Heracleum Sosnowskyi Research Articles

Monitoring of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden Using UAV Multisensors: Case Study in Moscow Region, Russia

Detection and mapping of Sosnowsky’s hogweed (HS) using remote sensing data have proven effective, yet challenges remain in identifying, localizing, and eliminating HS in urban districts and regions. Reliable data on HS growth areas are essential for monitoring, eradication, and control measures. Satellite data alone are insufficient for mapping the dynamics of HS distribution. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with high-resolution spatial data offer a promising solution for HS detection and mapping. This study aimed to develop a method for detecting and mapping HS growth areas using a proposed algorithm for thematic processing of multispectral aerial imagery data. Multispectral data were collected using a DJI Matrice 200 v2 UAV (Dajiang Innovation Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) and a MicaSense Altum multispectral camera (MicaSense Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). Between 2020 and 2022, 146 sites in the Moscow region of the Russian Federation, covering 304,631 hectares, were monitored. Digital maps of all sites were created, including 19 digital maps (orthophoto, 5 spectral maps, and 13 vegetation indices) for four experimental sites. The collected samples included 1080 points categorized into HS, grass cover, and trees. Student’s t-test showed significant differences in vegetation indices between HS, grass, and trees. A method was developed to determine and map HS-growing areas using the selected vegetation indices NDVI > 0.3, MCARI > 0.76, user index BS1 > 0.10, and spectral channel green > 0.14. This algorithm detected HS in an area of 146.664 hectares. This method can be used to monitor and map the dynamics of HS distribution in the central region of the Russian Federation and to plan the required volume of pesticides for its eradication.

The inflce of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden invasion on functional traits of Corydalis nobilis (L.) Pers (by the example of the MBG RAS collection of living plants)

The inflce of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden invasion on functional traits of Corydalis nobilis (L.) Pers (by the example of the MBG RAS collection of living plants)

Orthophoto-Based Vegetation Patch Analyses—A New Approach to Assess Segmentation Quality

The following paper focuses on evaluating the quality of image prediction in the context of searching for plants of a single species, using the example of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, in a given area. This process involves a simplified classification that ends with a segmentation step. Because of the particular characteristics of environmental data, such as large areas of plant occurrence, significant partitioning of the population, or characteristics of a single individual, the use of standard statistical measures such as Accuracy, the Jaccard Index, or Dice Coefficient does not produce reliable results, as shown later in this study. This issue demonstrates the need for a new method for assessing the betted prediction quality adapted to the unique characteristics of vegetation patch detection. The main aim of this study is to provide such a metric and demonstrate its usefulness in the cases discussed. Our proposed metric introduces two new coefficients, M+ and M−, which, respectively, reward true positive regions and penalise false positive regions, thus providing a more nuanced assessment of segmentation quality. The effectiveness of this metric has been demonstrated in different scenarios focusing on variations in spatial distribution and fragmentation of theoretical vegetation patches, comparing the proposed new method with traditional metrics. The results indicate that our metric offers a more flexible and accurate assessment of segmentation quality, especially in cases involving complex environmental data. This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the metric in real-world vegetation patch detection tasks.

Complex influence of structural characteristics of low-methoxyl pectins on rheological properties of semi-solid Ca-gels

The semi-solid Ca-gels were prepared from low-methoxyl pectins (methoxylation degree DM 4–36 %) of Oberna behen, Potamogeton natans, Tanacetum vulgare, Comarum palustre, Bergenia crassifolia, and Heracleum sosnowskyi. Pectins are characterized by Mw of 77–556 kDa and different content of HG and RG-I. The gels were prepared by addition of Ca2+ ions at varying stoichiometric ratios, R = 2 × [Ca2+]/[COO−], of 0.2–0.6, and a fixed pectin concentration of 10 g/L. It was shown that the presence of certain sets of structural characteristics in low-methoxyl pectins from different sources leads to the formation of gels with similar rheological properties. Pectins with Mw 77–98 kDa, DM 6–14 % form stiffer Ca-gels than pectins with Mw 218–253 kDa, DM 24–36 % at the same R. Pectins with Mw 346–556 kDa form the strongest Ca-gels. Their high Mw compensates for the influence of DM on the properties of Ca-gels. The stability of gels in PBS (pH 7.4) is determined mainly by proportion of 1,4-linked non-methoxylated GalA in pectins. Pectins with DM 4–14 % form more stable Ca-gels in PBS than pectins with DM 21–36 %.

