paradise Lost and allegorical poetics.

Formal charges: the shaping of poetry in British Romanticism

Abbreviations 1. Formal intelligence: formalism, romanticism, and formalist criticism 2. Sketching verbal form: Blake's Political Sketches 3. The formings of simile: Coleridge's 'comparing power' 4. Revision as form: Wordsworth's drowned man 5. Heroic form: couplets, 'self', and Byron's Corsair 6. Teasing form: the crisis of Keats's last lyrics 7. Social form: Shelley and the determination of reading Notes Index.

Defiance: The Bielski Partisans.

Fighting in the dense forests of eastern Poland and Belorussia, Jewish partisans represented a heroic form of resistance in the midst of the Holocaust. Refusing to submit to the Nazi terror, one such group - the Bielski Otriad - performed the largest armed rescue operation of Jews by Jews in World War II. Written by a Holocaust survivor, this study offers a riveting history of this remarkable group and its struggle to survive - and even to create a miniature forest village - in the midst of adversity. Detailing the life of Tuvia Bielski, their independent and charismatic leader, the account shows how the quest for self-preservation was transformed into a story of compassion, altruism and rescue.