Herbal Tea Research Articles

SOCIALIZATION OF COUNSELING AND INNOVATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SLAM TEA PRODUCTS

Counseling on bay leaf tea bag MSME products is expected so that the residents of Salam Hamlet can understand and understand the benefits of bay leaves for health, especially in overcoming hypertension. And can set an example to make similar herbal tea products that can be used as a product that can be sold by residents. The place where community service activities are carried out is Salam Hamlet, Sarewu Village, RW 03, Pancalang District, Kuningan Regency has high-quality knowledge and health degrees so that a healthy community and environment are created. Community service activities are in the form of counseling, tea making, and the design and packaging of bay leaf tea. The participants of this counseling activity were very enthusiastic and were conducive. Many people ask in terms of its use in the manufacturing process. However, the testers of bay leaf tea bags and bay leaf tea bags distributed to participants were very limited because there were obstacles in the manufacturing process, namely in the drying because it always rained every day, so it hindered the drying process because we dried with sunlight (not using an oven) due to the limitations of the tools at the post. In the next development and innovation process, we have also made logo and packaging designs for bay leaf tea.

Exploring the Effects of a Calming Herbal Tea Blend on Perioperative Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This research aimed to explore the effectiveness of consuming a calming herbal tea blend, comprising Matricaria recutita, Passiflora incarnata L., and Pimpinella anisum L., in comparison to a placebo tea infused with lemon, to ascertain whether the herbal blend possesses anxiety-reducing properties capable of alleviating perioperative anxiety. The study adopted a clinical randomized, double-blind design and collected data from volunteers undergoing elective surgery at Hospital Unimed Erechim in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A total of 210 participants were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups: one receiving the placebo tea and the other the sedative herbal tea. All participants completed a questionnaire postoperatively to assess anxiety levels, employing the adapted Portuguese version of the DASS-21 Scale (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale). Results revealed no significant difference in anxiety levels between the group consuming the calming herbal tea and the group consuming the placebo tea. However, consumption of the anxiolytic herbal tea was associated with a notable increase in positive sentiments toward the surgical procedure (P = .0009). Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the DASS-21 questionnaire exhibited a preoperative profile comparable to the clinical scenarios depicted by the scale. Both the calming herbal tea and the placebo tea were found to effectively mitigate perioperative anxiety. This suggests that both options-soothing herbal tea and placebo tea-can be considered safe, efficacious, and pleasant methods for reducing preoperative fasting requirements.

Development of Mussaenda frondosa sepal infused functional tea with enhanced antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities

Mussaenda frondosa (MF) is an edible species of the genus Mussaenda (Rubiaceae) that contains a wide array of medicinal compounds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and functional properties of the MF sepals and to develop a novel herbal tea with improved functional properties. Remarkably high antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities were exhibited by water and ethanol extracts of MF, attributed to their high phenolic and flavonoid contents. None of the extracts showed toxicity, as evaluated by the brine shrimp lethality assay. A tea was formulated by blending different proportions (30, 40 and 50%) of dry sepals of MF with black tea. The sensory analysis showed a significantly high level of acceptance for the formula containing 40% MF (MFT-40) with augmented phenolic contents (138.82 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 of 12.23 ± 0.45 µg/mL), and hypoglycemic activities (α-amylase inhibition with IC50 of 104.80 ± 0.59 µg/mL) compared to the black tea control (with the values of 128.47 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g, 18.70 ± 0.68 µg/mL and 153.07 ± 0.61 µg/mL respectively). This study revealed the potential use of MF as a source of antioxidants for the development of new functional teas with enhanced health benefits.

CMMSE: a comparison of model fitting using different response surface designs for optimizing microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation and extraction in Khlu herbal tea essential oil production

CMMSE: a comparison of model fitting using different response surface designs for optimizing microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation and extraction in Khlu herbal tea essential oil production

Composition and Biological Activity of Flavonoid-containing Fractions of an Extract from Gratiola officinalis L.

