Herbal Shops Research Articles

Challenges in the distribution of antimicrobial medications in community dispensaries in Accra, Ghana.

The dispensation of medicines in some low- and middle-income countries is often carried out by private vendors operating under constrained conditions. The aim of this study was to understand the challenges reported by employees of dispensaries, specifically, chemical and herbal shops and pharmacies in Accra, Ghana. Our objectives were twofold: (1) to assess challenges faced by medicine vendors related to dispensing antimicrobials (antibiotic and antimalarial medications), and (2) to identify opportunities for improving their stewardship of antimicrobials. Data were collected in 79 dispensaries throughout Accra, in 2021, using a survey questionnaire. We used open-ended questions, grounded on an adapted socioecological model of public health, to analyze these data and determine challenges faced by respondents. We identified multiple, interlocking challenges faced by medicine vendors. Many of these relate to challenges of antimicrobial stewardship (following evidence-based practices when dispensing medicines). Overall, medicine vendors frequently reported challenges at the Customer and Community levels. These included strained interactions with customers and the prohibitive costs of medications. The consequences of these challenges reverberated and manifested through all levels of the socioecological model of public health (Entity, Customer, Community, Global). The safe and effective distribution of medications was truncated by strained interactions, often related to the cost of medicines and gaps in knowledge. While addressing these challenges requires multifaceted approaches, we identified several areas that, if intervened upon, could unlock the great potential of antimicrobal stewardship. The effective and efficient implementation of key interventions could facilitate efforts spearheaded by medicine vendors and leverage the benefits of their role as health educators and service providers. Addressing barriers faced by medicine vendors would provide an opportunity to significantly improve the provision of medications, and ultimately population health. Such efforts will likely expand access to populations who may otherwise be unable to access medications and treatment in formal institutions of care such as hospitals. Our findings also highlight the broad range of care provided by shopkeepers and vendors at dispensaries. These findings suggest that the meaningful engagement of dispensaries as valued conduits of community health is a promising pathway for interventions aiming to improve antimicrobial stewardship.

Vitaherb (perencanaan pengembangan usaha jamu)

Vitaherb is a business operating in the culinary sector that produces and sells herbal drinks. This business offers 3 flavor choise, namely Sour Turmeric, Basil Sour Turmeric, and Saffron Colored Rise. This business is located at Letnan TNI Dr. Ibnu Sutowo street, number 3, Alang-Alang Lebar District, Palembang, South Sumatera 30151. The reason for choosing this business is because there are no herbal drink shop in the Springhil area. Promotion will be carried out using online media and brochures. Based on the business feasibility aspect, Vitaherb is declared feasible top run and has profitable prospect in the future

Investigating the Detection of Undeclared Cyproheptadine in Weight Gain Herbal Supplements, Creajensing

Background: Nowadays many people depend on herbal medicine for their healthcare needs; however, handmade herbal drugs are not screened for efficacy and safety. Undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients have been detected in herbal medicine, even if there are claims to be natural. This study determines the undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients in a weight gain herbal supplement collected from an Iranian online herbal shop. Methods: One packet of herbal supplement (containing 45 tablets), advised as a weight gain product, was gathered from an online herbal shop in Iran. The sample was analyzed to detect undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instrument, based on Iranian forensic standard operating procedures 920118-2655. Results: The cyproheptadine was detected in this herbal supplement at a concentration higher than the therapeutic dose. Conclusion: Although synthetic drugs cannot be produced except by permission of the licensing authorities, there is no regulation for herbal supplement production in Iran. Therefore, herbal supplements’ serious quality and safety concerns must be assured for patients’ health.

Microbiological analysis in different brands of Hepato-protective liquid herbal medicines available in the Dhaka city

Introduction: The use of herbal medicine is on the rise worldwide, and safety issues associated with herbal medicines may have an impact on the population who are using it. Herbal medicines are generally considered as safe based on their long-standing use in various cultures. However, there are concerns regarding the safety especially microbial growth of many of the liquid herbal medicines. Objective: To isolate and identify the organisms from the Herbal Preparations used by the mass people. Methods: A total of 27 different Hepato-protective herbal medicines (HPHMs) were purchased randomly from identified herbal shops and retail outlets in different parts of Dhaka city. All collected samples were analyzed by the Pour Plate method for microorganisms in the Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Mirpur, Dhaka. Results: The results of the culture of the studied Hepato-protective drugs showed “No growth” of any Bacteria among 14 samples (51.9%). Growth was found in the remaining 13 samples (48.1%). There was “No growth” of any fungi in all Hepato-protective liquid herbal medicines. Conclusions: The levels of viable bacteria in the studied samples were found to be above safety limits. Pathogenic bacteria were also isolated from these herbal medicines. So, the use of homemade and commercial herbal medicines is a major risk to the health of the people who use these therapies due to the lack of microbial quality standards. Therefore, this warrants immediate need of management of herbal medicines to scale up its quality & safety issue.

