Phenomenological Hermeneutic Method Research Articles

놀이중심 부모코칭 프로그램에 참여한 발달지체유아 부모의 경험과 의미

The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences and meanings of parents of children with developmental delays who participated in the play-oriented parent coaching program, and based on this, to search for directions and strategies for the parent coaching program. As a result of observing and interviewing seven parents who participated in parent coaching and analyzing them using a hermeneutic phenomenological method, it was found that parents experienced ‘accepting unfamiliar programs’, ‘revealing the difficulties of being a parent of a child with developmental delays’, and ‘seeing my child as he is, not as a disabled child’. As a result of reinterpreting these parental experiences, the meanings of 'looking inside yourself', ‘acquiring play skills’, ‘internalizing new parenting styles’ were revealed. This study is meaningful in that it is a strategy for effective parent coaching program operation, participating in actual play with parents of children with developmental delays and their children, focusing on the development and happiness of children, coaching teachers through positive interactions, and suggesting individual customized coaching using cooperative faculty.

Contextual influences on knowledge translation capacity in a nursing home organisation: A phenomenological hermeneutical study.

The demand for advanced clinical care in nursing homes (NHs) is increasing. Evidence-based practices and knowledge translation (KT) initiatives are growing to bridge the gap between what is known and what is done. However, research on contextual influence on KT has primarily focused on hospital settings. To expand our understanding of contextual influences on KT capacity in a NH organisation. Lindseth and Norberg's phenomenological hermeneutical method was used to explore and describe practice development nurses' experiences, perspectives and practices regarding how contextual factors influence KT capacity in NHs. Focus group interviews, participant observations, in-depth interviews and non-participant observations provided the data. Two main themes and four subthemes were identified. (1) Continuous limited resources are a cultural condition that inhibits KT readiness; prioritising keeping the NH machinery running at all costs and having contrasting care philosophies undermines KT. (2) Organisational prioritisations leave KT as a missing cogwheel in the machinery; retaining a system of fragmented KT strategies and lacking a structure for collective KT effort. The study showed that KT held a minor role in the fast-paced NH machinery. Contradicting values characterise the NH organisation, resulting in a lack of a common vision and priorities. Building a sustainable KT capacity and providing evidence-based practice necessitates explicit responsibilities, dedicated resources and robust organisational support. Management has a critical role in strengthening the position of KT. Incorporating KT in daily NH practice can help staff become adaptable and confident, capable of meeting the increasing challenges of advanced care that alleviates suffering and promote the health and well-being of NH patients.

Determinants of physical activity habit formation: a theory-based qualitative study among young adults

ABSTRACT Purpose Engagement in physical activity significantly contributes to reducing the onset and severity of chronic diseases. Nonetheless, establishing habits around this behaviour remains a persistent challenge. This research endeavours to discern the determinants influencing the formation of physical activity habit among young adults in Israel, drawing upon a socio-ecological model. Methods A qualitative approach with phenomenological-hermeneutical method was used. In-depth interviews were carried to cover four levels of the socio-ecological model. Results Interviewees were categorized into three subgroups according to their physical activity habit strength: Habitually physically active (n = 8), Variably physically active (n = 11), and physically inactive (n = 6). The content analysis yielded four overarching themes associated with physical activity habit formation. Intrapersonal determinants encompassed personal traits, perceptions and attitudes, perceived benefits, and emotional responses related to physical activity. Interpersonal determinants encompassed social support, modelling support, and peer pressure. Community determinants pertained to social norms, resource availability, and accessibility. Finally, public policy considerations encompassed educational policies as well as workplace policies and cultural influences. Conclusions This study highlights the unique determinants contributing to the formation of physical activity habit. As intrapersonal and interpersonal factors are significant determinants, interventions should focus on these elements in order to promote this behaviour among young adults.

Relevance of Embodied Practice to Philosophical Understanding

In this paper I argue that meditation has a direct bearing upon philosophical discourse by enabling us to distance ourselves from the basic structure of subjectivity that often limits the scope of reason. Recent neurobiological hypotheses are discussed in conjunction with the method of hermeneutic phenomenology to argue that interpretations on the level of our neurobiology underly and construct our experience of ourselves as subjects and the sense of explicit rational understanding that arises from it. This implies that prediscursive embodied practice can play a crucial role in freeing our philosophical understanding from implicit assumptions.