Gratiola officinalis L. (hedge hyssop), a medicinal plant of the Scrophulariaceae family, has diuretic, purgative, and vermifuge properties. It is used as a herbal tea to treat chronic gastroenteritis, renal colic, jaundice, and intestinal worms. Previously, we have found that an extract from G. officinalis is nontoxic and has antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticachexic, and other properties. Our aims in this study were to separate the G. officinalis extract into individual fractions, to identify the most biologically active fractions, and to examine the chemical composition of these fractions and their biological activity toward A498 renal carcinoma cells. The G. officinalis extract was fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and each fraction was tested for antitumor activity. The active fractions were characterized by UV-visible electron spectral analysis, circular dichroism analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two antitumor-active fractions of a flavonoid nature were isolated and chromatographically purified. On the basis of the nuclear magnetic resonance data, the aglycone fragment of the main component of one fraction was found to be structured as 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxychroman-4-one, or 3',4'-dimethoxy-7- hydroxyflavanone. The antitumor effect of the most active fraction containing 7-O-glucoside of apigenin, glycoside 7,3'-di-O-luteolin and trace amounts of eupatilin against renal carcinoma A498 cells was manifested in its cytotoxic, cytostatic, apoptotic and autophagosomal activities. In addition, we found 3-(1-2)-glucoside of soyaspogenol B, which is a pentacyclic triterpenoid in the structure.

Identification of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Compounds Targeting the NF-κB-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway from a Phytochemical Library of the Sideritis Genus

Ethnobotanical relevanceFor centuries, the aerial parts of Sideritis species have been known for their medicinal properties as herbal teas. Although the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the genus have been widely documented, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be sufficiently clarified. Aim of the studyWe investigated the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of phytochemicals of the Sideritis genus. Material and methodsThrough literature mining, a chemical library containing 657 components of the Sideritis genus was formed. We studied these compounds for binding to NLRP3 and NF-κB proteins in silico by virtual drug screening and molecular docking, and in vitro by microscale thermophoresis (MST). Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis (LC-HRMS) was performed in the Sideritis extracts. One of the identified compounds, verbascoside, was investigated for its cytotoxic activity by mining a panel of 49 tumor cell lines in the data repository of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA). ResultsVirtual screening and molecular docking results highlighted two compounds targeting both proteins of interest, i.e., verbascoside (acteoside) and apigenin 7,4′-bis(trans-p-coumarate), as both had lowest binding energies of less than -10 kcal/mol. Using MST, we then verified that both compounds bound to the target proteins. Verbascoside bound to NLRP3 and NF-κB with Kd values of 0.67 ± 0.18 μM and 0.01 ± 0.08 μM, while apigenin 7,4′-bis(trans-p-coumarate) had Kd values of 4.60 ± 1.66 μM and 0.27 ± 0.75 μM, respectively. Verbascoside was abundant in the Sideritis extracts, according to LC-HRMS analysis. Since inflammation is strongly related to carcinogenesis, we investigated the anticancer activity of verbascoside in the second part of this study. We investigated the activity of verbascoside in 49 tumor cell lines of the NCI. Comparing its activity with 81 standard anticancer drugs revealed numerous interactions with DNA-damaging agents (alkylators, topoisomerase I/II inhibitors, antimetabolites), indicating that verbascoside may also affect the DNA of tumor cells. We further investigated the involvement of verbascoside in several main drug resistance mechanisms, i.e., ABC transporters, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, cellular proliferation rates, and other parameters. Except for the correlation to the mutational status of NRAS, no other significant relationships were found, indicating that verbascoside is not involved in most of the common drug resistance mechanisms. Two-dimensional cluster analysis-based heatmap generation of a proteomic profile from 40 out of 3171 proteins revealed a significant correlation between the expression of these proteins in 49 tumor cell lines, and the cellular response to verbascoside. This indicates that the presence of these proteins is a determinant for sensitivity or resistance to this natural product. ConclusionThe database established here represents a valuable resource for the screening of bioactivites of the Sideritis genus. The experimental validation of the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of selected compounds proved that virtual drug screening and molecular docking are suitable tools for the identification of putative drug candidates. Verbascoside was among the top 10 compounds binding to two key anti-inflammatory proteins, NLRP3 and NF-kB. Additionally, data from the NCI indicate that verbascoside is not linked to main drug resistance mechanisms.

