Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Articles

The Concept of Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of Traditional Jamu Communal Rights in Central Java

This study aims to describe and provide empirical evidence regarding the legal protection of intellectual property rights for traditional herbal medicines based on communal rights in Central Java and to formulate the concept of legal protection for traditional herbal medicines based on communal rights. Theoretical Framework: This study uses the Theory of Legal Protection and the Theory of Defensive Protection to provide solutions to phenomena that occur in the field. It employs a purposive technique in sampling. The empirical concept is still known in legal research. Legal research views law in the scope of non-formal institutions and tries to understand legal behavior (the living law) in the context of social reality, legal protection of traditional herbal medicine, and also in the context of the reality of society that lives in groups and together. The findings of the study explain that Traditional Herbal Medicine Nguter, which is made and produced by the Nguter Local Community consisting of Herbal Medicine Business Actors, the Nguter Herbal Medicine Market, and also the Indonesian Herbal Medicine Cooperative, Kroya District, Cilacap Regency, Mijen District, Semarang City, and enjoyed by consumers in Nguter District, shows that traditional herbal medicine is a concoction that has been produced for generations and used by the Local Community. The existence of herbal medicine has its significance; however, it has not been optimally protected by the law by the State in the perspective of Intellectual Property Rights. The concept offered is legal protection for traditional herbal medicine as traditional knowledge by using the Defensive Protection concept, which is based on the fulfillment of communal rights. In this perspective, protection is achieved by publishing traditional herbal medicine openly, which can be accessed by Patent Examiners in Indonesia and abroad. The name of the publication is the Traditional Medicine Digital Library.

A Rare Case Report on Jaundice, Alcoholic Liver Disease with a History of Herbal Medicine Induced Liver Injury

Background: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption, affecting fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Risk factors include alcohol intake, genetic predisposition, and co-existing liver conditions. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) accumulates excessive fat in the liver, leading to steatosis and fibrosis. ALD complications include portal hypertension, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The use of herbal medicines, such as tamarind and neem extracts, is also concerning due to potential liver damage. Increased awareness and caution are needed from patients and healthcare providers. Case report: A 33-year-old male patient presented with symptoms including right hypochondrium pain, yellowish discoloration of the sclera, fever, decreased urine output, light yellow tongue, and generalized weakness. He was a chronic alcoholic, consuming various alcoholic beverages for 15 years. His dietary routine was mixed, but he preferred non-vegetarian foods. His family suggested he consume traditional herbal medicine to treat jaundice. After collecting his history, lab tests were conducted to confirm his diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with herbal medicine-induced liver (DILI). LFT tests were alarming, and he was diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease with jaundice and DILI due to herbal medicine. To improve his symptoms and prevent liver failure complications, he was prescribed a list of medications to improve his symptoms and to prevent complications of liver failure. Discussion: A holistic treatment approach is needed for patients with alcoholic liver disease and herbal medicine-induced liver injury, focusing on symptom relief, liver function enhancement, and complication prevention. This includes lifestyle changes, nutritional support, and managing potential issues. Regular monitoring is crucial for adjustments. Conclusion: This case report highlights the complex relationship between alcoholic liver disease and herbal medicine-induced liver injury, especially in jaundice cases. It emphasizes the need for thorough patient histories, increased awareness of hepatotoxic potential, and educating patients about alcohol and herbal supplement risks. It calls for multidisciplinary collaboration, enhanced regulation, and safety evaluations of herbal medicines to protect public health. It also underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and monitoring patients with liver injury histories. Keywords: ALD, Herbal medicine, DILI, Liver failure, Patient care

Discovery, Biomanufacture, and Derivatization of Licorice Triterpenoids.