Lived Experiences of Faculty with Disabilities in Higher Education: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Method

The number of faculty members with disabilities has increased nowadays in the university because of the inclusive recruitment policy. The faculties with disabilities still struggle with the disable-unfriendly environments in universities, and they are excluded from the research fields in Nepal although there are some research done on school children with disabilities and people with disabilities in family and society. University faculty members with disabilities need to be studied in order to truly address the real-life problems. This study explores the lived experiences of faculty members with disabilities perceived at Tribhuvan University, Nepal. A hermeneutic phenomenological research method within qualitative approach was exploited. Purposive sampling technique was used to select five teachers with disabilities in the study. Disability studies theory was used as a theoretical tool. The major findings are that the disabled faculty encountered mainly infrastructure/physical structure barriers, university policy and practice barriers, the university executives’ (un)conscious/ (un)intentional ignorance and attitude barriers in the campuses. The teachers with vision impairment and motor impairment endured through difficulty of disable-unfriendly physical structures, university policy and practices. The findings mean the university environments were unfriendly, hostile and adverse to the disabled faculty. This study may motivate the executives to modify the policy, practices and attitudes to the disabled ones at the university which may impact the quality of the university.

The Impact of Cervical Cancer on the Sexuality of Muslim Female Patients with Husbands: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study

The treatment period for the cancer cervix and its treatment can also cause various change physical and physiological, which can cause various problems one of which is the disturbance of sex. Cancer cervix in a manner directly affects the sexual organs, almost 50% of women with cancer cervix report dysfunction sexual. Dysfunction sexual This can be felt only by women just or women with a partner. Study This aim to see the aspect of sexuality specifically for patients with cancer cervix, based on a change in physical and psychological consequences of the disease and its treatment. This study used a phenomenological hermeneutic method, data collection was carried out using semi-structured interviews which were then transcribed. Data analysis using content analysis or content analysis. Research results obtained three themes namely: problem physical problems psychologically, the efforts made to overcome the problem with sex, and hope patience. Deep conclusions study this patient’s cancer cervix experience problem sexual dysfunction and need maintenance holistically.

포스트휴먼 존재로서 어린이의 발현적 연극놀이 탐색

The purpose of this study is to examine through expressive theatrical play that children are rich posthuman beings. This study utilized participatory observation and a posthumanist approach, drawing on van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological analysis method. The study was conducted at Y Kindergarten in Busan, focusing on one class of four-year-old children, from early October 2022 to the end of January 2023, with observations conducted four to five days a week, approximately from 9:00 to 13:00, totaling 70 sessions. The research findings and their significance can be summarized as follows. First, as posthuman beings, young children initiate dramatic play from the arrangement of materials, and in their dramatic play, various theatrical elements such as stories, props, characters, and backgrounds are enacted and manifested. Second, as posthuman beings, young children experience heightened dramatic experiences within their dramatic play, and their unique characteristics are expressed.Third, as posthuman beings, young children establish relationships with materials within their environment. This study is significant in that it views infants as posthuman beings and examines the emergent nature of infant existence revealed in expressive theatrical play. In the future, it is hoped that children will be recognized as posthumans in early childhood education and that expressive theatrical play will be actively carried out.

Teachers’ Lived Experiences on Collaboration in Online Teacher Education: A Phenomenological Study

This research aimed to explore the English language teachers’ lived experiences of collaboration in teacher education via online mode. This study embraced a phenomenological qualitative research design and involved four English teachers purposively to gather their lived experiences on the phenomena. Informal discussions and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Using the Hermeneutic phenomenological method, the data were analyzed. This study used Vygotsky's Social Constructivism as its theoretical foundation (1978). The findings demonstrate that English language teachers have positive perspectives and collaboration experiences in online teacher education. The collaboration develops their confidence, critical analysis, technological skills, and rapport building. The participants expressed that collaboration in teacher education reduces the workload and stress if all the members are equally responsible for the completion of their tasks. However, the division of work constrains the members into their parts only resulting the less exploration and knowledge construction in others’ portions.