Methylated magnetic covalent organic framework for sample preparation and LC-MS/MS detection of 12 tadalafil analogs in dietary supplements

Tadalafil analogs are often illegally added to dietary supplements such as herbal beverages, protein powders and tablet foods. Due to the complexity of the matrices, effective extraction of tadalafil analogs is the key to achieve accurate quantification. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a rapid and effective method for the analytical determination of tadalafil analogs in complex matrices. In this study, a novel methylated magnetic covalent organic framework, Fe3O4@TFPB-OT, was successfully synthesized under mild conditions. Fe3O4@TFPB-OT demonstrated robust adsorption capabilities, with capacities ranging from 52.4 to 90.9 mg/g for the tadalafil analogs. Several pre-enrichment parameters were optimized, including adsorbent dosage, extraction time, pH, shaking time, elution solvent, and desorption time. The applicability of Fe3O4@TFPB-OT was evaluated as effective adsorbents for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of 12 tadalafil analogs in dietary supplements. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the limits of detection (LODs) of this method ranged from 0.005 to 0.05 μg/L in liquid matrices and from 0.005 to 0.05 μg/kg in solid matrices, showing good sensitivity and recoveries ranged from 56.1 % to 90.9 %with relative standard deviations lower than 3.9 %, demonstrating good accuracy and precision. Additionally, the adsorbent retained its effectiveness after at least ten reuse cycles, indicating significant reusability. This study provides an effective method for the analysis and detection of tadalafil analogs in dietary supplements and has great potential for application.

Jing-Si Herbal Tea attenuates oral cancer cell viability, migration, and invasion by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reactive oxygen species accumulation

Background/purposeOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated in its early stages. Jing-Si Herbal Tea (JSHT), containing eight traditional Chinese medicine-based herbs, is known to suppress the malignancy, growth, and metastasis of several tumor cells, including breast, lung, and colon cancer cells. However, the pharmacological effect of JSHT on oral cancer progression is still unclear. Materials and methodsIn this study, we evaluated the potential of JSHT to arrest the development of oral cancer via induction of cell death by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and inhibition of migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). For this purpose, we employed the human tongue squamous cell carcinoma SAS cell line, which we treated with different JSHT concentrations for 24 h, and assessed cell viability, migration, and wound healing capabilities, together with western blotting for measuring expression levels of EMT markers. ResultsSurvival, migration/invasion ability, EMT, and ROS production in the SAS human tongue squamous carcinoma and FaDu human pharynx squamous cell carcinoma cell line were decreased by JSHT treatment via Lon protease-independent mechanisms. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that JSHT could be regarded as a candidate new supplement to existing anticancer therapies and an alternative, orally administered healthcare product for treating oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Effect of tea consumption on the development of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

BackgroundThe effect of tea consumption on conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity has attracted significant global interest. However, the results of various studies on this topic have been mixed and somewhat contentious. Therefore, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationships between tea consumption and the aforementioned health conditions.MethodsA bidirectional two-sample MR analysis was used to systematically explores the associations between tea consumption and hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. MR-Egger regression, weighted median, inverse variance weighted, and weighted mode methods were used to evaluate the potential causal associations. Leave-one-out sensitivity test was used to check the robustness of the IVW estimates.ResultsMR analysis indicated that genetically predicted tea consumption is associated with a protective effect against hypertension, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.78 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 0.64 to 0.95. Additionally, tea consumption appeared to have a potential protective effect on type 2 diabetes and obesity related to excessive calorie intake, influenced by specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely “rs57462170” and “rs17685.” No causal link was observed between the consumption of green or herbal tea and hypertension, diabetes, or obesity. However, there was a marginal negative association between type 2 diabetes and tea consumption and (OR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97–1.00) and a significant negative correlation between obesity due to excessive calorie intake and green tea consumption (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16–0.78).ConclusionThis study demonstrates a protective causal relationship between the consumption of tea (including black and green teas) and reduced risk of hypertension. Furthermore, our results suggest that tea intake may also have a protective effect on type 2 diabetes and obesity. The results recommend further research to verify or refine these findings.