Systematic approach in struggle against Heracleum Sosnowskyi with GPS mapping usage

Goal. Analysis of long-term data on the systematic control of Heracleum Sosnowskyi on the territory of the city of Chernivtsi and the city of Kovel, taking into account the effectiveness of the use of GPS mapping. Methods. Researches conducted by visual method for identifying Heracleum Sosnowskyi in investigated regions. Used the quantity method used for determining sowing weediness. This method is based upon the weeds accounting on recording area. The spreading map formed with help of licensed software in studied districts. The device GPS-navigator used for (Garmin eTrex Legend) used for fixed points of Heracleum Sosnowskyi, areas of weeds’ hearths, spreading scopes and elimination areas, reference to coordinate system. Results. Studies conducted as per operation maps. They had been developed upon the GPS mapping. They had been formed during 2016—2022 for previous areas Heracleum Sosnowskyi control. The patented way of struggle against Heracleum Sosnowskyi tested. The way based upon the biodestructor usage after cutting for plants drying and seeds material elimination. It may be used against young plants in chemicals in the form of a complex of herbicides are also. Monitoring of the territory of the city of Chernivtsi showed that as a result of the systematic destruction of Heracleum Sosnowskyi, 12 foci of weed disappeared. The plants’ density seriously decreased from 47.8 and 43.5 plants on 1 m2 to 1.1 and 0.2 plants on 1 m2. Conclusions. Factual survey in town Chernivtsi showed that the systematic approach in struggle with Heracleum Sosnowskyi had allowed to decrease occupied area son 20 ha. The number of Heracleum Sosnowskyi plants decreased in more than 25 times. According to the results of systematic work in the city of Kovel, it is possible to claim the complete destruction of 2 outbreaks with a total area of 0.43 ha. GPS mapping usage allowed to increase monitoring and clear control for areas change of controlled object.

Energy and Pro-/Antioxidant Metabolism of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. Buds during the Winter Dormancy

Energy and Pro-/Antioxidant Metabolism of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. Buds during the Winter Dormancy

Heracleum sosnowskyi pyrolysis – Energy and environmental aspects of biochar utilization

The Heracleum sosnowskyi is a highly invasive plant species known for its rapid spread and the significant threat it poses to the ecosystem and human health, primarily due to its furanocoumarin content. In the present study, for the first time the pyrolysis process (200–600 °C) of Heracleum was conducted, demonstrating its efficacy in utilizing the material as feedstock and generating valuable solid by-products. It was found that biochar produced at temperatures of 200–300 °C is suitable for solid fuel production (HHV 20.2–24.1 MJ·kg−1) and has strong hydrophobic properties, while pyrolysis over 400 °C promotes the improvement of fertilizing properties by increasing the content of micro and macronutrients (K=112.4 g·kg−1 at 600 °C). The mass and energy analysis proved that in specific conditions (for dry > 300 °C; for wet > 400 °C), pyrolysis can be an effective way for Heracleum biomass conversion into valuable biochar without the need for external energy.

<i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> (Apiaceae): eradication or wise utilization of plant raw Materials?

The uncontrolled spreading of the monodominant colonies of Sosnowsky's hogweed Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (Apiaceae) in Russia made the researchers look for methods of using its biomass in various sectors of the economy, which should prevent its further spread. The proposed methods of using plant biomass and technologies for obtaining useful substances from H. sosnowskyi have been developed regardless of inevitable changes in populations’ characteristics: in populations on abandoned lands that are currently unaffected by anthropogenic disturbance, under regular utilization the regeneration will decrease, resulting in reduced yields and profitability of production. It is possible to maintain a high yield of hogweed necessary for its utilization only under strictly controlled cultivation, which prevents its “escape”; however, it is not possible now, as this species has been removed from the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. At the same time, there is a sufficient range of alternative sources of raw materials that contain useful substances, which are suggested to be obtained from H. sosnowskyi. Harvesting of H. sosnowskyi for raw materials from the roadside treelines and small rivers' riparian areas is so much a problem, that it is not considered in publications, although these particular ecotopes are the constant foci of ongoing invasion. Due to the uncontrolled spread of the H. sosnowskyi, the biodiversity of agricultural lands, including wild-growing food, technical and medicinal plants (including wild relatives of cultivated plants) are under threat.