The Impact of Advanced Melanoma on the Relational Sphere, Body and Quality of Life: A Phenomenological-Hermeneutic Study

Background: Cutaneous melanoma represents one of the most frequent cancers in the adult population and accounts for more than 80% of skin cancer deaths. Due to pharmacological innovations, there is an increased chronicization of the disease, so the concept of quality of life becomes increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological and social impact of advanced melanoma, thus the influence of the disease in the relationship with one's body, on the relational sphere, on ways of coping with the event, and on the perceived quality of life. Method: Four semi structured interviews were administered to a sample of 22 patients with advanced melanoma (stage III and IV) to explore in depth participants' subjective experiences regarding the impact of the disease. The interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis using the phenomenological-hermeneutic method. Results: From the analysis of the interviews, many patients experienced fear, anxiety and shock at the time of diagnosis, feelings of isolation and reduced social support during the oncology process. Medical and family support was found to be crucial for adjustment to the disease, while body image was negatively affected by the disease. However, some patients showed resilience and positive adaptation to cancer, trying to maintain their quality of life. Conclusion: This study highlighted the importance of considering the psychological and social impact of advanced melanoma in patients. Understanding their experiences is essential to provide appropriate support and develop interventions aimed at improving their quality of life.

Facing a new life-The healthy transition to motherhood: What individual and environmental factors are needed? A phenomenological-hermeneutic study

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to highlight first-time mothers’ experiences of the transition to motherhood uncovering personal and environmental conditions facilitating or preventing the process of a healthy transition in a Swedish context. DesignA qualitative study with interview data analyzed using a phenomenological hermeneutic method. Setting and participantsTen recent first-time mothers were selected from three primary healthcare centers in western Sweden. FindingsFour themes emerged, and the transition could be divided into several phases, interpreted as facing a new life, while feeling unprepared for identity and existential issues. The experience of becoming a mother was described as oscillation between a loss of former identity from previous life, and on the other hand, the joy and expectations of forming a new family. The mothers had high demands of themselves, often influenced by social media and needed to value the flow of information and `let go of control` to be able to make adequate decisions. The close family of origin was invaluable in this process being able to provide confirmation in the new role, facilitating the development of their own security and self-confidence. Key conclusionsThe vulnerability expressed by new mothers shows that support from the family of origin, partners and professionals are indispensable. The desired result after the transition to motherhood is a prosperous, maturity and confident mother. The main promoting factor in this process seems to be having a safe base that can provide required support. Implications for practiceThe level of wellbeing after the transition is crucial and the possibility of a warm, responsive and secure parenting needs to be strengthened. The challenge to preventive health care will be to identify a lack of support and ensure that these mothers gain sufficient support to meet today´s demands and still feel that they are good enough mothers for their children.

Outsiders Within

Few Black nurses occupy positions of leadership, and even fewer Black female nurses advance to careers as nurse executives. The purpose of this 2018 study was to explore the lived experience of being Black and female when becoming a nurse executive, specifically the nuances of being both a racial and gender minority. Using a hermeneutic phenomenological method, this study explored the experiences of a purposive sample of 10 Black female nurse executives through semistructured telephone interviews. van Manen's approach and Collins' Black feminist thought as the theoretical framework guided data analysis. Three themes emerged: (a) living in a constant state of readiness; (b) embracing the responsibility beyond the job description; and (c) overcoming. Participants testified of the psychological dynamics of Black womanness, and the burdens of the intersectionality of race, gender, and class discrimination, while managing the complexities and rigors of a thriving career. Discussing the results of this research will help leaders in nursing, health care, and related professions to understand further the experiences of Black female nurse executives, which will inform efforts to (a) increase minority representation in positions of nursing leadership and (b) improve health equity.

Redefining sexual health after gynaecological cancer: Lived experiences from Gynea, a digital rehabilitation programme.

