Herbicide Options Research Articles

Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control by Glufosinate plus Fluometuron Applied Postemergence to WideStrike®Cotton

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, especially GR Palmer amaranth, are very problematic for cotton growers in the Southeast and Midsouth regions of the United States. Glufosinate can control GR Palmer amaranth, and growers are transitioning to glufosinate-based systems. Palmer amaranth must be small for consistently effective control by glufosinate. Because this weed grows rapidly, growers are not always timely with applications. With widespread resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, growers have few herbicide options to mix with glufosinate to improve control of larger weeds. In a field study using a WideStrike®cotton cultivar, we evaluated fluometuron at 140 to 1,120 g ai ha−1mixed with the ammonium salt of glufosinate at 485 g ae ha−1for control of GR Palmer amaranth 13 and 26 cm tall. Standard PRE- and POST-directed herbicides were included in the systems. Glufosinate alone injured the WideStrike® cotton less than 10%. Fluometuron increased injury up to 25% but did not adversely affect yield. Glufosinate controlled 13-cm Palmer amaranth at least 90%, and there was no improvement in weed control nor a cotton yield response to fluometuron mixed with glufosinate. Palmer amaranth 26 cm tall was controlled only 59% by glufosinate. Fluometuron mixed with glufosinate increased control of the larger weeds up to 28% and there was a trend for greater yields. However, delaying applications until weeds were 26 cm reduced yield 22% relative to timely application. Our results suggest fluometuron mixed with glufosinate may be of some benefit when attempting to control large Palmer amaranth. However, mixing fluometuron with glufosinate is not a substitute for a timely glufosinate application.

Early-Season Weed Control Using Herbicides with Adjuvants in Direct-Seeded Onion

Early-season weed competition may cause substantial yield losses in onion. Oxyfluorfen and bromoxynil are POST herbicide options for weed control once onion has developed two leaves, which often takes 4 to 6 wk. Multiple applications of oxyfluorfen at 35 and 18 g ai ha−1and bromoxynil at 35 and 18 g ae ha−1with adjuvants were evaluated for onion safety and weed control under controlled greenhouse conditions. Oxyfluorfen at 35 g ha−1plus organosilicone surfactant caused 42% onion injury at 12 d after three sequential applications. Onion treated with bromoxynil at 18 g ha−1plus high surfactant oil concentrate had lower fresh weight (0.7 g) compared to methylated seed oil (MSO) (1.2 g) or petroleum oil concentrate (POC) (1.3 g) at the same bromoxynil rate. The addition of nonionic surfactant to bromoxynil, averaged across bromoxynil rates, provided 17 and 39% control of redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters, respectively. Redroot pigweed control with oxyfluorfen at 35 or 18 g ha−1plus any tested adjuvant was excellent (≥ 93%). Results suggested the use of POC or MSO with either oxyfluorfen or bromoxynil for subsequent field trials because of similar common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed control and onion safety.

Corn Replant Situations: Herbicide Options and the Effect of Replanting into Partial Corn Stands

Inadequate corn stands due to extreme weather conditions may require producers to replant their corn fields. The use of GR corn, however, can result in difficulty in managing replanted corn without experiencing yield loss. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the herbicide options for control of GR corn in a corn replant situation and to determine the effect of corn replanted into various initial corn stands on grain yield. Two field studies were conducted to accomplish the objectives. The first experiment was designed to identify the most efficacious herbicide treatment for GR corn removal in a corn replant situation. Clethodim (51 g ai ha−1) applied 6 d prior to replanting, paraquat (700 g ai ha−1) plus metribuzin (160 g ai ha−1) applied at replanting, and glufosinate (450 g ai ha−1) applied at replanting along with a sequential treatment 3 wk later provided 96 to 100% control of the initial corn stand and resulted in the highest yield. If corn from the first planting remains, the interaction between different sized plants can reduce yield of corn. Thus, a second field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence on grain yield of corn replanted into various initial corn stands. Corn stands of 0, 20,000, 40,000, 60,000, 80,000, and 100,000 plants ha−1 were established and either followed by a corn replant at 80,000 seeds ha−1 or not replanted. Initial stands ≥ 60,000 plants ha−1 did not require a replant to maximize yield. Initial corn stands ≤ 40,000 plants ha−1 required a replant with initial stand control to maximize grain yield. The percent yield contribution from an initial stand of 20,000 plants ha−1 was 20% greater than the same population replanted a few weeks later, which showed the competitive advantage to earlier planting even at the lowest initial corn stand. Because of this competitive advantage, an initial stand must be removed to maximize corn yield in a replant situation.