Evaluation of Marketed Rosemary Essential Oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in Terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria.

Various pure rosemary essential oil containing commercial products are in demand for their health-promoting and cosmetic claims in Türkiye. Although they are natural and harmless, they should be in compliance with European Pharmacopoeia (EP) criteria. Therefore, in this study, 15 rosemary oil samples sold in pharmacies, herbal shops, and online platforms in Türkiye were investigated in terms of "Rosemary Oil" EP 10.0. monograph criteria. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the current quality status of rosemary essential oils in the Turkish market. Appearance, fatty oils and resinified essential oils, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value tests were performed according to EP 10.0 and compared with the given standards. In addition, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were conducted on all samples for advanced understanding of their phytochemical profile and harmony with EP standards. Fifteen pure rosemary oil-containing products from the Turkish market were evaluated. All of the samples were licensed as cosmetic products in Türkiye via the Ministry of Health. 83.1 to 96.9% of the ingredients of all samples were determined via GC-MS analysis. Results demonstrated that none of the samples from the Turkish rosemary essential oil market fully complied with the EP rosemary oil monograph standards. Considering our data, it was revealed that enhanced regulations and auditing mechanisms are needed to improve the quality of products. When the difference between the sources of purchase is assessed, pharmacies are still better locations to obtain such products.

Gambaran Penggunaan Obat Tradisional di Kecamatan Wongsorejo Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Therapy with traditional medicine is still an option for Indonesian, including Banyuwangi. The herbal shop in Banyuwangi is still an option for therapy. This research aimed to get an overview of the traditional medicine in Wongsorejo village, Banyuwangi. This research was observational, with a cross-sectional study design and a questionnaire as the research instrument. This research was attended by 67 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The research results stated that the information source for using herbal medicine was the family (53.73%); the average use of traditional medicine was 1-5 years (59.7%), with an average use of once a week (86.57%). Respondents liked the concoctions prepared by traditional drug dealers (52.24%), but these traditional medicines only had a temporary effect of 76.12%. Respondents who had consumed the given capsule (59.7%) were two capsules (55.22%). These traditional medicines are most often used to treat musculoskeletal pain (71.64%), and the therapeutic effect is felt between 1 to 5 hours after taking the traditional medicine (77.61%) and states better after consuming these traditional medicines (95.52%). Based on these data, it can be concluded that to treat complaints of rheumatic pain and its used together with capsules given by herbal medicines seller.

Prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes toward herbal medicines among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Prince Mansour Military Hospital in Taif.

Using of herbs is very common among pregnant women to treat the symptoms related to pregnancy as most people believe that herbs are safer than the medical drugs. This study aims to explore the prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes toward herbal medicines among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics. A cross-sectional study was applied at Prince Mansour Military Hospital in Taif city. It included a random sample of Saudi pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinic. Arabic language self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. It included the personal data, herbal medicines use during pregnancy, and pregnant beliefs about use of herbal medicines and conventional medications. The study included 222 pregnant women. Their age ranged between 19 and 45 years with a mean of 30.15 and standard deviation of 5.51 years. About 15.3% of the participants never visited the antenatal clinics before while 56.8% of them visited them three times or more. The prevalence of using herbal medicines during pregnancy was 32.9%. The main source for obtaining herbal medicines was herbal shops (53.4%). Herbal medicines were self-used by majority of the pregnant women during pregnancy (82.2%). There was a statistically significant association between frequency of antenatal care visits and using of herbal medicines during pregnancy, P = 0.030. Majority of the women believed that most herbal medicines are natural (86%), most Western medicines are unsafe for them (74.8%) and their babies (75.2%) during pregnancy as well as herbals are beneficial if recommended by doctor (71.2%). Herbal medicines use during pregnancy is a common practice among women in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. Less frequent ANC visits was associated with high probability of herbal medicine use during pregnancy. Majority of pregnant women agreed that herbals are beneficial if recommended by doctor.