Triterpenoids are the major active constituents of licorice, a well-known traditional medicinal herb. Licorice triterpenoids, represented by glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, have a high structural diversity and are excellent lead compounds for the development of potent pharmaceuticals. However, their further application can be limited by insufficient activities, low bioavailability, and the presence of side effects, as well as the inefficiency of traditional plant extraction processes for compound production. To address these issues, researchers are focusing on rare triterpenoid components in the genus Glycyrrhiza and developing derivatives to preserve or enhance the original physiological activities with improved bioavailability and reduced side effects. At the same time, synthetic biology offers opportunities to shorten the production cycle, create eco-friendly manufacturing processes, and reduce the cost of producing licorice triterpenoids. Although much progress has been achieved in this field in recent years, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review to summarize the overall characteristics of licorice triterpenoids rather than glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Based on this, our review comprehensively outlines the structures, origins, and pharmacological activities of licorice triterpenoids and predicts their pharmacological activities using the drugCIPHER algorithm. Furthermore, this paper reviews the advances and strategies for the biomanufacturing of licorice triterpenoids using synthetic biology methods and outlines the perspectives and structure-activity relationships for the derivatization of licorice triterpenoids. This review provides new insights into the discovery and synthesis of pharmaceuticals derived from natural triterpenes.

Alisma plantago-aquatica polysaccharides ameliorate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by regulating hepatic metabolic profiles and modulating gut microbiota

Acetaminophen (APAP) has emerged as a predominant contributor to acute liver failure (ALF) in United States. Alismatis rhizoma, a commonly used traditional herbal medicine, contains small molecular components with extensive hepatoprotective activity. However, the specific role of Alismatis rhizoma polysaccharide (ARP) in liver protection remains unclear. ARP50 and ARP70, derived through graded alcohol precipitation and refinement, predominantly consisted of varying proportions of glucose, galactose, and arabinose. In vitro experiments on free radical scavenging demonstrated notable antioxidant capabilities of ARP50 and ARP70. To investigate the hepatoprotective effects, an APAP-induced acute liver injury (ALI) model was established in mice. ARP50 and ARP70 exerted dose-dependent therapeutic effects on APAP-induced liver injury. Further analysis of liver metabolites revealed that ARPs facilitated the reconstruction of the liver antioxidant system by modulating the metabolism network centered on l-glutamine. In addition, the abundance of gut microbiota was altered under the influence of ARPs. ARP50 significantly reduced the levels of Pseudarthrobacter and markedly increased the levels of Faecalibacterium，At the same time, ARP50 could increase the levels of acetic acid in the liver and serum. Meanwhile, ARP70 significantly increased the abundance of Dubosiella, Muribaculum, Ileibacterium, and Prevotellaceae UCG 001, while reducing the abundance of Escherichia Shigella and Pseudarthrobacter. The results indicated that ARPs could exert a protective effect against APAP-induced acute liver injury by reshaping the liver metabolic profile and modulating the gut microbiota.

Chemically Synthesized 1,2,3,4,6-Pentakis-O-Galloyl-β-D-Glucopyranoside Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Spike Interaction with Host ACE-2 Receptor.

In the search for anti-COVID-19 therapy, 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-βD-glucopyranoside, a natural polyphenolic compound isolated from many traditional medicinal herbs, has been reported as an RBD-ACE2 binding inhibitor and as a broad-spectrum anticoronaviral inhibitor targeting the main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARSCoV-2. To facilitate the structure-activity relationship studies of 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-β-Dglucopyranoside, we describe its chemical synthesis and characterization, as well as its activity towards the SARS-CoV-2 spike interaction with host ACE2 receptor. 1,2,3,4,6-Pentakis-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside was synthesized in two quantitative steps from 3,4,5-tribenzyloxybenzoic acid and β-D-glucopyranoside: DCC-mediated esterification and palladium-catalyzed per-debenzylation. The synthesized molecule was evaluated using a SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer (S1 + S2) ACE2 inhibitor screening colorimetric assay kit, SARS-CoV2 spike S1 RBD ACE2 inhibitor screening colorimetric assay kit, and a cellular neutralization assay using the Spike (SARS-CoV-2) Pseudotyped Lentivirus, ACE2-HEK293 recombinant cell line. The chemically synthesized product blocked the binding of the spike trimer of SARSCoV-2 to the human ACE2 receptor with IC50=22±2 µM. It also blocked ACE2:spike RBD binding with IC50=27±3 µM. Importantly, it inhibited the infectivity of SARS2-CoV2-Spike pseudotyped lentivirus on the ACE2 HEK293 cell line with IC50=20±2 µM. Overall, the chemically synthesized 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a lead molecule to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies that block the initial stage of the viral infection by blocking the virus entry to the host cell.