Herbicide cross resistance in weeds

With no major new site-of-action herbicide introduced into the marketplace in the last 20 years, the stagnation or decline in available herbicides in the past decade in a number of jurisdictions, and ever-increasing incidence of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds, more efficient use of our existing herbicide tools will be required to proactively or reactively manage HR weed populations. Herbicide-resistant weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide-resistance traits, such as synthetic auxins, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. An examination of cross-resistance patterns in HR weed populations may inform proactive or reactive HR weed management through better insights into the potential for HR trait-stacked crops to manage HR weed biotypes as well as identify possible effective alternative herbicide options for growers. Clethodim is the lowest resistance risk acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibiting herbicide, with only two of eleven target-site mutations (amino acid substitutions) in weed populations that confer resistance. However, there are no reduced-risk acetolactate synthase/acetohydroxyacid synthase (ALS/AHAS) herbicides or herbicide classes. Growers will be increasingly reliant on reduced-risk herbicide sites of action (groups), such as microtubule assembly inhibitors (e.g., trifluralin, pendimethalin), synthetic auxins (e.g., 2,4-D, dicamba), some photosystem-II inhibitors (nitriles such as bromoxynil), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) or hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, glyphosate, or glutamine synthetase inhibitor (glufosinate), used in sequences, mixtures, or rotations, to manage HR weed populations.

Cogongrass Control with Aminocyclopyrachlor in Pastures

Aminocyclopyrachlor is a new pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide that controls a wide range of pasture weeds. Recent research has shown that it may also have some activity on cogongrass which is an increasing problem in pastures and hayfields. Since current herbicide options for cogongrass control in pastures are non-selective, any new selective tools would be useful. We evaluated aminocyclopyrachlor applied at fall or spring timings against glyphosate and imazapyr for cogongrass rhizome, shoot, and seedhead control. At 12 months after treatment (MAT), aminocyclopyrachlor reduced rhizome biomass by 28% while glyphosate and imazapyr reduced rhizome biomass by 77 and 80%, respectively. Both fall and spring treatment timings resulted in a similar pattern of good spring control of shoot growth and flowering but new shoot growth occurred during the summer and fall. Additional aminocyclopyrachlor dose response studies indicated that repeated fall treatments inhibited cogongrass spring flowering at low rates but did not effectively control shoots even at high rates. These results indicate that aminocyclopyrachlor does provide short-term vegetative control of cogongrass and can strongly inhibit flowering the year after treatment. This ability to prevent cogongrass flowering while suppressing vegetative cover may allow aminocyclopyrachlor to be useful in certain pasture situations.

Response ofMiscanthus × giganteusandMiscanthus sinensisto Postemergence Herbicides

Studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions at Michigan State University and Texas Tech University to investigate the tolerance ofMiscanthus × giganteusandMiscanthus sinensisto POST herbicides.Miscanthus sinensisandM. × giganteuswere treated with 10 and 18 POST herbicide treatments, respectively. Plants were evaluated for injury as well as dry aboveground and belowground biomass production 28 days after treatment. Imazethapyr at 0.069 kg ai ha−1caused 5% injury toM. sinensis, which was greater than the nontreated check. Imazethapyr, imazamox at 0.044 kg ai ha−1, and rimsulfuron at 0.017 kg ai ha−1reduced aboveground biomass ofM. sinensiscompared with the nontreated check. Dicamba at 0.56 kg ai ha−1and halosulfuron at 0.035 kg ai ha−1resulted inM. sinensisaboveground biomass similar to the nontreated check. Injury exhibited byM. × giganteuswas greater than the nontreated check with glyphosate at 0.84 kg ae ha−1(54%), foramsulfuron at 0.037 kg ai ha−1(32%), nicosulfuron at 0.035 kg ai ha−1(28%), and imazamox at 0.044 kg ai ha−1(10%). These treatments also yielded the lowest aboveground biomass values. The results of this study demonstrate thatM. sinensisis more tolerant of the POST herbicides tested here thanM.×x. giganteus. Several herbicide options may be available for weed management inM. sinensisandM. × giganteusstands following additional field trials to validate initial findings.