Gynaecological cancer illness and treatment have a significant impact on women's sexual health and concerns regarding sexual health are known to be an unmet need in survivors. The digital support programme Gynea was designed to enhance women's health, including sexual health, after gynaecological cancer treatment. This study aimed to explore how cancer survivors experienced participation in Gynea. This is a phenomenological hermeneutic study. Individual, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore lived experiences. Twenty women were interviewed after completing the Gynea programme. The transcripts were analysed using Lindseth and Norberg's phenomenological hermeneutic method. Three main themes (with subthemes) emerged from the analysis: (1) A silent existential trauma; (2) Redefining sexual health; (3) Communicating with a partner about sexuality. The women redefined sexual health rather than just being sexual intercourse, being a rediscovery of the body. The women's increased awareness and understanding of their own sexual health empowered their communication about their sexuality with their partners. This was important for regaining sexual health and intimacy in their relationships. Participation in Gynea helped to strengthen the women's sexual integrity. Knowledge and support empowered them to take care of their sexual needs and communicate these with their partners. Healthcare services and nurses need to be aware that sexual health is an existential state of being, in which good sexual health does not necessarily equate to sexual function, but rather to sexual empowerment. Digital support with nurse guidance can support women in caring for their sexual health after cancer illness by thematizing sexual health with a holistic approach and should be part of the medical treatment. Twenty gynaecological cancer survivors contributed by sharing their experiences from the sexual health module in Gynea.

Young adults’ narratives about living with home mechanical ventilation – a phenomenological hermeneutical study

Purpose An increasing number of children and young adults with complex medical conditions and respiratory failure are treated with home mechanical ventilation (HMV). The current study aimed to describe how young adults using HMV experience their everyday life with the ventilator, their physical impairments and their opportunities for an educational and professional career. Materials and methods Data were collected via narrative interviews with nine young HMV users (3 females and 6 males, aged 18–31 years) in their homes. Two were ventilated invasively, six were ventilated non-invasively and one was treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via facemask. Data were analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutical method. Result A multi-professional team contributed to participants’ safety and ability to participate in society through higher education and professional work. A good and valuable life, mostly feeling healthy were experienced but also prejudice and stiffened social society structures. Conclusion The findings of this study prove the importance of having long-standing access to a competent and supportive available multi-professional healthcare team when living with a long-term complex condition. These teams provided well-functioning human and technological support in everyday lives.

Entrusting life to professionals: A phenomenological hermeneutical study of older persons' participation in prehospital emergency care involving municipal home care and ambulance services.

Participation in care is considered to promote safe and qualitative care. Care-dependent older persons ageing in place have increased emergency care needs, which initiate inter-organisational collaboration involving municipal home care and ambulance services. Previous research concludes that uncertainties exist regarding what participation in care means in clinical practice, which necessitates the need to illuminate the phenomenon for older persons in critical life situations. This study aimed to illuminate meanings of participation in prehospital emergency care from the perspective of care-dependent older persons experiencing acute illness at home. This study has a qualitative design with a lifeworld approach. A phenomenological hermeneutical method was used to analyse transcribed telephone interviews with eleven care-dependent persons aged 70-93 years. Care-dependent older persons' participation in prehospital emergency care means 'Entrusting life to professional caregivers' when being in helpless solitude and existentially unsafe, which emphasises a deepened interpersonal dependence. Meanings of participation in care from the perspective of older persons involve Being reassured in togetherness, Being pliant in trust of emergency expertise, Being enabled through the agency of professional caregivers, and Encountering readiness in the emergency care chain. Care-dependent older persons' participation in prehospital emergency care is existential and involves interpersonal dependence. Togetherness brings reassurance, safety and opportunity for emotional rest while accessing the professional caregivers' power, competence and abilities which provide opportunities for existence and movement towards well-being and continued living. Prehospital emergency care from the perspective of care-dependent older persons transcends organisational boundaries and includes the municipal mobile safety alarm service. The involved municipal and regional organisations need to provide support by implementing lifeworld-led care models and care alternatives that enable professionals to recognise the existential dimension of participation in care.

