Hericium Erinaceus Research Articles

Hericium erinaceus Extract Induces Apoptosis via PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK Signaling Pathways in Prostate Cancer Cells.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing globally, surpassing lung cancer in incidence. Despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains incurable. Hence, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to treat PCa. Hericium erinaceus (HE), a medicinal mushroom, offers diverse therapeutic benefits. We examined HE's effects on PCa cells, preparing an ethanol extract and identifying its volatile compounds through GC-MS. MTT assay assessed cell viability, while specific inhibitors and western blotting explored HE's impact on PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways. Flow cytometry and ELISA evaluated apoptosis induction. HE showed concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity on PCa cells with minimal effects on normal cells. Mechanistically, HE suppressed PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways, reducing phosphorylated protein levels. Moreover, it induced PCa cell apoptosis. These findings suggest HE as a potential therapeutic for prostate cancer, shedding light on its cytotoxic and apoptotic effects for further investigation.

Erinacenones A–L: Twelve New Isoindolinone Alkaloids from the Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus

A total of twelve previously unreported isoindolin-1-one compounds, erinacenones A–L (1–12), were isolated from liquid cultures of the medicinal fungus Hericium erinaceus. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configuration of 12 was determined by comparing its optical rotations with values reported in the literature. The most distinctive feature of these compounds is that their nitrogen atoms are connected to different parts of the special structure moieties. Among them, compounds 3 and 4, as well as 10 and 11, are two pairs of isomers differing only by a small change in the position of one double bond. Compounds 4 and 5 were found to show cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values of 24.7 and 18.4 μM, respectively, against MCF-7 cell lines.

Some Applications of Hericium erinaceus Mushrooms: A Review

The Lion's Mane mushroom, which has the scientific name Hericium erinaceus, can be defined as a medicinal fungus type. For very long time, it has been utilized in the conventional medicine in Asia for a variety of purposes. In the past few years, there had been a great deal of interest directed towards potential benefits to the health, which could be provided by this unique type of mushroom in particular, when it comes to the treatment of various diseases. The concentration will be focused on examining the way that Hericium erinaceus as well as its bioactive elements could be utilized for therapeutic purposes within the area od disease control. This review states the possible Hericium erinaceus advantages in cases that are related to some health issues, such as metabolic problems, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune system problems. In addition to that, the present paper discusses the work that is used for providing the therapeutic effects. It is stated that some of the characteristics of the Hericium erinaceus include having anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-oxidant, and immune-modulatory effects. Even though more studies are needed for detailed understanding of all the mechanisms that are involved in its activities, presenting evidences that strongly suggest possible Hericium erinaceus uses as one of the natural cures for a variety of illnesses, it is known as well in some cases as lion's mane mushroom, which fungus type that comes with extensive history and many potential advantages. As a result of its distinctive morphology, including bio-active compounds, in addition to its conventional uses have combined to the generation of much interest in a variety of areas. More research is needed for full understanding of the way that it works for the therapeutic applications and its potential implementations in the area of nutrition, cooking, and medicine. The cultivation of Hericium erinaceus might be viewed as an activity of conservation and business production.

Evaluating the Efficacy of an Extract for UV Defense and Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Transitioning from Biomass to Bioprotection

This study evaluated natural extracts from plant biomass for UV protection and oxidative stress reduction. Conducted in Bucharest, Romania, it focused on medicinal mushrooms and pomegranate bark. The biotechnological process involved a two-phase extraction: hot water processing of Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, and Tremella mushrooms, followed by ethanol extraction with pomegranate bark and green tea. The spectrophotometric analysis identified phenolics and flavonoids. The ethanol extract showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity, particularly in DPPH radical scavenging. UVB exposure tests demonstrated its protective effect, comparable to vitamin B3, delaying oxidative stress onset by 30 min. This research underscores the potential of using natural biomass extracts in skincare, promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability by converting agricultural waste into valuable bioactive compounds.

Amyloban, extracted from Hericium erinaceus, ameliorates social deficits and suppresses the enhanced dopaminergic system in social defeat stress mice.

Social dysfunctions are common in various psychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and autism, and are long-lasting and difficult to treat. The development of treatments for social impairment is critical for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. "Amyloban 3399," a product extracted from the mushroom Hericium erinaceus, markedly improves social dysfunctions in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and depression. However, the molecular mechanism(s) through which amyloban ameliorates social impairment remains unclear. To clarify this mechanism, in this study, we aimed to establish a mouse model of social defeat stress (SDS) and investigate the effects of amyloban on social deficits. Amyloban administration ameliorated social deficits and the dopamine system activity in SDS mice. These findings suggest that there is a possibility that amyloban may improve social deficits by suppressing the hyperactivation of the dopaminergic system. Amyloban may be an effective treatment for social dysfunctions associated with various psychiatric disorders.