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography based on different modulations for the determination of Aristolochic Acid Ⅰ in Asari Radix et Rhizoma

Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine derived from the genus Asarum in the Aristolochiaceae family, which has been widely used for years. Aristolochic acids in it significantly restrict the clinical application of ARR due to its nephrotoxic and carcinogenic properties, of which aristolochic acid I (AA I) is the most representative. The present paper describes two 2D-LC systems modulated by a sample loop and a trap column respectively for the detection of trace aristolochic acid I in ARR. An Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column and a Luna 3u Phenyl-Hexyl column were separately utilized in the first-dimension (1D) and second-dimension (2D) chromatography. A mixed-mode column with reversed-phase and ion-exchange was selected for trap column modulation of 2D-LC system. Method validation results showed that these two 2D-LC methods performed well in terms of repeatability, linearity, intra/interday precision, stability, and accuracy, which were demonstrated qualified for the simultaneous determination of trace AA I in ARR. The AA Ⅰ contents in three batches of ARR were 0.466∼0.812 μg/g by the two 2D-LC methods, which were below the limit requirement in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The comprehensive comparison between the two methods showed that a significant solute focusing effect was obtained by trap column modulation, which led to four-time lower LOD compared with loop modulation, while the loop-modulation-based method achieved higher analytical efficiency when analyzing a large batch of samples.

Integrative multi-Omics and network pharmacology reveal angiogenesis promotion by Quan-Du-Zhong Capsule via VEGFA/PI3K-Akt pathway.

Quan-du-zhong capsule (QDZ), derived from the whole plant extract of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in treating vascular-related diseases, including hypertension and osteoporosis. Despite its established uses, its pro-angiogenic effects and underlying mechanisms require further investigation. This study aims to investigate the pro-angiogenic effects of QDZ and explore the underlying mechanisms. The chemical compositions of QDZ, including its absorbed prototypes in rats, were analyzed using UHPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS. The pro-angiogenic activities of QDZ were evaluated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through various assays, including CCK-8, migration, scratch, tubule formation, and 3D sprouting assays. Additionally, the pro-angiogenic effects of QDZ were further assessed in vivo through the matrigel plug assay and a hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion model, with three-dimensional blood flow visualized via micro-CT. A comprehensive approach involving network pharmacology, molecular docking, transcriptomics, and proteomics was utilized to explore the pro-angiogenic mechanism of QDZ, with validation by western blot analysis. QDZ significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of HUVECs. The matrigel plug assay further confirmed its pro-angiogenic potential. In vivo, QDZ-treated mice displayed enhanced vascular distribution and faster blood flow recovery post-ischemia-reperfusion. Chemical analysis identified 49 compounds in QDZ, with 16 absorbed prototypes detected in rat plasma. Mechanistic investigations through network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and proteomics suggested that QDZ's pro-angiogenic effects were mediated through the VEGFA/PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, with increased phosphorylation of angiogenesis-related proteins such as PI3K, Akt, FAK, and Src. This study demonstrates that QDZ promotes angiogenesis via activating the VEGFA and its downstream PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, shedding light on the mechanisms that underpin its traditional medicinal use in vascular health.