Prosthetic stomatitis: treatment and prevention

Relevance. Traumatic prosthodontic stomatitis is the most frequent in clinical prosthetic dentistry, increasing the effectiveness of prevention and treatment of which is considered an urgent problem of practical dentistry. Objective. To study the effectiveness of using various domestic means for oral care in patients suffering from traumatic prosthetic stomatitis. Materials and methods. The study involved 42 elderly patients suffering from denture stomatitis due to the use of removable acrylic dentures. The patients were divided into 2 groups. In the control group after dentures correction they were recommended to use rinses and irrigations of the oral cavity with antiseptic solutions for a week, and later with infusions of medicinal herbs. Patients of the main group during their follow-up used local anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agents produced by thedomestic industry, as well as those improving the fixation of removable dentures. The effectiveness of denture stomatitis treatment and prevention of recurrence was evaluated on the basis of the patient’s complaints and clinical condition of the oral mucosa. Results. . It was established that for effective therapy of denture stomatitis it is necessary to use specially produced anti-inflammatory agents for the oral cavity during the period of acute inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane of the denture bed, and when using removable acrylic dentures it is necessary to recommend ASEPTA denture fixation cream, which has proved itself not only in the aspect of optimization of microbiota and mucosal immunity of the mouth, but also for optimization of psychophysiological state of patients. Their use makes it possible to achieve 81.47% efficacy of prosthetic stomatitis treatment on the 5th day and 100% efficacy of therapy on the 7th day from the beginning of their use by the patient, as well as in the nearest period to provide prevention of this disease recurrence. Conclusion. For secondary prophylaxis of traumatic prosthetic stomatitis, which occurs most often among the complications when patients use removable acrylic dentures, it is advisable to use specially produced by the domestic industry means possessing anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, as well as favorably acting on the mucous membrane of the prosthetic bed.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TEH HERBAL BUNGA TELANG DENGAN PERBEDAAN PEMANIS SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGOBATAN HIPERTENSI

Hypertension can be caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Consumption of sweetened herbal tea can affect antioxidant levels. This study aims to test the antioxidant activity of telang flower herbal tea as an alternative treatment for hypertension and hedonic testing of the formulated herbal tea. Telang flower herbal tea was formulated without sweetener, sugar sweetener, stevia leaf sweetener, sorbitol and cyclamate sweetener. Telang flower herbal tea was brewed with 70℃ water then phytochemical screening of flavonoids, saponins and tannins using standard methods and antioxidant activity using DPPH method. Hedonic test was conducted by assessing the liking of 20 panellists for herbal tea on a scale of 1-5. Unsweetened telang flower herbal tea, sugar sweetener, stevia leaf sweetener, sorbitol and cyclamate sweetener had values of 247.97 ppm; 178.38 ppm; 497.765 ppm; 164.87ppm; 224.96 ppm with hedonic test values of 3.25; 4.05; 3.55; 3.55; 3.35 respectively. The antioxidant activity of telang flower herbal tea with different sweeteners is in the weak to moderate category and panellists like herbal tea with sugar sweetener the most.

Evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine tea bag TBDESJS in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and dry eye syndrome: A phase II pilot study.