Функциональные характеристики почек возобновления Нeracleum sosnowskyi Manden. в период подготовки к перезимовке

Based on the study of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Heracleum sosnowskyi buds we identified functional adaptations during the preparation of plants for overwintering. The freezing point of water in the buds tissues was –12 оC in October, while maintaining high water content (more than 80%). Buds has a relatively high efficiency of respiration at low positive temperatures (2–5 оC), which favors morphogenesis processes in the shoot vegetative cone in autumn. During the preparation for overwintering the buds accumulated osmoregulators – soluble sugars, free amino acids, including proline. A relatively high level of cytokinin growth hormones was found in the buds tissues. This contributes to morphogenesis processes and increases plant cold tolerance. We found that in December the abscisic acid (a growth inhibitor and resting hormone) content increases and the level of cytokinins decrease. Heracleum sosnowskyi formed buds differing in the photosynthetic pigments content. Buds with green scale leaves accumulated the greatest amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids, while those with red-brown and yellow ones accumulated the least. The carotenoids accumulation in the green buds tissues protects the formed photosynthetic apparatus at low positive temperatures in autumn. The results on the functional state of H. sosnowskyi terminal buds in natural populations indicate the absence of deep dormancy in plants, and morphogenesis processes in meristems tissues are limited by winter temperatures.

Biochemistry of microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots with an ecotoxicological aspect

Sosnowski hogweed is an invasive weed in eastern-middle Europe that is dangerous to human health and the environment. The efficacy of its control using chemical and mechanical methods is limited. Electromagnetic radiation (microwaves) could be an environmentally friendly alternative for controlling this species. This study aims to: (1) Determine the effect of varying microwave treatment (MWT) durations on the control of S. hogweed using a device emitting microwaves at 2.45 GHz, 32.8 kW/m2; (2) Evaluate the impact of MWT on soil by an ecotoxicological bioassays; (3) Analyze biochemical changes occurring in the roots during the process. A field study was performed to assess the efficacy of S. hogweed control using MWT in times from 2.5 to 15 min. The MWT-treated soil was collected immediately after treatment (AT) and tested using bioassays (Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit, and Microtox). Fourteen days AT, the MWT hogweed roots were dug out, air-dried, and analyzed for the content and composition of essential oil, sugars, and fatty acids. According to the ecotoxicological biotests, the MWT soils were classified as non-toxic or low-toxic. The regeneration of hogweed was observed only in non-treated plants (control). Hogweed MWT for 2.5–15 min did not regenerate up to 14 days AT. The average weight of roots in hogweed MWT for 15.0 min was ca. two times smaller than the control plants. Those roots contained significantly higher amounts of sugars and saturated fatty acids than the control. We did not find a correlation between S. hogweed root essential oil content and composition and MWT time. The main compounds of essential oil were p‑cymene and myristicin. No highly photosensitizing compounds were identified in the tested root oil. We conclude that MWT of S. hogweed could be an environmentally safe and prospective control method, but more studies are needed.

Біорізноманіття гідрологічного заказника «Луга» у межах міста Володимир (Волинська область)