MicroRNAs from Yishen Tongluo formula can repair sperm DNA damage caused by benzo(a)pyrene.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) present in Yishen Tongluo formula (YSTL, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula) are considered as potential therapeutic drugs for reducing the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI). To study the effectiveness of plant miRNAs in YSTL for repairing mouse sperm DNA damage caused by benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Twenty-four male SPF ICR (CD1) mice were divided into control, BaP and YSTL groups. A BaP-induced (100 mg/kg) sperm DNA damage model was established in the BaP and YSTL groups, and the mice in the YSTL group were treated with YSTL (23.78 g/kg) for 8 weeks. Sperm DFI was determined via a sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). MicroRNAs in the testes of the mice were analysed via RNA-seq, and the top four plant miRNAs were screened, identified and overexpressed in GC cells. The effects of plant miRNAs on the viability and DNA integrity of GC cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) (1 μM) were tested using CCK8 and comet assays. Compared with that of the BaP group, the DFI of the YSTL group decreased (9.57% vs. 18.54%, F = 18.645, p = 0.0236). miR166-y, miR894-x, miR822-x and miR396-x were screened. The CCK8 and comet assays revealed that the DFI of the mimic group was significantly lower than that of the BPDE (IC50 = 1.006 μM) group, with the most significant difference in the miR396-x group. Plant miRNAs such as miR396-x can penetrate the blood-testis barrier through the digestive system to repair sperm DNA.

Medicinal Herbs for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcers

: Peptic ulcers are common gastrointestinal disorders characterized by the erosion of the stomach lining, duodenum, or esophagus. Conventional treatments, such as proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori eradication, have been the mainstay of therapy. However, the emergence of drug resistance and potential side effects have led to the exploration of alternative and complementary approaches, including medicinal herbs. This comprehensive review examines the potential use of medicinal herbs in the management of peptic ulcers. Ten herbal remedies, including Liquorice, Slippery Elm, Marshmallow Root, Aloe Vera, Chamomile, Ginger, Turmeric, Meadowsweet, Fenugreek, and Cabbage, are analyzed for their therapeutic properties and scientific research findings. These herbs have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucoprotective effects that may support ulcer healing and symptom relief. Herbal formulations, such as teas, capsules, tablets, and extracts, offer convenient delivery methods for patients seeking herbal remedies. However, safety considerations and potential herb-drug interactions must be carefully monitored. Integrating herbal remedies with conventional treatments presents a comprehensive approach to peptic ulcer management. By combining these therapies, patients may experience enhanced therapeutic outcomes and improved quality of life. Dietary recommendations also play a crucial role, with the inclusion of soothing and beneficial foods, while avoiding trigger foods that may exacerbate symptoms. As the evidence base grows, collaborative efforts between traditional herbal medicine practitioners and mainstream medical professionals are vital to ensure safe and effective integration.

The role of traditional herbal medicine in the management of cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review

The role of traditional herbal medicine in the management of cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review

Synergistic fermentation of Cordyceps militaris and herbal substrates boosts grower pig antioxidant and immune function

BackgroundPathogenic infections can significantly impact the health of livestock. Traditionally, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in feed to enhance growth performance and disease control. However, concerns regarding antibiotic resistance have led to the exploration of traditional herbal medicine as a natural alternative, guided by the principle of medicine-food homology. The Taguchi method was employed to optimize the culture formula for cordycepin production, an active component of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris). The influences of C. militaris supplementing solid-state fermentation (CMSSF) in feed on the growth performance and immune responses of grower pigs were evaluated in the present study.ResultsThe C. militaris ethanol extract (CME) displayed potent free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) after undergoing fermentation. Additionally, the antibacterial testing revealed that CME effectively inhibits the growth of common pig pathogens such as Glaesserella parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Streptococcus suis. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2), CME significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, higher antioxidative activity was detected as indicated by elevated concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in pig serum. The levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG antibodies, as well as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) antibodies (S/P ratio) in serum were all increased. Growth performance of pigs fed with dietary CMSSF supplementation was improved in comparison with the control.ConclusionsResults demonstrated that CMSSF has the potential to be used as a natural growth promoter to enhance immunity, antioxidation, as well as overall health and growth performance of grower pigs.