Sjögren's syndrome (SJS) and dry eye syndrome (DES) are characterized by ocular dryness from inadequate tear production or excessive evaporation. To evaluate the effectiveness of TBDESJS (Chun-Yu-Ching-Hua-Yin, CYCHY), a TCM tea bag, in treating SJS and DES patients compared with healthy controls (NHC). This phase II pilot study included 100 participants (60 SJS, 30 DES, 10 NHC) across 8 weeks, assessing changes in Schirmer's test, OSDI, ESSPRI, PSQI, FIRST, and artificial tear usage, using repeated measurement ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) for analysis. Total 97 subjects completed the trial, for the left eye (OS) of Schirmer's test, significant improvements at 4, and 8 weeks were observed in SJS (0.13 ± 0.43-5.77 ± 2.87, and 7.60 ± 4.84 mm) and DES (0.21 ± 0.41-6.21 ± 2.97, and 7.86 ± 3.47 mm) (all p < .001). For the right eye (OD), significant improvements were observed in SJS (0.13 ± 0.39-6.77 ± 4.53, and 8.79 ± 5.92 mm) and DES (0.34 ± 0.55-6.59 ± 2.50, and 8.24 ± 3.42 mm) (all p < .001). Secondary outcomes showed reduced the dryness of ESSPRI scores in SJS (6.37 ± 1.97-5.57 ± 1.79, p < .001) and DES (6.10 ± 1.97-5.28 ± 2.23, p < .05). PSQI global scores improved significantly in all groups at 8 weeks (p < .05). Artificial tear usage decreased in SJS (4.93 ± 2.45-1.00 ± 0.82 times/day), DES (4.47 ± 1.99-0.66 ± 0.67 times/day) (all p < .001). No serious adverse events in this study. TBDESJS significantly improved tear production, ocular dryness, and sleep quality, indicating potential neural regulation, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory benefits. These findings advocate for TBDESJS (Chun-Yu-Ching-Hua-Yin, CYCHY)'s comprehensive therapeutic value in SJS and DES treatment, emphasizing the need for further research to understand long-term effects and mechanisms.

Study of acute and subacute toxicities and genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of the lyophilized extract of Campomanesia sessiliflora (O.Berg) mattos leaves in wistar rats

Campomanesia sessiliflora (O.Berg) Mattos is a Brazilian native plant species used in a popular medicinal tea for treating gastrointestinal, urinary, and dermatological pathologies. This study evaluated the toxicity of Campomanesia sessiliflora (O.Berg) Mattos via acute and subacute toxicity tests. It also analyzed mutagenic and genotoxic potentials by the micronucleus test, which detects genetic material damage indicating mutagenicity, and the comet assay, which assesses DNA damage levels as a genotoxicity indicator. The plant extract initially originated from the ultrasonic maceration of Campomanesia sessiliflora (O.Berg) Mattos leaves in a hydroethanolic solution. The involved animals were adult Wistar rats. Ten females were available to evaluate acute toxicity and estimate the LD50, receiving a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity evaluation used 35 females and 35 males divided into seven groups: negative control (saline control – SC), positive control (cyclophosphamide control – CC), 125 mg/kg (125), 250 mg/kg (250), 500 mg/kg (500), 1000 mg/kg (1000), and the satellite group (ST). Genotoxicity and mutagenicity experiments applied bone marrow micronucleus and comet assays. Acute and subacute toxicity tests did not present behavioral, physical, and physiological changes (p≥0.05). Administering the Campomanesia sessiliflora (O.Berg) Mattos extract reduced spleen size in male and female animals, without histopathological changes. However, doses above 500 mg/kg showed significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects in the comet and micronucleus assays compared to the control group. The extract did not exhibit acute or subacute toxicity, but doses higher than 500 mg/kg indicated some level of genotoxicity and mutagenicity.

“TELANG TEA TIME”, MINUMAN SEHAT PENANGKAL HIPERTENSI

Hypertension is characterized by blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and is an alarm of hemodynamic imbalance in the body. Hypertension is a silent killer. One of the efforts that can be made to stabilize blood pressure is by consuming telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower herbal drinks. The high antioxidant content in telang flowers is beneficial for health. To introduce the benefits of flowers to the community, community service activities were carried out in Tunge Village, Kediri Regency. This community service was carried out using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method with a total of 238 participants. The community service was carried out in July-August 2024. It was divided into three activity groups. In each implementation, the activity was divided into six stages, namely: health screening, pretest, hypertension education, demonstration of making telang flower tea, tester, and testimony, then was closed with a post-test. There were several results obtained from the implementation of the community service activities, which were the increase in residents' knowledge about hypertension, the benefits of Clitoria ternatea L. flowers for health, and how to process Clitoria ternatea L. flowers into herbal drinks that are efficacious for health. In the processing into herbal drinks, the flower can be combined with other herbal ingredients to obtain other properties and a more delicious taste.

Floral Elegance Meets Medicinal Marvels: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of the Genus Lagerstroemia L.