Herbicidal Activity of Brassicaceae Seed Meal on Wild Oat (Avena fatua), Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola)

The need for sustainable agricultural-production systems has generated demand for effective, nonsynthetic, alternative weed-control strategies. For some vegetable crops there are few herbicide options available, and there is little prospect of new herbicides being registered for vegetable crops. Brassicaceae seed meal, a residue product of the seed oil extraction process, can provide a resource for supplemental nutrients, disease control, and weed suppression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different Brassicaceae seed meals and application rates on the emergence of wild oat, Italian ryegrass, prickly lettuce, and redroot pigweed, which are some of the major weeds in vegetable production systems. White mustard seed, Indian mustard seed, and rapeseed meals were used with (intact) or without a functional myrosinase enzyme (denatured). Intact white mustard seed meals applied at a rate of 2000 kg ha−1 significantly reduced weed seedling emergence and weed dry biomass compared with intact rapeseed-meal–amended treatments. Indian mustard showed significantly better herbicidal efficacy on the grassy weeds than did white mustard, which was most effective in controlling broadleaf weeds. In all instances, a 1000 kg ha−1 application rate of either Indian mustard or white mustard exhibited greater herbicidal effect than did the 2000 kg ha−1 application rate of rapeseed meal. These results demonstrate that all glucosinolates are not equal in herbicidal effects. The herbicidal effects of the mustard seed meal could offer vegetable growers a new option for weed control, particularly in organic production systems. In practice, it would seem feasible to treat soils with a blend of Indian mustard and white mustard seed meals so that both grass and broadleaf weeds could be effectively controlled.

Tolerance of Spring Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) to Four Wheat Herbicides

Triticale is a low input crop, produced in North America primarily for silage for animal feed. Currently, seed growers have few herbicide options for producing certified seed. There is anecdotal evidence that triticale tolerates many of the same herbicides as wheat. In 2004 and 2005, the tolerance of three spring triticale varieties (AC Alta, AC Ultima, and Pronghorn) was tested with four herbicides registered for wheat: florasulam + MCPA ester, clodinafop-propargyl, thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl, and sulfosulfuron-methyl + 2,4-D ester. Herbicides were applied at the label rate (1×) for wheat and twice (2×) that rate. Crop injury, plant height, biomass, and seed yields were quantified. Neither florasulam + MCPA ester, clodinafop-propargyl, nor thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl at 1× or 2× use rates significantly injured triticale. Sulfosulfuron-methyl + 2,4-D ester reduced triticale height at the 1× and 2× rates, as well as reduced biomass and yield at the 2× rate. Florasulam + MCPA ester, clodinafop-propargyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl do not cause significant crop injury and can be used for weed control in spring triticale, but sulfosulfuron-methyl + 2,4-D ester is not recommended for use in triticale.

Sensitivity of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) to various postemergence herbicides

There are a limited number of herbicide options available for durum wheat production in Ontario, Canada. Four field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada over a three year period (2008, 2009 and 2010) to evaluate the sensitivity of spring planted durum wheat to post-emergence (POST) applications of dichlorprop/2,4-D, dicamba/ MCPA/mecoprop, clopyralid, bromoxynil/MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA amine, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tralkoxydim and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl/safener at the manufacturers’ recommended dose and twice that dose. Visible injury in durum wheat were 0 to 2.4% with dichlorprop/2,4-D, 0 to 6% with dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop, 0 to 0.4% injury with clopyralid, 0 to 1.4% injury with bromoxynil/MCPA, 0 to 3.5% with pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, 0 to 5% with thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA amine, 0 to 2.6% with fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, 0 to 5% with tralkoxydim and 0.4% to 8% with fenoxaprop-pethyl/safener at various evaluation dates (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after treatment). Durum wheat height was decreased as much as 5% with dicamba/ MCPA/mecoprop, 4% with pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil and 6% with fenoxaprop-pethyl/safener but was not affected with other herbicides evaluated. There was no decrease in durum wheat yield with the herbicides evaluated.