Paeonol inhibits ACSL4 to protect chondrocytes from ferroptosis and ameliorates osteoarthritis progression

BackgroundDiscovering an inhibitor for acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), a protein that triggers cell injury via ferroptosis, presents potential to minimize cellular damage. This study investigates paeonol (PAE), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, as an ACSL4 inhibitor to prevent chondrocyte ferroptosis and protect against osteoarthritis (OA). MethodsWe conducted in vitro experiments using mouse chondrocytes treated with PAE to mitigate ferroptosis induced by Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) or ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), examining intracellular ferroptotic indicators, cartilage catabolic markers, and ferroptosis regulatory proteins. A mouse OA model was created via destabilized medial meniscus (DMM), followed by intra-articular PAE injections. After 8 weeks, micro-computed tomography and histological assessments evaluated PAE's protective and anti-ferroptotic effects in the OA model. ResultsIn vitro results showed PAE significantly reduced IL-1β/FAC-induced damage by targeting ACSL4, including cell apoptosis, inflammatory responses, extracellular matrix degradation, and ferroptotic markers (oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and iron buildup). It also restored the expression of ferroptotic suppressors and mitigated mitochondrial damage. Additionally, PAE increased cartilage anabolic marker expression while reducing cartilage catabolic marker expression. Molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay, and drug affinity responsive target stability analysis verified the binding interaction between PAE and ACSL4. Furthermore, the role of PAE in chondrocytes was further verified through ACSL4 knockdown and overexpression. In vivo, mice with OA showed increased cartilage degradation and ferroptosis, while intra-articular PAE injection alleviated these pathological changes. ConclusionPAE significantly protects chondrocytes from ferroptosis induced by IL-1β/FAC in primary mouse chondrocytes and DMM surgery-induced OA mice through ACSL4 inhibition. The translational potential of this articleThese findings highlight the potential of targeting ACSL4 in chondrocytes as a treatment strategy for OA, positioning PAE as a promising drug candidate.

Sensomics-assisted flavor decoding and the sauce flavor enhancement strategy of tongrenyujiu–A novel lujiu product from Tong Ren Tang

Tongrenyujiu (TRYJ) is a novel Chinese Lujiu. It combines the very popular sauce-aroma baijiu with traditional Tong Ren Tang Chinese herbal medicine, and brings a whole new flavor experience to the table. The flavor wheel of TRYJ was mapped using the quantitative sensory description approach. The aroma-active compounds were extracted by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS). A total of 80 aroma compounds were identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), which includes 25 compounds with OAVs > 1. Propanoic acid 2-hydroxy-ethyl ester, propanoic acid 2-methyl-ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, and pentanoic acid are the key aroma-active compounds in TRYJ identified by omission experiments. Baijiu from different sources significantly affects the product character. Two different samples were tested. Compared to TRYJ-2, TRYJ-1 was rich in fruity and acid aroma but weak in sauce-aroma, which was related to higher concentrations of hexanoic ethyl ester, octanoic acid ethyl ester, butanoic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid and lower concentrations of furfural and trimethyl-pyrazine. The micro component indexes that should be controlled to keep the product flavor stable were put forward, and the contents of furfural and trimethyl-pyrazine should be paid attention to in the subsequent selection of base baijiu, which laid a foundation for the quality improvement of lujiu.

Syringin: plant source, traditional uses, anti‐cancer, brain protection and related pharmacological properties

Traditional herbal medicines containing syringin in different parts of the world, have been used to enhance memory, relieve pain, cough, clear fever, treat psoas tension, tonsillitis, sore throat, acute gastroenteritis, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, etc. In this paper, the extraction, analytical method, pharmacological action and research progress of syringin containing plants were reviewed. Various extraction methods and detection methods of syringin were summarized, especially the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography were recommended for the extraction and determination of syringin. We spotlighted the anti‐cancer, brain‐protective, and anti‐inflammatory pharmacological effects of syringin. An in‐depth analysis of four plants that contain syringin ‐‐ Eleutherococcus senticosus, Codonopsis pilosula, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Syringa reticulata subsp. Amurensis. In addition, the safety and efficacy of these four plants and preparations containing syringin (Shugan Jieyu Capsule, compound Coginseng tablet, hyoscyamine ointment and Qinfenghong Zhike capsule) were analyzed. Although syringin has been widely used in traditional medicine, its specific mechanism of action and clinical efficacy are still not completely understood, and further research is needed to explore and verify it. This study provides valuable theoretical basis and potential research direction for the research and development of new drugs such as anti‐cancer and brain protection.