The genus Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae), known for its exquisite flowers and prolonged flowering period, is commonly employed in traditional medicinal systems across Asian countries, where it has always been consumed as tea or employed to address ailments such as diabetes, urinary disorders, coughs, fevers, inflammation, pain, and anesthesia. Its diverse uses may be attributed to its rich active ingredients. Currently, at least 364 biological compounds have been identified from Lagerstroemia extracts, encompassing various types such as terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids. Extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments have examined the pharmacological activities of different extracts, revealing their potential in various domains, including but not limited to antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, 20 core components have been proven to be associated with antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects of Lagerstroemia. Overall, Lagerstroemia exhibit substantial medicinal potential, and the alignment between its traditional applications and contemporary pharmacological findings present promising opportunities for further investigation, particularly in food and health products, drug development, herbal teas, and cosmetics. However, evidence-based pharmacological research has largely been confined to in vitro screening and animal model, lacking clinical trials and bioactive compound isolations. Consequently, future endeavors should adopt a more holistic approach.

Rapid Prediction of Moisture and Ash Content in Sungkai Leaves Herbal Tea (Peronema canescens Jack.) using NIR Spectroscopy

It is imperative to measure the chemical composition of Sungkai leaf herbal tea in order to produce high-quality goods that promote human health. The moisture and ash content of Sungkai leaf herbal tea are critical parameters for assessing the quality of herbal tea. This study aimed to evaluate an NIR spectroscopy method for quickly determining the moisture and ash content of Sungkai leaf herbal tea. Sungkai leaf herbal tea has a moisture content between 3.93% and 7.59%, and an ash content between 3.94% and 5.51%. We developed a calibration model using partial least squares (PLS) with several pretreatment methods. We split the data into calibration and prediction sets and performed an internal random cross-validation. A PLS calibration model with Rp2 = 0.86, a root means square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.30 (%), and a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 2.76, performed exceptionally well at predicting the moisture content when the standard normal variate (SNV) pre-treatment was applied to the NIR spectra. The Savitzky-Golay derivative (a 9-point smoothing window, second-order polynomial, dg2) pre-treatment method also generated the best PLS calibration model for ash content determination, with Rp2 = 0.70, RMSEP = 0.16 (%), and RPD = 1.86. NIR spectroscopy can quickly determine the moisture and ash content of Sungkai leaf herbal tea, as suggested by these findings.

Health Benefits of Yerba Mate Consumption on Cardiovascular Health

Background: Yerba mate is a Paraguayan kind of herbal tea prepared from the dried and roasted leaves of trees called Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill. It is known for high content of polyphenols, methylxanthines and saponins. According to the studies products rich in those nutrients may have a positive influence on the humans cardiovascular health. Materials and methods: We reviewed publications obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on keywords such “yerba mate’’, “Ilex paraguariensis’’, “cardiovascular diseases’’. For the final analysis, qualified articles were published from 2005 to 2024. Results: Confirming positive impact on serum lipid levels individuals using mate tea. Long – term positive influence on blood pressure. Moreover subjects with obesity took advantages of Yerba beverage by decreasing waist-to-hip ratio. Patients with diabetes were observed to have a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose level and HbA1c concentration. Conclusions: Most of the cited researches support the hypothesis of benefits coming from drinking mate infusions for patients with elevated lipid serum levels, obesity, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. All of mentioned health issues can lead to the cardiovascular problems therefore using mate infusions can prevent CVDs. Taking everything into consideration, medical professionals might recommend Yerba mate tea for their patients especially as a replacement of a coffee.