According to the results of the research, it was established that the flora of vascular plantsof the Luga River is 119 species, the faunal complex is represented by 80 species of animals ofthe mammal class – 3 species, birds – 23 species, amphibians – 2 species, fish rays – 6 species,earthworms –1 species, crustaceans – 2 species, arachnids – 2 species, insects – 28 species,molluscs – 12 species. The following families are the most numerous in terms of the number ofgenera and speciesAsteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae,Rosaceae. It is these families that have the greatest floristic diversity and occupy a leading placein the study area, and their spectrum is evidence of a strong anthropogenic influence on thevegetation cover.Various biotopes have formed in the floodplain of the Luga River and along its periphery,which differ in structure and varying degrees of transformation. The plant species composition ofthe floodplain of the Luga River is represented by typical aquatic, coastal-aquatic macrophytesand mesophytic forbs of floodplain meadows. The largest areas are occupied by monodominantgroups of Phragmites australis and Glyceria maxima, in smaller measures Typha latifolia. Theanimal world of the Luga River and its floodplain is represented by 16 species of hydrobiontsand 13 species of amphibiotic animals. Mammalia – 1 species, Aves – 6 species, Amphibia – 2species, Actinopterygii – 6 species, Crustacea – 1 species, Insecta – 6 species, Bivalvia – 2species, Gastropoda – 6 species.The marginal biotopes of the terraces are characterized by the dominance of ruderalcommunities with a significant participation of adventive plant species. The rarity component ofthe flora is represented by rare groups of yellow pitcher plants (Nuphareta luteae). Intensiveprocesses of natural overgrowth of the Luga River bed have been noted, which causes the flow toslow down, silt to accumulate, and the species composition of plants and animals to change. Thestudy area is characterized by high phytocenotic activity Аcer negиndo, Echinocуstis lobata,Solidago canadensis, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Heracleum mantegazzianumm etc. The animalworld of the edge terraces is represented by 64 species of animals. Mammalia – 3 species, Aves– 20 species, Amphibia – 2 species, Crustacea – 1 species, Arachnida – 2 species, Insecta – 28species, Gastropoda – 4 species.The main trends and threats caused by the anthropogenic factor have been identified:increased recreational load and accompanying degradation of vegetation due to direct impact onareas of mass gathering of vacationers, which leads to the disappearance of typical coastal-waterspecies of plants and animals associated with them, transformation as a result of anthropogeniceutrophication, which leads to a change in the structure of macrophyte and hydrobiontcommunities. The transformation of plant cover and animal complexes takes place in thedirection of replacing natural species with apophytes and adventitious plant species,synanthropic animal species and plant pests that are more resistant to anthropogenic influence.

Hydrothermal carbonization of invasive plant biomass as a tool for its safe utilization and production of artificial humic substances

Abstract Invasive plants may cause significant environmental risks by affecting biological diversity, ecosystem services, agriculture, and forestry. Safe utilization of invasive plant biomass by obtaining new outcome products useful for bioeconomics is a challenging but promising solution. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) presents a sustainable and cost-effective approach to transforming invasive plant biomass into new products while simultaneously supporting carbon capture aims. This study utilized invasive plants such as lupine [Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.], Sosnowsky’s hogweed [Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.], and Japanese knotweed [Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.] as biomass sources for HTC to produce artificial humic substances (AHS). The greatest impact on the yield of AHS (maximum gained yield 62%) has the duration of the HTC process (up to 6 h) and temperature of the treatment (from 160 up to 250 °C), as well as the catalyst used (an alkaline medium is preferable). During the HTC treatment, significant changes in the invasive plant biomass composition occur as indicated by the removal of labile components of organic matter. Obtained AHS are essentially similar to natural humic matter and have biostimulatory properties; thus, they can find application in agriculture and other areas of bioeconomics.

Structure of cenopopulations of <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> and mechanisms for maintaining their stability in north conditions

The growth and productivity, rhythm of development, ontogenetic and spatial structure of cenopopulations of Sosnowsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) on the territory of the Komi Republic were studied. The duration of the growing season of H. sosnowskyi was 180–190 days due to the early spring germination of seeds and the long autumn growing season of pregenerative individual plants. The studied H. sosnowskyi CPs were characterized by left-sided ontogenetic spectra and high recovery indices. These properties characterized them as young and self-renewing plants. The greatest and the lowest numbers per the unit area had the juvenile and the generative plants (710–1700 and 1–3 individuals/m2, respectively). The average density of immature and virginile individuals was 4–7 pcs/m2 and 12–16 pcs/m2, respectively. The absence of seedlings during the flowering period of plants was discovered, resulting from of the synchronous germination of mericarps and the rapid passage of the post-emergence development stage. Plants began to flower at the age of 2–6 full years, the maximum lifespan of individuals was 7 years. H. sosnowskyi plants were characterized by high productivity. They formed up to 15 kg/m2 of wet phytomass, half of which was produced by generative individuals. The main part of the leaf area of the generative individuals was located in the upper layers (like an “inverted pyramid”) and absorbed about 70% of the incoming PAR. The identified mechanisms of the CP self-maintenance mediate the spread and retention of occupied territories which are occupied by H. sosnowskyi plants on the northern border of the invaded range.