Miscanthus × giganteus Response to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides

Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass being evaluated in the United States as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Weed control during the first two growing seasons is essential for successful establishment. No herbicides are currently labeled for use in Miscanthus grown for biomass, but herbicides used on field corn might be safe to Miscanthus. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the response of Miscanthus to numerous preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides. Herbicides with activity only on broadleaf species, whether PRE or POST, did not exhibit injury or reduce Miscanthus biomass. Several herbicides, particularly those with significant activity on grass species, exhibited injury ranging from 6 to 71% (scale of 0 to 100) and/or reduced Miscanthus dry mass by 33 to 78%, especially at the highest rates applied. Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 with a selection of the herbicides used in the greenhouse experiments to evaluate the response of Miscanthus to herbicides applied PRE, POST and PRE followed by POST. Results from the field experiments generally confirmed those from the greenhouse experiments. PRE herbicides and herbicides with broadleaf-specific activity generally did not produce significant injury or reduce aboveground biomass while herbicides with grass activity tended to cause injury ranging from 22 to 25% and/or reduce biomass by 69 to 78%. With some exceptions, results support prior suppositions that herbicides used in corn are safe to use on Miscanthus and may provide potential herbicide options that growers can use when establishing Miscanthus.

SUSTAINABILITY TRADE-OFFS IN ORGANIC ORCHARD FLOOR MANAGEMENT

Sustainability is a primary goal of organic farming systems, particularly with regard to environmental factors. Modern orchard systems in general benefit from the perennial nature of the crop and the reduced impacts to soil and water with the absence of tillage. In the Pacific Northwest region of the USA, most pome and stone fruit orchards utilize herbicides to manage weeds in the tree row, and a perennial grass cover in the drive alley to reduce dust and provide a stable surface for machinery traffic. Organic orchards in the region do not have an acceptable herbicide option, and thus typically rely on weed control through soil tillage, which can compromise soil quality. Tillage was compared with wood chip mulch and an undisturbed control in a 3-yr trial. Tillage did not lead to consistent soil quality decline; however, it did lead to poorer tree performance relative to the control, while wood chip mulch improved tree performance. Both options provided good weed control. Related trials with living mulch in the tree row showed soil quality benefits and meaningful N contribution, but had severe competition with trees and elevated vole populations. Results to date suggest that an integration of practices will be needed to optimize sustainability.

Environment and Soil Conditions Influence Pre- and Postemergence Herbicide Efficacy in Soybean

Deciding on the most efficacious PRE and POST herbicide options and their ideal application timing can be challenging for soybean producers. Climatic events during the 14 d before and after herbicide application can further complicate decisions because of their influence on herbicide effectiveness. Nine field trials were conducted at three locations in southwestern Ontario from 2003 to 2006, to determine the most effective PRE and POST soybean herbicides for control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, green foxtail, and redroot pigweed. When precipitation was low at least 7 d before and after herbicide application weed control was reduced in treatments that included imazethapyr (PRE or POST) or flumetsulam/S-metolachlor (a premix formulation) (PRE). Cumulative precipitation during the 12 d after PRE application that exceeded the monthly average by at least 60% reduced common lambsquarters control when metribuzin was applied and green foxtail control when imazethapyr was applied. Delaying application of imazethapyr + bentazon to a later soybean growth stage decreased control of common lambsquarters and green foxtail; however, environmental conditions appeared to influence these results. Precipitation on the day of application decreased control of common ragweed and redroot pigweed more with quizalofop-p-ethyl + thifensulfuron-methyl + bentazon compared with imazethapyr + bentazon. Soybean yield varied among POST herbicide treatments because of reduced weed control. This research confirms that environmental conditions pre- and postapplication, as well as application timing, influence herbicide efficacy and should be considered by growers when selecting an herbicide program.

Herbicide-Resistant Crops: Utilities and Limitations for Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management

Since 1996, genetically modified herbicide-resistant (HR) crops, particularly glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops, have transformed the tactics that corn, soybean, and cotton growers use to manage weeds. The use of GR crops continues to grow, but weeds are adapting to the common practice of using only glyphosate to control weeds. Growers using only a single mode of action to manage weeds need to change to a more diverse array of herbicidal, mechanical, and cultural practices to maintain the effectiveness of glyphosate. Unfortunately, the introduction of GR crops and the high initial efficacy of glyphosate often lead to a decline in the use of other herbicide options and less investment by industry to discover new herbicide active ingredients. With some exceptions, most growers can still manage their weed problems with currently available selective and HR crop-enabled herbicides. However, current crop management systems are in jeopardy given the pace at which weed populations are evolving glyphosate resistance. New HR crop technologies will expand the utility of currently available herbicides and enable new interim solutions for growers to manage HR weeds, but will not replace the long-term need to diversify weed management tactics and discover herbicides with new modes of action. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of anticipated weed management options and the best management practices that growers need to implement in HR crops to maximize the long-term benefits of current technologies and reduce weed shifts to difficult-to-control and HR weeds.