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation of Hericium erinaceus on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Corn Husk.

Corn husk, a by-product of corn starch production and processing, contains high-quality dietary fiber (DF). Our study compares and analyzes the impact of Hericium erinaceus solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the structure and physicochemical characteristics of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) of corn husks. The study also investigates the kinetics of SSF of H. erinaceus in this process. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results revealed significant structural changes in corn husk SDF before and after fermentation, with a significant elevation in the functional group numbers. The data indicate that the fermented corn husk SDF's water-holding, swelling, and oil-holding capacities increased to 1.57, 1.95, and 1.80 times those of the pre-fermentation SDF, respectively. Additionally, the results suggest that changes in extracellular enzyme activity and nutrient composition during SSF of H. erinaceus are closely associated with the mycelium growth stage, with a mutual promotion or inhibition relationship between the two. Our study offers a foundation for corn husk SDF fermentation and is relevant to the bioconversion of maize processing by-products.

Grade 3 cytolysis in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer consuming a mushroom powder-based alternative therapy.

The use of Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) in patients with cancer is increasing. CAM is associated with potential toxicity and drug interactions, particularly with chemotherapy. Here, we report a case of cytolysis and hepatic cholestasis in a patient who was self-medicated with a mushroom powder-based alternative therapy containing Agaricus blazei Murril (ABM) during cancer treatment. A 43-year-old woman with metastatic colorectal cancer and hepatic metastases was admitted to our hospital for intravenous chemotherapy. Markers of hepatic grade 3 cytolysis and cholestasis were identified during the pretreatment consultation. The baseline results were within normal limits. The chemotherapy was immediately canceled, and further tests were performed. After the investigation, the patient reported taking three mushroom powder-based capsules per day since November 2023. The dietary supplement contained ABM and Hericium erinaceus (HE) powder. After Pharmaceutical analysis, treatment with the supplement was discontinued, and the patient has not resumed. The changes in liver function were also favorable. In our case, given the improvement in liver function after CAM discontinuation, hepatic cytolysis appeared to be linked to ABM consumption despite the patient's liver metastases. Pharmaceutical analysis of CAM is essential to ensure the safety and optimization of cancer treatments. Patients should also communicate their CAMs to healthcare professionals and be aware of the consequences of consuming these dietary supplements. Finally, collaboration between pharmaceutical teams and oncologists is essential for optimal management of cancer patients.

Neuroprotective Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Hericium erinaceus in Scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's Diseases-like Symptoms in Male Rats.

The neuroprotective effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) mushroom extract against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms in male Wistar rats were investigated. Sixty-four male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n = 8). Scopolamine (SCO) was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 10 days. The treatment groups orally received DHEA (250 mg/kg/day) and/or H. erinaceus (300 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Afterward, the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition tests were implemented. Then, animals were anesthetized and the brain tissue samples were separated. Levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase activity (CAT), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined. Also, histopathological studies were evaluated in the brain tissue samples. Administration of SCO significantly decreased spatial and cognitive memory (p < 0.001). Not only did SCO injection significantly increase the levels of the LPO but also the SCO markedly reduced the levels of the TAC, CAT activity, and the BDNF in the brain tissue. On the other hand, a combination of the DHEA and H. erinaceus showed higher efficacy than the DHEA or H. erinaceus in attenuating behavioral anomalies and improving the antioxidant defense system and BDNF levels. Histological examination was well correlated with biochemical findings regarding SCO neurodegeneration and DHEA and/or H. erinaceus neuroprotection. Interestingly, ADHE and/or H. erinaceus may due to their potential neurotrophic properties be used as a new and beneficial concurrent therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms caused by SCO.

Structural Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Alkaline-Extracted Glucans from Hericium erinaceus.

An alkali-soluble β-glucan (AHEP-A-b, 20 kDa) purified from Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies, was structurally characterized and examined for antioxidant activity. Methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy show that the backbone of AHEP-A-b is composed of (1→6)-linked-D-β-glucopyran residues, branched at O-3 of glucopyranose (Glcp) residues with [→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→] oligosaccharides or single unit of β-Glcp. Periodate oxidation analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) indicate that the degree of polymerization (DP) of [→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→] side chains is 2 to 8. Functionally, AHEP-A-b is a relatively strong antioxidant as demonstrated by using 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical (ABTS·+), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging assays. The present study lays the foundation for further studies into structure-activity relationships of polysaccharides from H. erinaceus.