Should Women Marry at the Right Age? The Self-Concept Transformation Process of Never-Married Single Women in the Expressive Art Therapy Workshop

<p>本研究目的在探究未婚單身女性在表達性藝術工作坊中所經歷之自我概念轉變歷程。採立意取樣邀請5位20〜30歲未曾經歷婚姻且現無伴侶之女性，參與二日共6個單元的表達性藝術活動工作坊。表達性藝術活動工作坊以小團體進行，結合音樂、書寫、繪畫、勞作、遊戲等多元活動。研究採詮釋現象學方法，資料蒐集為參與者於課前、課後接受約60分鐘之個別訪談、活動省思紀錄、參與者訪談紀錄、活動中紀錄、活動回饋表、參與者作品、觀察者課程紀錄表等。經資料分析，研究結果有三：第一，未婚單身女性的初始自我概念為「等待、迷茫困惑、逐漸復原」；第二，團體互動與創作歷程，包括沉浸感受階段、互動共創階段，以及開放彈性階段；第三，自我概念的轉變從團體前期的「鬆動與前進」，到團體中期的「勇敢與追求」，最後到團體後期的「在融合的關係中具有獨特性」。最後根據研究結果提出相關建議。</p> <p> </p><p>The purpose of this study was to explore the process of self-concept transformation experienced by never-married single women in the expressive art therapy workshop. Based on intentional sampling, five women aged 20-30 who have never been married and have no partner were invited to participate in a two-day expressive art therapy workshop with a total of 6 units. The workshop was carried out in small groups, combining multiple activities such as music, writing, painting, labor, and games. The study adopted the method of hermeneutic phenomenology, and the data collection were activity reflection records, participant interview records, activity records, feedback records, participants’ art works, observation records. According to the data analysis, there were three research findings: First, the initial self-concept of ever-married single women is "waiting, confused, gradually recovering". Second, the group interaction and creative process, including the stage of immersion, the stage of interaction and co-creation, and the stage of openness and flexibility. Third, the transformation of self-concept from "loose and forward" in the early stage of the group, to "brave and pursuit", and finally to "uniqueness in the fusion relationship". Relevant recommendations are put forward based on the research results.</p> <p> </p>

Философия события «Последнего Бога» М. Хайдеггера в контексте теологии «после Освенцима»

Theological components of the historical memory of the Holocaust are the most important constitutive elements of the socio-political and value-ideological forms of understanding the causes and nature of the unprecedented evil committed by Nazism and ways of further development of the human community. Frankly false concepts and analogies that directly affect the memory of generations about the Second World War and are authorized to exist in Western society require raising questions about the specifics of the connection between the existing forms of theological intentions of understanding the Holocaust and the philosophical discourse associated with them with the features of social-political construction narrative of historical memory of this event. The attempted interpretation of the texts by M. Heidegger, which contain intuitions about the ontological-theological essence of the coming historical catastrophe, aims to identify the specific features of the existing ‘Post-Auschwitz’ theology, which legitimize the value-worldview negative transformations in the self-consciousness of Western society. The main method of research is the hermeneutic-phenomenological method, according to which the meaning, directly assimilated from the actual side of the event, cannot be identical to the constitutive meaning, which appeals to the essence of the event that is not revealed through facticity. The constitutive meaning of the event in this study is based on a comparison of the Thinker’s onto-theological intuitions about the essence of an event that has not yet occurred with the circumstances of its actual implementation. The specificity of hermeneutic work in relation to the correlation of the onto-theological contours of the tragic unity of human’s and God’s being revealed in the philosophy of the event ‘The Last God’ by M. Heidegger is determined by the correlation of these contours as constitutive elements of meaning with the event of the Holocaust, linking the fate of the Jewish people with the fate of God. In contrast to similar hermeneutic intentions present in the theology of the ‘Death of God’, M. Heidegger’s philosophy emphasizes the effective nature of human existence, which performs an act of gifting its own essence, leading it to death. The result of this gift is an act of ontological transcendence of human nature and the assimilation of divine nature, carried out by ‘The Last God’. As a development of this concept, an assumption is made about the act of ontological restoration by a person of the existence of God before the event. The interpretation of the difference of divine essences is carried out in a Trinitarian context. The interpretation and development of the philosophy of the event of ‘The Last God’ by M. Heidegger, proposed in this article, are a priority form of development of theology, which aims at the categorical hermeneutic construction of the theodicy of the Holocaust event, determining the essence of the object of faith, as well as preventing value-worldview and socio-political insinuations associated with the transformation of the discourse of ‘guilt and forgiveness’ in Western society.