Confirmation and Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) in Tennessee

Seeds of a suspected glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed biotype from Lauderdale County, TN, were collected from a continuous cotton field in fall 2007 after plants were nonresponsive to multiple glyphosate applications. The objectives of this research were to (1) confirm resistance by quantifying the response of the putative resistant biotype to glyphosate compared to a susceptible biotype from a nonagricultural area, (2) quantify shikimate accumulation over time in both biotypes, and (3) determine the effectiveness of POST-applied herbicides labeled for use in cotton in controlling both biotypes at three growth stages. The susceptible biotype had a 50% lethal dose of 407 g ae/ha of glyphosate compared with 2,176 g/ha for the resistant biotype when treated at the four-node stage, a 5.3-fold level of resistance. The resistant biotype accumulated 3.3- to 9.8-fold less shikimate than the susceptible biotype at 1 to 7 d after treatment. The resistant biotype was less responsive to glyphosate as treatment was delayed past the two-node stage, much more than the susceptible biotype. Glufosinate, MSMA, and diuron controlled both biotypes by at least 90%, regardless of size at application. Prometryn, flumioxazin, carfentrazone-ethyl, fomesafen, and trifloxysulfuron controlled both biotypes by at least 89% when applied at the two-node stage, but control generally diminished with later application timings. Pyrithiobac was not effective in controlling either biotype, regardless of size at application. Hence, there are effective herbicide options for controlling glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed in cotton, and the resistant biotype does not appear to exhibit multiple resistances to other herbicides.

Retorno da produção de arroz irrigado com cultivares convencionais após o uso do sistema Clearfield®

Os herbicidas imazethapyr + imazapic usados no sistema Clearfield® de produção de arroz irigado podem persistir no solo e afetar cultivares de arroz não tolerantes semeados em sucessão. O efeito sobre o arroz irrigado não tolerante pode variar de acordo com os genótipos e herbicidas utilizados no arroz cultivado em sucessão. Em vista disso, foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas de cultivares e herbicidas para o retorno da produção de arroz não tolerante após o uso do sistema Clearfield. O experimento foi instalado em área de várzea sistematizada da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS) e conduzido no ano agrícola 2006/07. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema trifatorial, com três repetições. O fator A foi composto por dois sistemas de sucessão de cultivo de arroz irrigado nos primeiros três anos de cultivo (2003/04, 2004/05 e 2005/06): sistema de sucessão 1 - duas safras agrícolas com o uso do sistema Clearfield e aplicação de imazethapyr + imazapic (75 e 25 g i.a. ha-1) e uma safra com cultivo de arroz não tolerante, com aplicação de quinclorac; e sistema de sucessão 2 - três safras agrícolas com o uso do sistema Clearfield e aplicação do herbicida na mesma dose especificada anteriormente. O fator B foi representado pelos cultivares de arroz irrigado usados no quarto ano de cultivo (BR IRGA 409, IRGA 417, IRGA 422 CL e BRS 7 "TAIM"). O fator C foi representado por diferentes herbicidas aplicados na safra 2006/07: bispyribac-sodium, clomazone + propanil, cyhalofop-butyl, quinclorac e penoxsulam. O cultivo de arroz irrigado após o uso do sistema Clearfield® por dois anos requer, pelo menos, uma safra agrícola sem a aplicação do herbicida (imazethapyr + imazapic), para evitar que o residual dos herbicidas afete a produtividade do arroz não tolerante. A redução de produtividade do arroz não tolerante causada pelo residual do herbicida (imazethapyr + imazapic) semeado após três anos de uso consecutivo do sistema Clearfield foi de 30%. Não houve diferença entre os cultivares não tolerantes testados neste experimento quanto à suscetibilidade ao residual de imazethapyr + imazapic. Não houve aumento de fitotoxicidade nas plantas do arroz irrigado pela aplicação dos herbicidas no arroz irrigado não tolerante semeado na sucessão, porém ressalta-se a necessidade do uso de herbicidas que não sejam inibidores da enzima ALS para reduzir a pressão de seleção de plantas daninhas resistentes ou tolerantes a esses herbicidas.