Interactions between soluble dietary fibers from three edible fungi and gut microbiota

Edible fungi are emerging as a valuable dietary fiber source with health benefits, where their bioactivity hinges on their structure. This study targets the structure-activity relationship of soluble dietary fibers from Lentinus edodes (LESDF), Agaricus bisporus (ABSDF), and Hericium erinaceus (HESDF), focusing on their impact on gut microbiota and health. We explored the properties and structures of edible fungi, finding their soluble fibers affect metabolites and gut microbiota by increasing gas and lowering pH. Among these, HESDF demonstrated superior effects (pH: △1.4 ± 0.07; Gas production: △24.5 ± 0.4 mL). Furthermore, different types of edible fungi dietary fiber exhibited distinct capabilities in promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microorganisms. For instance, ABSDF exceled in acetic acid production (26.12 ± 0.35 mM) and propionic acid production (9.50 ± 0.13 mM), while HESDF stood out in butyric acid production (17.86 ± 0.09 mM). LESDF showed higher levels of Phascolarctobacterium, ABSDF had elevated levels of Ruminococcus, and HESDF displayed increased levels of Faecalibacterium. These results contribute to our understanding of how soluble dietary fiber from different edible fungi impacts gut microbiota and offers insights for the development and utilization of these fibers as functional food.

Polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus and its immunomodulatory effects on RAW 264.7 macrophages

This study aimed to optimize the extraction of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEP) using ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction combined with Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal extraction conditions were identified as: 33 min extraction time, 30:1 liquid to material ratio, 38 °C extraction temperature, 9 g/kg cellulase amount, pH 4, and 20 % ethanol concentration. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of HEP was 5.87 ± 0.16 %, consistent with the predicted results. Additionally, the potential immunomodulatory activity of HEP on RAW 264.7 macrophage was evaluated. The results revealed that HEP improved the immunostimulatory activity of RAW264.7 cells, evident from increased production of IL-6 and TNF-α. These findings suggest that HEP is capable of enhancing the immune activity of RAW 264.7 macrophage.

Micro-electrode array recording of extracellular electrical potentials of liquid static surface fermented Hericium erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus is a basidiomycetes fungus with previously uncharacterised extracellular electrophysiology. Here, we present results of recordings of the electrical potentials of fungal biofilms of this species using microelectrode arrays (MEAs). In particular, we focused on modelling the temporal and spatial progression of the low frequency (≤ 1 Hz) potentials. Culture media control studies showed that the electrical potential activity results from the growth and subsequent spiking behaviours of the mycelium extracellular matrices. An antifungal assay using nystatin suspension, 10,000 unit/mL in DPBS, provided evidence for the biological origin of electrical potentials due to targeting of the selective permeability of the cell membrane and subsequent cessation of electrical activity. Conversely, injection of L-glutamic acid increased the combined multi-channel mean firing rate from 0.04 Hz to 0.1 Hz. Analysis of bursting and spatial propagation of the extracellular signals are also presented.

Research on the optimal ratio of improved electrolytic manganese residue substrate about Pennisetum sinese Roxb growth effects

Electrolytic manganese slag (EMR) is a solid waste generated in the manganese hydrometallurgy process. It not only takes up significant land space but also contains Mn2+, which can lead to environmental contamination. There is a need for research on the treatment and utilization of EMR. Improved EMR substrate for Pennisetum sinese Roxb growth was determined in pot planting experiments. The study tested the effects of leaching solution, microorganisms, leaf cell structures, and growth data. Results indicated a substrate of 45% EMR, 40% phosphogypsum, 5% Hericium erinaceus fungi residue, 5% quicklime, and 5% dolomite sand significantly increased the available phosphorus content (135.54 ± 2.88 μg·g−1) by 17.95 times, compared to pure soil, and enhanced the relative abundance of dominant bacteria. After 240 days, the plant height (147.00 ± 0.52 cm), number of tillers (6), and aerial dry weight (144.00 ± 15.99g) of Pennisetum sinese Roxb increased by 5.81%, 200%, and 32.58%, respectively. Analyses of leaves and leaching solution revealed that the highest leaf Mn content (46.84 ± 2.91 μg·g−1) being 3.38 times higher than in pure soil, and the leaching solution Mn content (0.66 ± 0.13 μg·g−1) was lowest. Our study suggested P. sinese Roxb grown in an improved EMR substrate could be a feasible option for solidification treatment and resource utilization of EMR.