A hermeneutic phenomenological study on the disease experience among young women with breast cancer

ObjectiveWomen diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 40 face distinctive physical and psychosocial challenges resulting from the disease's pathological features and the developmental aspects associated with their youth. This study aims to investigate the lived experience of breast cancer among this group of young women. MethodsParticipants were purposefully selected from online communities and chat rooms in South Korea. A total of 15 young women with breast cancer were included in this study, and data were gathered through three focus group interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the hermeneutic phenomenology method. ResultsFour essential themes emerged based on four lifeworld existentials: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived others. These four essential themes were: a wounded and sick body, life robbed of youth and elderly years, crossroads of growth discovered at life's extremes, and a steadfast companion on a solitary journey. ConclusionsYoung women with breast cancer face unique challenges due to the intersection of a severe illness and its impact during their formative years. This study offers valuable insights for crafting customized interventions that directly target the physical and psychosocial requirements of young breast cancer survivors, ultimately enhancing their quality of life.

중증 뇌성마비 장애인의 홈의 의미와 입소 거주시설의 주거선택

This study analyzed the meaning of housing(home) and the reason for the choice of main character Mateusz, a severely disabled person with cerebral palsy, by combining a movie analysis of life feels good and a phenomenological approach that focuses on the essence of dwelling as an existential space. Specifically, Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological analysis method was used in movie. In the analysis results, the essential themes derived from the home experience at Mateusz' house include comfortable safety where you can play and study as you please, a place of protection (spatiality), intimacy of the body (corporality), a special child who receives the best love(ralationality), and my time will be good (temporality). And as the reasons why Mateusz finally chose the existing residential facility for the intellectually disabled people as a settlement include change of the owner of the primary territory, changes in the body, growth in thinking about people, optimism for the future through the creation of close relationships with the fellow disabled, employees, the facility's special consideration for Mateusz, and continuous ties with the elder brother.
 Based on these analysis results, this study presented implications and suggestions.

Ethical issues in long-term care settings: Care workers' lived experiences.

Professional care workers face ethical issues in long-term care settings (LTCS) for older adults. They need to be independent and responsible, despite limited resources, a shortage of skilled professionals, global and societal changes, and the negative reputation of LTCS work. Our aim was to describe the care workers' lived experiences of ethical issues. The findings can be used to gain new perspectives and to guide decision-making to improve the quality of care, occupational well-being and nursing education. Focus group interviews were analyzed using a hermeneutic-phenomenological method. The analysis comprised three steps: naïve reading, structural analysis, and comprehensive understanding. We randomly sampled LTCS service providers in Finland and 53 care workers with different educational backgrounds from seven organizations participated in focus group interviews in 2021. This was a sensitive study, which was connected to the participants' individual views of the world, professional ethics and social and health care legislation. The participants' provided informed consent and their anonymity was guaranteed. Care workers spoke about their lived experiences of ethical issues in an emotional way, using practical examples. They talked about how they were experts at caring and advocating for residents, balanced the responsibilities of their different roles, and defended their work to the wider society. The care workers said that ethical aspects of their work were too difficult to solve on their own. There were elements of their working environment and practices that caused unnecessary strain and they needed the commitment of managers, organizations, and society to solve ethical issues in LTCS. Ethical issues were related to the well-being of both residents and care workers and reflected both internal and external pressures. Some issues could not be resolved by individuals and needed input from managers, organizations, and society.

Real-Life Experiences of Students with Disability in Tribhuvan University: Hermeneutic Phenomenological Method

The number of students with disabilities has been increasing nowadays for higher education. Students with disabilities in universities are excluded from the research fields in Nepal although there are some researches done on school children with disabilities and people with disabilities in the family and society: college students with disabilities need to be studied. This study focuses on the lived experiences of students with disabilities while pursuing their studies at Tribhuvan University, Nepal. A hermeneutic phenomenological research method within qualitative approach was applied. A purposive sampling technique was used to select five students with disabilities in this study. The major findings are that the disabled students encountered mainly infrastructure/physical structure barriers, university policy and practice barriers, the university executives’ (un)conscious/ (un)intentional ignorance and attitude barriers while pursuing studies. The students with vision impairment and motor impairment underwent the difficulty with disable-unfriendly physical structures, university policy and practices. The hearing impaired students expressed that the usual class was not for them, and nobody was in the campus for interaction with them. The findings mean the university environments were unfriendly, hostile and adverse to the disabled students. This study may motivate the executives to modify the policy, practices and attitudes toward the disabled.