Investigation of Heavy Metal Analysis on Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Skin Cancer by Traditional Practitioners in Pretoria

The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases, including cancer, is acknowledged and accepted in many African nations. Heavy metal contamination of plant materials poses a potential health risk, particularly for populations that are already vulnerable. This study determines the levels of heavy metals in medicinal plant samples used for treatment of skin cancer and evaluate the health risk caused by heavy metals to the adult population in Pretoria, South Africa using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of metals were as follows; As (<0.2 – 1.04±0.026), Cd (0.02 ±0.00026 – 0.167±0.006), Pb (0.38 ±0.01 – 2.27±0.05), Cr (5.31±0.21– 26.9 ±3.96) mg/kg, and Hg which were lesser than 0.02 mg/kg. The mean concentrations of all analyzed heavy metals are above permissible limit except for Hg which are lower than the permissible limit. The Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than 1 for all the heavy metals, suggesting that there are no obvious non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of these medicinal plants for now even though the prolonged use may result in health risks. The ingestion route was identified as the primary contributor to the overall risk by the health index (HI) values in the present study, which were more than 1, indicating that the combined effects of the heavy metal contaminants present in a particular herbal preparation pose health risk in the long term. Our findings support the need for close monitoring of potential heavy metal concentrations in medicinal plants given to patients from herbal shops.

PS-R04-1: A CASE OF DRUG-INDUCED RENAL INJURY AND DRUG-INDUCED HYPERTENSION RESULTING IN HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES

48 years old male. He had high blood pressure for 2 years and was treated at a Chinese herbal medicine shop, the prescription was changed each time. He began to have headaches and was taking triple doses of NSAIDs daily. Three months later, he developed lightheadedness and edema. He was diagnosed with hydrocephalus, Ommaya reservoir was inserted, but his loss of consciousness was prolonged. He was transferred to the neurosurgery department of our hospital on X + 3 for close examination of the tumor. At the time of transfer, his Cr was 9.32 mg/dl and he was referred to our department. He was suspected to have uremic symptoms, so Hemodialysis (HD) was started. Renal biopsy revealed nephrosclerosis and drug-induced kidney injury (DKI). Since the previous physician had discontinued NSAIDs and Chinese herbal medicine, so we mainly managed him with antihypertensive therapy. The Neurosurgical examination was negative for tumor, and the patient was transferred to the Department of Neurology on X + 11 for further examination of encephalopathy. Although his blood pressure was 230/140 mmHg immediately after transfer, the presence of endocrine hypertension was excluded, and the symptom improved by the elimination of the uremia and lowering of the blood pressure by ARB, CCB and HD. In addition, extensive white matter lesions on head CT resolved, so he was diagnosed Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). He was weaned from HD on X + 29 after his urinary output recovered, but was transferred to our department on X + 31 for decision making including reintroduction of HD because of his Cr 5.08 mg/dl level. He was discharged from the hospital on X + 47 after starting half-pulse steroid therapy (0.5 mg/kg post therapy) for DKI, with a strong desire to avoid reintroduction of HD. Currently, his Cr is 2.87 mg/dl. This case of hypertensive emergency was caused by DKI and drug-induced hypertension. NSAIDs suppress renal prostaglandin production by inhibiting COX, resulting in decreased renal function and increased blood pressure. Although the details of the Chinese herbal remedy are unknown, we suspected that NSAIDs was the cause of the hypertension, because the RAA system is usually suppressed if licorice is the cause. Although the rate of conversion from hypertensive emergencies to maintenance dialysis has not been shown, it is considered that the early release of renal load by HD in this case led to the recovery of renal function.

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS, CLAIMED AS ANTIOXIDANT BOOSTERS, FROM LOCAL MARKETS OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Our present work was aimed to evaluate in vitro ant-ioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of few locally synthesised herbal health supplements, claimed as antioxidant boosters. Six different samples were collected from famous traditional herbal medicine shops of Lahore, Pakistan. Antioxidant activities of all these synthesized Health supplements were determined by 2,2--diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH), TAC antioxidant assay, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assay, and Anti- lipid peroxidation, LPO method. Toxicity study of the Health supplements was also evaluated by Brine Shrimps Toxicity Bioassay (BSLT). Although all the samples are claimed as “Antioxidant boosters” but percentage antioxidant index (%AI) of all the samples was not the same. Supplement Hs5 showed maximum antioxidant activity. The decreasing order of activity of the supplements was: Hs5 (72%) &gt; Hs4 (63%) &gt; Hs2 (42%) &gt; Hs6 (33%) &gt; Hs3 (25%) &gt; Hs1 (21%). Further these supplements showed remarkable variations in their antioxidant potential when samples were analyzed by different assays. All these health supplements did not show significant toxicity at test concentration. Our results reveals that local health supplements are potential source of natural antioxidants and are safe to use at test concentration. This may also justify the use of these supplements for the cure of oxidative stress.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