Purslane Leaf Extract (Portulaca oleracea) as a Cholesterol Control Herbal Tea Mixture

Cholesterol is one of the essential molecules in humans. An imbalance in cholesterol levels in the body, such as high levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or total cholesterol, can contribute to one of the leading causes of death in Indonesia. Diseases caused by high cholesterol levels include cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and stroke [6,9,14]. As a result, additional intake from sources like omega-3-rich supplements or herbal remedies is recommended. Historically, plant-based treatments have been used as pharmacological therapies. Researchers have explored the use of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) leaves, which contain unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A and C, and minerals such as magnesium and potassium, offering cardiovascular benefits. The researchers utilized purslane extract as an herbal tea blend, serving as a natural alternative to supplements in capsule form, which may be more expensive. In extract form, purslane leaves are hygienically processed and mixed with herbal tea, creating a convenient health drink for daily consumption. The purslane leaf extract was obtained through method maceration using 96% food-grade ethanol. Proximate tests were conducted to assess total energy, energy from fat, ash content, moisture content, carbohydrates (by difference), total fat, and protein content [5,24]. Sensory evaluation was conducted by semi-trained panelists to assess the color, aroma, and taste of herbal tea blends containing purslane leaf extract. This evaluation aimed to collect subjective feedback from potential consumers regarding the organoleptic characteristics of the product.

Photosynthetic abilities and essential oil content of hydroponic and soil &lt;i&gt;Thuja occidentalis&lt;/i&gt;

Background: Thuja occidentalis is used in folk medicine to treat several diseases, like bronchial catarrh, and rheumatism. It exhibits antimicrobial properties, and many people today incorporate Thuja occidentalis leaves into herbal tea blends for their healing potential. Brewing tea involves extracting chlorophylls, carotenoids, and essential oils from the plant, which may enhance the tea's therapeutic benefits. Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and essential oils in the leaves of Thuja occidentalis grown in Ararat Valley under hydroponic and soil conditions and compare the herbal properties of this plant depending on the growth conditions. Methods: Plants of Thuja occidentalis were grown under soil and hydroponic conditions. The hydroponic substrates used red and black slags. Hydroponic plants were nourished with the nutrition solution offered by G. Davtyan. The content of chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids were estimated spectrophotometrically in an alcohol solution of leaves. The essential oil of plant leaves was extracted by hydrodistillation. Results: In our study, the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids increased in all studied plants from May to July. The highest content of them was recorded in soil plants (chlorophyll a – 7.2-8.8 μg/ml, chlorophyll b – 2.5-3.2 μg/ml and carotenoids – 1.8-2.2 μg/ml). Plants grown in red slag showed slightly higher levels of these components compared with plants grown in black slag, especially in May. The content of essential oil was higher in hydroponic plants (0.5-0.52%), compared with the soil plants (0.3%). Conclusion: Our study showed that the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in leaves of Thuja occidentalis changes depending on the studied month and soil plants are inferior to the hydroponic plants in essential oil content. All this supports the idea that the healing abilities and properties of Thuja occidentalis leave depend on the harvesting time and growth condition. Keywords: chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, essential oil, Ararat Valley, hydroponics

Effect of Sodium Selenite Foliar Treatment on the Nutritional Quality of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinskaja is a rare, endemic tree species in China. The leaves of C. paliurus contain a high concentration of biologically active compounds, and they are often used to make herbal tea. Exogenous selenium (Se) enrichment can promote the levels of active ingredients in C. paliurus. To explore the effects of exogenous Se enrichment, this study applied different concentrations of sodium selenite solution on the leaves (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 300 mg/L) and measured the changes in Se, secondary metabolites, soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, and trace elements in the leaves at different treatment times. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of sodium selenite spray, the selenium content in the leaves of C. paliurus gradually increased, and high selenium concentrations could cause seedling burning to the leaf surface (&gt;160 mg/kg). When the selenium treatment concentration was 80 mg/kg, the selenium content reached the maximum value of the selenium-rich tea standard (4 mg/kg). The content of polyphenols and most elements reached their maxima under the treatment of 40 mg/L Na2SeO3, except for Mg and Mn, which peaked at 300 mg/L. The content of soluble sugars (38.1 mg/g) and starch reached their maxima under relatively high selenium treatment concentrations, whereas soluble protein (10.63 mg/g) exhibited its maximum value in the control group. The optimal harvest time was mainly concentrated in the 10–20 day treatment period. The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of exogenous selenium application on the nutritional quality of C. paliurus leaves. The findings will provide guidance for the effective cultivation of selenium-enriched Poria cocos as a medicinal and health-promoting product.