Coffee with Cordyceps militaris and Hericium erinaceus Fruiting Bodies as a Source of Essential Bioactive Substances.

Drinking coffee is a daily routine for many people. Supplement manufacturers have proposed adding powdered Cordyceps militaris, known for its ergogenic and immunostimulating properties, and Hericium erinaceus, known for its nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulating properties, to coffee. The aim of this work was to compare the bioactive substances in three types of coffee: machine-brewed, instant, and traditionally brewed, prepared with the addition of H. erinaceus and C. militaris fruiting bodies. The analysis of bioactive substances was performed using AAS and RP-HPLC methods. Among the control samples of coffee, traditionally brewed coffee was the best source of bioelements. Considering the mushroom species tested, the best additional source of Mg, Zn, Cu, Na, K, and Ca was C. militaris. A slightly higher Fe content was determined for H. erinaceus. With the addition of C. militaris, the amounts of 4-feruloylquinic acid (18.6 mg/200 mL) and 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid (3.76 mg/200 mL) also increased. In conclusion, the C. militaris species has been proven to be a better source of bioactive substances as a coffee additive in the daily diet. The combination of brewed coffee and the tested mushrooms seems to be the most beneficial in terms of health-promoting effects.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of soluble dietary fiber from Hericium erinaceus and its in vitro lipid-lowering effect

Dietary fiber (DF) is an important active polysaccharide in Hericium erinaceus. Obesity can lead to a wide range of diseases. In this work, we investigated the in vitro lipid-lowering effect of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from H. erinaceus, aiming to provide a basis for the subsequent development of lipid-lowering products. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) of SDF from H. erinaceus was performed. The optimal extraction parameters determined via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were as follows: Lywallzyme concentration, 1.0%; complex protease concentration, 1.2%; ultrasonication time, 35 min; and ultrasonication power, 150 W. In vitro lipid-lowering experiments revealed that the adsorption amount of cholesterol micelles by H. erinaceus SDF was 11.91 mg/g. The binding amount and binding rate of sodium taurocholate were 3.73 mg/g and 42.47%, respectively, and those of sodium glycocholate were 3.43 mg/g and 39.12%, respectively. The pancreatic lipase inhibition rate reached 52.11%, and the type of inhibition was competitive. Therefore, H. erinaceus SDF has good in vitro lipid-lowering ability.

Physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus by steam explosion pretreatment and its effects on human gut microbiota

Crude polysaccharides (HEP) extracted from Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) using hot water soaking were focused in this study. The effects of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment (against H. erinaceus raw material) on the physical and chemical characteristics and in vitro fermentability of HEP were examined. SE increased the yield, the total sugar content, and β-glucan content for HEP by 244.96%, 51.22% and 34.60%, respectively. SE treatment also reduced the molecular weight of HEP and released relative lower molecular fractions, as reflected by the elution profiles from HPSEC. During in vitro fermentation (by human feces) process, HEP from SE treated (HEQ) and untreated samples (HEW) both demonstrated capability in regulating gut microbiota (GM) by improving the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia-shigella. Moreover, HEQ could increase the production of acetic, propionic and total SCFAs, while HEW could better increase the production of n-butyric acids. The findings of this study provide a reference for the efficient extraction and preparation of HEP, and highlighting its potential application in modulating GM.

Dynamic changes in aromas and precursors of edible fungi juice: mixed lactic acid bacteria fermentation enhances flavor characteristics.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation technology has been increasingly used in the deep processing of edible fungi. However, the flavor profiles of edible fungi products after mixed LAB fermentation have received less attention and how aromas changes during the mixed LAB fermentation are still open questions. In the present study, fermented Hericium erinaceus and Tremella fuciformis compound juice (FHTJ) was prepared by mixed LAB strains. We aimed to systematically monitor the dynamic changes of aromas and precursors throughout the fermentation process and a data-driven association network analysis was used to tentatively illustrate the mechanisms of formation between aromas and their precursors. Mixed LAB fermentation could enrich the aroma profile of FHTJ, reducing the unpleasant flavors such as nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol, as well as increasing the floral flavors such as ethyl acetate and α-pinene. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis and relative odor activity values revealed that 11 volatile chemicals were recognized as aroma-active markers. Volcano plot analysis showed that 3-octen-2-one (green flavor) was the key aroma-active marker in each stage, which was down-regulated in fermentation stages I, II and IV, whereas it was up-regulated in stage III. 3-Octen-2-one was significantly negatively correlated with organic acids, particularly pyruvate (r2 = -0.89). Ethyl caprylate (floral flavor) was up-regulated in the late fermentation stage, and showed a negative correlation with sugar alcohols and a positive correlation with organic acids, especially tartaric acid (r2 = 0.96). The present study demonstrates the beneficial effect of mixed LAB fermentation on flavor characteristics, providing guidance for fermented edible fungi juice flavor quality monitoring and control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Eficiencia biológica y evaluación de los compuestos bioactivos de cepas silvestres mexicanas de Hericium erinaceus