Herbal Drug Use to Treat Urolithiasis: An Updated Review

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 12% of the world's population suffers from urolithiasis, a disorder that causes stones to develop in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (the urinary system). The illness increases the likelihood of developing chronic renal illnesses in addition to impairing kidney function. Three phases make up the mechanism for the production of stones: nucleation, growth, and aggregation of crystals. Because of their medicinal and antioxidant properties, as well as their active substances, medicinal plants have positive benefits on human health. The traditional medicinal herbs' diuretic qualities are increasingly being backed by scientific research. Urinary calculi patients complain of hematuria, discomfort, or infection. Individuals with tiny, non-obstructing stones or staghorn calculi have moderate, easily managed symptoms in addition to other symptoms. The illness increases the likelihood of developing chronic renal illnesses in addition to impairing kidney function. Therefore, a plant's or a herbal formulation's antiurolithiatic effect may be the result of a combination of its antioxidant, diuretic, and crystallization-inhibiting properties. Keywords: Urolithiasis, diuresis, herbal drug, calcium oxalate stone

Physicochemical, Phytochemical, NMR, FTIR and LC-MS Analysis of Extract of Ripe Fruits of Carissa carandus L.

Background: Carissa carandus L., commonly known as Karonda, is renowned for its distinctive tangy flavor, making it a valuable ingredient in culinary applications. Additionally, its extensive array of phytoconstituents renders it a significant component of traditional Indian herbal medicine, where it has been used to address various health conditions. Despite its availability, palatability, and diverse phytochemical profile, Karonda remains under utilized, and lacks substantial scientific validation. Further research is needed to substantiate its therapeutic potential and elevate its status in modern scientific and medical contexts. Methods: An ethanolic extract was prepared from the ripe fruits using a hot continuous extraction method. Phytochemical screening of the extract identified the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids, and carbohydrates. Subsequent analysis using spectrometric and spectro chromatographic techniques, including NMR, FTIR, and LC-MS, were conducted, supplemented by chromatographic studies, to further elucidate the extract's chemical profile and validate the presence of these bioactive compounds. Results: The analysis of the ripe fruit extract identified several functional groups, including O-H, N-H, C=O, C-N, C-H, and –COOH, based on IR absorption bands observed in the high wave region at 3850 cm−1 and 1728 cm−1. Active compounds were further characterized by comparing these findings with standard reference charts. Proton environments and their electronic states were examined using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The 1H-NMR spectrum revealed signals at specific δ ppm values corresponding to R-CH3, R-CH2-R, RO-C-H, and F-C-H groups, as detailed in the accompanying table. Conclusion: These results provide a comprehensive chemical fingerprint of CA fruits offering scientific validation of its chemical nature and supporting its potential therapeutic applications.

The effect of the Hippocampus erectus decoction on improving osteoporosis in zebrafish

The seahorse is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been utilized for the treatment of conditions such as osteoporosis, nonunion fractures, knee osteoarthritis, and herniated lumbar disks.Zebrafish is an excellent animal model to study the effects of herbal preparations on osteogenesis and bone metabolism, and bone biology is highly similar to that of mammals, so it has been used to develop multiple glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) models. Our study aimed to explore whether the decoction of Hippocampus erectus (DHe) administered in zebrafish larvae promotes bone health under physiological and osteoporotic conditions. In zebrafish larvae, 25 µM prednisolone solution was successfully used to induce the zebrafish osteoporosis model, which can significantly inhibit the mineralization area and degree of bone mineralization, reduce the activity of alkaline phosphatase, and increase tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that 0.3 g/L DHe had a significant improvement effect on osteoporosis in zebrafish by enhancing the mineralization degree and phosphatase activity of zebrafish, while also promoting the expression of genes associated with bone development. It can be considered a good candidate to develop new drugs against osteoporosis.