A supply-side angle to understand heritage tourism sites: A value-based assessment approach

ABSTRACT While conservation is an important research theme in heritage tourism, studies have typically focused on tourist perceptions from a demand-side perspective. Yet, there is an opportunity to better understand the supply-side of heritage tourism, including how resources are ‘marked’ as heritage sites. This study addresses this gap by applying a value-based approach from the Burra Charter, a well-recognized heritage management and conservation guideline that has been translated and adopted worldwide, to evaluate an urban heritage site: Kung Lee Sugarcane Juice, a traditional herbal tea shop situated in Hong Kong. On-site, field observations were combined with secondary research on three underlying dimensions of heritage value (i.e. historic value, architectural value, and social value) to understand the essential facets of heritage management policy-making. Overall, this research concentrates on the vital role of heritage value in achieving sustainable tourism development.

Determination of Aflatoxin and Heavy Metal Levels in Some Spices Sold as Unpackaged in Van Province and Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metals

Aim: This study aimed to determine the aflatoxin and heavy metal levels in the samples of unpackaged red pepper, black pepper and cumin sold in Van and to estimate the health risks of heavy metals. Materials and Methods: In 60 samples (20 of each spice sample) obtained from herbal shops and markets, aflatoxin analysis was done with HPLC device and heavy metal analysis was done with ICP-MS device. Results: Although AFG1 and AFG2 were not detected in all spice samples, AFB1 and AFB2 were not detected in all cumin samples, AFB1 was detected in all red pepper samples and only one black pepper samples, and AFB2 in 18 red pepper samples. As a result of heavy metal analysis, the average concentration of Ni, Cd, Pb and Al were 5.08, 0.35, 2.47, 392.45 ppm in black pepper, 9.12, 0.20, 1.40, 514.4 ppm in cumin and 8.95, 0.06, 0.11, 33.75 ppm in red pepper, respectively. Arsenic was detected only in cumin and its average concentration was 0.06 ppm. Conclusion: In 90% (18 samples) of red pepper samples, AFB1 was detected above the permisisble limit value in Turkish food codex. The Cd level in black pepper samples and Ni levels in all spice samples determined in this study were above the limit values. According to daily intake tolerance limits, although Ni, As, and Cd levels in spices do not pose any risk, Al in all spice samples and Pb levels in black pepper samples are above the daily intake tolerance limits. Spice samples do not pose risk of non-carcinogenic effects, as THQ exposure values are less than 1.

The Microbial Quality of Herbal Products

Background: Consumption of herbal products has increased dramatically during the last few decades. Although there have been allegations that herbal products are made in unsanitary conditions resulting in microbial contamination and health hazards consumed by patients.&#x0D; Aim: The study is aimed at investigating the microbial quality of commonly sold herbal products in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methods: A total of seven (7) liquid herbal products (AB, GW, EC, IM, DR, GC and BM) were randomly purchased from local herbal shops and pharmacy shops in Abraka. Samples were aseptically measured out around the zones of a Bunsen fame and the total viable bacteria and fungi counts of samples were determined using serial dilution and spread plate method.&#x0D; Results: The total bacterial count in the herbal products ranged from 1.8 x 106 to 7.5 x 106. Proteus spp had the highest frequency of occurrence with a percentage of 50% while Staphylococcus spp. occurred the least with a percentage of 10% while Candida spp. had the highest percentage occurrence for fungi isolates and Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus occurs less with percentage occurrence of 10 and 20% respectively. The study also revealed that Tarivid, Streptomycin and Gentamycin were susceptible to all bacterial isolated from the herbal products with average zone of inhibition of 18.25±1.39, 19.75±3.39 and 23.13±2.0.8 respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The finding of this study revealed that herbal products sold in Abrakawere contaminated with microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic and thus, these herbal products can serve as a means of spreading infections among the consumers.&#x0D; Keywords: Herbal, microorganism, bacteria, Abraka.