The basidiomycete Hericium erinaceus is one of the most consumed edibles and medicinal mushrooms in the world and appreciated in traditional Chinese medicine. In Mexico it is known as lion's mane. The biological efficiency of wild strains of H. erinaceus cultivated in different substrates in the Durango region, mainly agave bagasse, a waste from mezcal production, was evaluated. The CCH003 strain from Espinazo del diablo showed the highest biological efficiency of 42.33 % and a productivity rate of 0.47 %, with a total cultivation period of 90 days and three harvests. Regarding the evaluation of bioactive compounds, the same strain obtained significant differences compared to the others, it presented the highest values for all determinations; 60 ± 0.018 mg EAG.g ES-1 in phenolic content, 4.21 ± 0.013 mg EQ.g ES-1 for flavonoids, 71.16 ± 0.002 mg EAA.g ES-1 in CAT, 0.0012 ± 0.001 mg AA.g ES-1 for by ABTS and 121 ± 0.107 µg EAG.mL-1 by DPPH. The variability of the results in the tests carried out provides information on how the type of substrate, climatological and geographical conditions and stage of maturity influence the development of the fungus, including the production of secondary metabolites, even if it is the same species. It is expected that this information will be useful to promote the use of agave bagasse as a substrate in the cultivation of H. erinaceus and thereby diversify rural activities in the region, and in the future generate new studies on the effect of conditions on the production of bioactive compounds. Keywords: agave bagasse, antioxidant, medicinal mushrooms.

Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism regulation in an aged laying hen model

Polysaccharides extracted from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) exhibit hepatoprotective activity in the alleviation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the mechanisms underlying whether and how HEP regulation of the gut microbiota to alleviate liver-associated metabolic disorders are not well understood. This study used an aged laying hen model to explore the mechanisms through which HEP alleviates NAFLD, with a focus on regulatory function of HEP in the gut microbiome. The results showed that HEP ameliorated hepatic damage and metabolic disorders by improving intestinal barrier function and shaping the gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolic profiles. HEP increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and certain tryptophan metabolites, including indole-3-carboxylic acid, kynurenic acid, and tryptamine in the cecum. These metabolites upregulated the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin by activating the AhR and restoring the intestinal barrier integrity. The increased intestinal barrier functions decreased LPS transferring from the intestine to the liver, inhibited hepatic LPS/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation, and reduced hepatic inflammatory response and apoptosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation experiments further confirmed that the hepatoprotective effect is likely mediated by HEP-altered gut microbiota and their metabolites. Overall, dietary HEP could ameliorate the hepatic damage and metabolic disorders of NAFLD through regulating the “gut-liver” axis.

Isolation and Evaluation of Erinacine A Contents in Mycelia of Hericium erinaceus Strains.

Hericium erinaceus has long been favored for its remarkable nutritional and health-promoting benefits, and erinacine A is the key component responsible for the neuroprotective properties of H. erinaceus. Establishing an efficient method for separating erinacine A from H. erinaceus and screening the erinacine A-enriched strains is crucial to maximizing its benefits. Herein, we first reported that high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) is an effective method for separating high-purity erinacine A. Using a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4.5:5:4.5:5, v/v/v/v), erinacine A with a purity of over 95% was separated. Then, we evaluated the content and yield of erinacine A in the liquid-fermented mycelia of Hericium germplasms. Both the content and yield of erinacine A varied greatly among the surveyed strains. The significant effect of the strain on the erinacine A content and yield was revealed by an analysis of variance. The highest erinacine A content and yield were observed in the mycelia of a wild strain HeG, reaching 42.16 mg/g and 358.78 mg/L, which is superior to the current highest outcomes achieved using submerged cultivation. The isolation method established and the strains screened in this study can be beneficial for the scaling up of erinacine A extraction and nutraceutical development to industrial levels.