Resistance levels and fitness of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor-resistant transgenic rice in paddy fields

We previously confirmed that the transgenic rice line, M4, was about 200-fold more resistant to oxyfluorfen than the wild-type (WT) rice in whole-plant bioassays in pots. The transgenic rice line was also cross-resistant to other protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX)-inhibiting herbicides, acifluorfen, carfentrazone, and oxadiazon. The objectives of this research were to (a) verify the resistance of transgenic rice plants to commercial doses of PROTOX-inhibiting herbicides under paddy field conditions, (b) compare the growth, yield, and grain quality of transgenic and WT rice under weed-free conditions in a paddy field, and (c) determine the responses of transgenic and WT rice plants to chilling and drought stress. In the field, M4 was resistant to PROTOX inhibitors oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen, carfentrazone, pyraflufen, and oxadiazon in transplanted and direct-seeded rice culture. The transgenic and WT plants had similar plant heights and number of tillers. However, the yield of M4 at T 4 and T 5 generations was 7–8% less than that of WT plants. This was due to reduced number of spikelets per panicle and reduced grain weight. Head rice yield, immature kernels, damaged kernels, palatability, and protein and amylose contents were similar between M4 and WT rice. There was no difference in chilling injury between WT and M4, but M4 was more tolerant to drought stress than WT plants. PROTOX inhibitor-resistant rice is agronomically viable. It will expand the herbicide options in rice production. Follow-up research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the slight yield difference and differential drought response between WT and transgenic rice.

Evaluation of herbicide programs for the management of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp ( Amaranthus rudis) in Maize

Field experiments were conducted in corn to evaluate the influence of herbicide treatments on glyphosate resistant waterhemp control in Platte County, Missouri during 2006 and 2007. Pre-emergence (PRE), pre-emergence followed by post-emergence (PRE fb POST), and post-emergence-only (POST-only) herbicide programs were evaluated for use in conventional, glyphosate-resistant, or glufosinate-resistant corn hybrids. All programs containing a PRE herbicide, conventional POST herbicide, or glufosinate resulted in greater than 98% control of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp and reduced seed production by at least 99%. Waterhemp densities were also reduced by programs that contained a PRE herbicide, conventional POST herbicide, or glufosinate. The highest waterhemp density and poorest control occurred with a sequential glyphosate program. Corn yields did not differ between herbicide treatments in 2006 however certain conventional PRE and PRE fb POST programs increased yields compared to the sequential glyphosate program in 2007. Results from this research indicate that several herbicide options are available for the control of glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp in corn. However, the lack of crop rotation at this field site for a period of at least 15 consecutive years and lack of residual herbicide applications typically utilized in corn likely contributed to the increased sensitivity of this waterhemp population to PRE-only corn herbicide programs.

Annual Bluegrass Biology and Management in Turf

This is part of the Weed Biology and Management in Turf series by J. Bryan Unruh, Darcy E. Partridge-Telenko, Barry J. Brecke, and Ramon Leon that highlights key facts about each weed, and include herbicide options for each variety of Florida turfgrass. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, July 2009. 2009 version unavailable, February 2013 and April 2016 revisions included instead. ENH1131/EP392: Annual Bluegrass Biology and Management in Turf (ufl.edu)

Crabgrass Biology and Management in Turf

This is part of the Weed Biology and Management in Turf series by J. Bryan Unruh, Darcy E. Partridge-Telenko, Barry J. Brecke, and Ramon Leon that highlights key facts about each weed, and include herbicide options for each variety of Florida turfgrass. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, June 2009. 2009 version unavailable, February 2013 and April 2016 revisions included instead. ENH1134/EP395: Crabgrass Biology and Management in Turf (ufl.edu)

Florida Betony Biology and Management in Turf

This is part of the Weed Biology and Management in Turf series by J. Bryan Unruh, Darcy E. Partridge-Telenko, Barry J. Brecke, and Ramon Leon that highlights key facts about each weed, and include herbicide options for each variety of Florida turfgrass. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, July 2009. 2009 version unavailable, February 2013 and April 2016 revisions included instead. ENH1127/EP388: Florida Betony Biology and Management in Turf (ufl.edu)