PENDEKATAN BLUE OCEAN STRATEGI DALAM PERSAINGAN BISNIS (STUDI EMPIRIS : HIDAYATULLAH HERBAL CENTER) KOTA SEMARANG

Currently the development of the world economy is characterized by the process of globalization towards the free market, including herbal medicines that enter from various countries without clear protection that causes business competition will become more intense, causing companies to look for effective and efficient forms of marketing to introduce and market their products. Di Indonesia thedevelopment of drugs has been getting faster, especially herbalmedicines l, one of the companies is Hidayatullah Center Herbal Shop (H2C) in Banyumanik, Semarang. Hidayatullah Center Herbal Store (H2C) in Banyumanik, Semarang is a company engaged in the sale of various herbal products such as honey, goat milk, habbatussauda, olive oil, zam-zam water and others located in Banyumanik, Semarang. The purpose of this research was to find out and analyze the application of the Blue Ocean Strategy method to increase sales and marketing levels at the Hidayatullah Herbal Center (H2C) Herbal Store in Banyumanik Semarang. This prenelitian uses qualitative research methods, where the data and information obtained are collected through interviews (interviews), observations, and documentation. Thisstudy shows comparisons in the application of Blue Ocean Strategy seen using the remove-reduce-enhance-create scheme, strategy canvas and blue ocean index where hidayatullah herbal store center (H2C) in Banyumanik, Semarang focuses more on eliminating rogue retailers, increasing and developing company productivity, creating a strong promotion. Accurate that can reach the wider community so that it can increase company sales, create a company's personal website to be able to support product marketing, organize retailer management, tighten quality control.

Evaluation of Marketed Almond Oils [&lt;i&gt;Prunus dulcis&lt;/i&gt; (Mill.) D.A. Webb] in Terms of European Pharmacopoeia Criteria

Almond oil marketed for health benefits and cosmetic purposes should be in compliance with the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) criteria. Therefore, in this study, 17 almond oil samples sold in pharmacies, herbal shops, online, and cosmetics stores were analyzed in terms of "almond oil" monograph criteria, which have been mentioned in EP 7.0.In this study, 17 almond oil samples sold in pharmacies, herbal, online, and cosmetics stores were analyzed in terms of "almond oil" monograph criteria, which have been mentioned in EP 7.0. Appearance, acidity value, and peroxide value of each sample were determined and the ingredients were identified by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatographic method using flame ionization detector.It was determined that two of the 17 samples complied with EP 7.0 criteria.Almond oil, which is currently marketed according to the manufacturer's own marketing and quality criteria, is excluded from the Turkish Food Codex Standards. Our research has shown that most of the products do not comply with the EP standards. For this reason, it should be ensured that almond oil is listed in this codex and urgent arrangements should be made for quality control analysis.

Multi-methodological approach for the Quality assessment of Senecionis scandentis Herba (Qianliguang) in the herbal market.

We set forth to assess the quality of an herbal medicine sold in Hong Kong called Qianliguang by employing a multi-methodological approach. The quality is set by its identity, chemical composition, and bioactivities, among others. Qianliguang (Senecionis scandentis Herba, Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) has known antibacterial properties. However, it is poisonous and overconsumption can result in liver damage. Eighteen Qianliguang samples were purchased from herbal shops at various districts in Hong Kong. Samples were first authenticated organoleptically. DNA barcoding at the psbA-trnH, ITS2, and rbcL loci was then conducted to confirm the species. HPLC-UV was performed to screen for the presence of the chemical compounds and to quantify the flavonoid hyperoside. UPLC-MS was used to quantify the amount of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) adonifoline. Microdilution assay was performed to show the antibacterial effect on Streptococcus aureus and S. pneumoniae. Results showed that five samples were found to be substituted by species belonging to the genus Lespedeza; four samples were mixtures containing not only Qianliguang but also Achyranthes aspera L., Lonicera confusa DC., or Solanum nigrum L. HPLC-UV showed that only ten contained enough hyperoside to meet the standard requirement. In addition, nine samples had adonifoline that exceeded the toxicity standard requirement. In the microdilution assay, samples containing Qianliguang showed inhibition on S. aureus and S. pneumoniae, while among the five Lespedeza sp. samples the antibacterial effects on S. aureus were not detectable; only one sample showed inhibition to S. pneumoniae. Our study illustrated the necessity of using a multi-methodological approach for herbal medicine quality assessment. We also showed that Qianliguang samples in the Hong Kong market were either toxic or adulterated. It is therefore essential to improve the quality control of Qianliguang and probably other herbs in the herbal market.