Volatolomics in Fritillarias and Their Identification by Orientation Controlled cMOF Thin Film Chemiresistors

Comprehensive SummaryAs one of the famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines, Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB) is widely used in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases and has the best curative effect among the known fritillarias medicines. Due to the variety, complex sources, similar appearance and shape, it is difficult to distinguish FCB with high curative effect (h‐FCB) from other common fritillarias (c‐FCB) in the market. In this paper, a very simple chemiresistor is used to identify FCB from three commonly used fritillarias drugs. The sensors are fabricated by anisotropic electrically conductive metal‐organic framework (cMOF) thin film Cu3(HHTP)2 (Cu‐HHTP[001] and Cu‐HHTP[100]) as active materials owing to their ability to detect specific groups of volatile organic compounds (volatolomics) as the functional motifs of chemiresistor. As a result, the sensors show orientation‐dependence identification ability to FCB. Cu‐HHTP[001]‐ based sensor shows the highest response (344.17%) to 0.5 g h‐FCB powder volatiles among its three other c‐FCB which is much higher than Cu‐HHTP[100] (135.50%). Ultimately, Cu‐HHTP[001] can realize the identification of FCB with an accuracy of 97.2% in a simple and real‐time manner.

Biological Characteristics of a Novel Bibenzyl Synthase (DoBS1) Gene from Dendrobium officinale Catalyzing Dihydroresveratrol Synthesis.

Bibenzyl compounds are one of the most important bioactive components of natural medicine. However, Dendrobium officinale as a traditional herbal medicine is rich in bibenzyl compounds and performs functions such as acting as an antioxidant, inhibiting cancer cell growth, and assisting in neuro-protection. The biosynthesis of bibenzyl products is regulated by bibenzyl synthase (BBS). In this study, we have cloned the cDNA gene of the bibenzyl synthase (DoBS1) from D. officinale using PCR with degenerate primers, and we have identified a novel type III polyketide synthase (PKS) gene by phylogenetic analyses. In a series of perfect experiments, DoBS1 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and some catalytic properties of the recombinant protein were investigated. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was verified to be approximately 42.7 kDa. An enzyme activity analysis indicated that the recombinant DoBS1-HisTag protein was capable of using 4-coumaryol-CoA and 3 malonyl-CoA as substrates for dihydroresveratrol (DHR) in vitro. The Vmax and Km of the recombinant protein for DHR were 3.57 ± 0.23 nmol·min-1·mg-1 and 0.30 ± 0.08 mmol, respectively. The present study provides further insights into the catalytic mechanism of the active site in the biosynthetic pathway for the catalytic production of dihydroresveratrol by bibenzylase in D. officinale. The results can be used to optimize a novel biosynthetic pathway for the industrial synthesis of DHR.

In Silico Study Active Compounds of Jamu Against Pre-Eclampsia Through Anti-Vasoconstriction and Anti-Inflammation

Preeclampsia is one of serious pregnancy-related condition that marked by elevated blood pressure and proteinuria that typically emerges during the second trimester or above 20 week, this disease become the second common cause of maternal death globally per year. One factors that can initiate preeclampsia are immunologic factor. Preeclampsia is started with abnormal trophoblast development and poor or shallow placental blood vessel development. Several protein that are induce by pre eclampsia are ACE1 (as vasoconstrictor), p38α, and JNK (stress-related protein and induce inflammation). One of the natural medicine in Indonesia is a “Jamu” that refers to traditional herbal medicine derived from natural ingredients such as herbs, roots, and spices.. In this research we are trying to predict several compounds in early-month pregnant jamu to tackle activation of ACE1, JNK, and p38α. Firstly, all of jamu compound was screened using Lipinski and bioavaibility test. Then, all of the jamu compound that pass the test before will be docked with ACE1, JNK, and p38α using Vina wizard in PyRx. The highest affinity in docking result will be visualized using Biovia Discovery Studio 2019, and will advance to molecular dynamics simulation test to determine stability of the complex in cell environment. The result show that kaempferol can stabily bind to p38α protein, with only induce minimum fluctuation in all RMSD and RMSF result. Piperanine can stabily bind JNK protein with also minimum fluctuation in all RMSD and RMSF result. Both kaempferol and piperanine did’t violate any Lipinski rule and Bioavaibility test.