Pesticides and mycotoxins evaluation in medicinal herbs and spices from EU and non-EU countries

• Mycotoxins and pesticide levels were determined by HPLC, GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS. • A risk assessment of the presence of mycotoxin and pesticides was evaluated in several key medicinal herbs. • The quality standards of commercial medicinal herbs were evaluated. In recent years, the growth of the field of medicinal herbs and the increased demand for plant-derived products have raised questions about their safety for consumer health. The evaluation of mycotoxins and pesticide residues in these matrices are among the major concerns. For this reason, forty-seven samples of different medicinal herbs were purchased from Italian herbal shops and the presence of these contaminants was assessed. AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and OTA A were characterised using high-performance chromatography with a FLD detector (LOQs were set at 0.375 μg/kg for aflatoxins and 1.0 μg/kg for ochratoxin A). A QuEChERS modified method was used for pesticide residue determination followed by GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS analysis (LOQ was set at 0.005 mg/kg). The two strategies proved to be complementary and contributed to a greater pesticide residues characterisation. About thirty percent of the samples analysed were found to be contaminated. Data highlighted the importance and the need to implement international monitoring in these types of matrices.

Identifikasi Dexamethason dalam Jamu Pegal Linu yang Beredar di Cilacap dengan Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT)

The people of Cilacap are in great demand for jamu pegal linu. Many herbal producers add medicinal chemicals (BKO) to their jamu for profit. Dexamethasone is an example of a corticosteroid drug that is often added to jamu pegal linu. The side effects of dexamethasone can cause moon face, fluid buildup, growth problems, and bone loss. This study aims to determine whether or not the dexamethasone content in the jamu pegal linu circulating in Cilacap. The method used was experimental using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) test. Samples were taken from the herbal medicine shop in Cilacap, a total of 10 samples of jamu aching rheumatism with different brands. The TLC method used chloroform: acetone with a ratio of 4: 1 as the mobile phase and the TLC plate of silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase. The results showed that the Rf of dexamethasone was 0.31 and Rf of ten samples of jamu pegal linu 0.21, 0.37, 0.38, 0.81, and 0.85. The results of this study concluded that there were no samples of the jamu pegal linu which were thought to be positive for dexamethasone

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PAKAR PEMILIHAN JAMU DENGAN DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA MANUSIA DENGAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING

Herbal medicine is a medicine from natural ingredients whose properties have not been scientifically proven, in other words, it has not been subjected to clinical or clinical trials, but its properties are trusted by people based on experience. And at this time many herbal products are marketed in general, and not a few people are confused to choose the right herbal medicine according to their circumstances, so people have to consult or ask before choosing, and make the store experience a long queue on customers. Therefore an expert system is needed for herbal medicine so that people can choose the right herbal medicine according to their circumstances or conditions, and this system can reduce the queue at the herbal medicine shop customers. Expert system built in this study uses the forward chaining method. Case study for the system that is "Pasuruan herbal shop fan" which contained 70 types of herbal medicine, the results of tests conducted by this system are in accordance with the diagnosis.

Urban ethnobotany of Kolkata, India: a case study of sustainability, conservation and pluricultural use of medicinal plants in traditional herbal shops

Kolkata, due to its rich cultural heritage, displays a mixture of Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and Chinese medicines in its pharmacopoeia. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted throughout the 144 wards in Kolkata from October 2019 to February 2020 to record the Ethnomedicinal practices and plants used for therapeutic purposes by local herbal medicinal shops and practitioners, the majority of which were situated in North and Central Kolkata. A total of 53 medicinal plant species belonging to 36 different families were reported, with Azadirachta indica, Withania somnifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Aloe vera being the most popular species and Ocimum sanctum as the most prevalent home garden species. The most important or useful family was Ranunculaceae. The majority of plants were used against urban lifestyle diseases like hypertension, hypoglycaemia, constipation and urinary diseases. The home gardens served as tools for ex situ conservation for these species. Most of the species’ conservation status was least concern, depicting that the local practitioners know sustainable use of the plants and posed zero threats to the natural populations and urban ecological systems. The study was performed to analyse the persistence and flow of traditional herbal knowledge in an advanced city and a comparison of the species used was done via several indices so that the impact of this practice on both local habitats and conservation of the medicinal plant species can be inferred.