Structure of Cenopopulations of Heracleum sosnowskyi and Mechanisms for Maintaining Their Stability under the North Conditions

Structure of Cenopopulations of Heracleum sosnowskyi and Mechanisms for Maintaining Their Stability under the North Conditions

Phototoxicity in vitro and safety in vivo of the emulsion photosensitizer based on furanocoumarins of Heracleum sosnowskyi

The use of plants such as giant hogweed as raw materials for the manufacture of dosage forms has been little explored. In this study, we utilized furanocoumarins from the Heracleum sosnowskyi plant to create an experimental emulsion dosage form (EmFHS). The EmFHS was finely dispersed (481.8 nm ± 71.1 nm), shelf-stable, and contained predominantly 8-methoxypsoralen at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.Phototoxicity analysis of EmFHS for THP-1 cells under UV (365 nm) irradiation showed an IC50 of 19.1 µg/ml (24 h) and 6.3 µg/ml (48 h). In relation to spheroids (L929), EmFHS exhibited a phototoxic effect in the concentration range of 31.25–125 µg/ml8-MOP. A full phototoxic effect was observed 48 h after UV irradiation. The phototoxic effect of EmFHS in vitro was dose-dependent and comparable to the effect of emulsion synthetic 8-methoxypsoralen and chlorin e6 solution. EmFHS cytotoxicity was caused solely by UV radiation, and toxicity in the dark was minimal.EmFHS, administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg8-MOP, was found to be safe after a single intravenous administration to rats. It had a photosensitizing effect in the form of local photodermatitis when exposed to UV irradiation at a dose of 44 J/cm2.The biokinetics of emulsion furanocoumarins showed that the phototoxic effect of EmFHS is due to the high penetration ability of the emulsion into cells of spheroids. At the same time, it has a low degree of cumulation when administered intravenously.The obtained data suggest that EmFHS may be a promising treatment for PUVA therapy of various dermatological diseases. Additionally, the plant Heracleum sosnowskyi shows potential as a basis for creating new dosage forms with phototherapeutic effects.

Adaptation strategies of Heracleum sosnowskyi in Ukrainian Polissia

Heracleum sosnowskyi is an invasive transformer species dangerous for biodiversity and human health. The materials for this study were the standard geobotanical descriptions made on the territory of Ukrainian Polissia in the period from 2004 to 2022. The relevés were classified using the Braun-Blanquet methods and used for synphytoindication evaluation of the environmental factors, rating ecofactors, estimated based on the ecological scales of the species that form a phytocoenosis. Heracleum sosnowskyi was observed to occur in plant communities belonging to 13 classes, 16 orders, 21 alliances, and 29 associations. According to the synphytoindication, it most often grew in mesophyte, hemihydrocontrasthophobic (moderately moistened habitats that are sporadically moistened), subacidophilic, semieutrophic, acarbonataphilic, nitrophilic, hemiaerophobic (moderately aerated habitats), submicrothermal (habitats that receives 20–30 kc/sm2), subombrophytic, hemioceanic, subcryophytic (habitats with the average temperature of the coldest month of the year is approximately –8), semi-illuminated, euhemerobic (habitats that have been altered or created by humans and are under anthropogenic influence) habitats. The competitive advantages of Sosnowsky's hogweed over the native species are the combination of the ability to change r and K strategies, depending on the environmental conditions, with the production of a large number of seeds that are dispersed from a tall peduncle, maintaining a significant germination rate for several years, and allelopathy and efficient assimilation of nitrogen compounds, which helps it to increase the size of the shoot. Ruderal and natural grass ecosystems are the most vulnerable to the penetration of H. sosnowskyi in the early stages of autogenic succession (value of natural dynamic was 3.0–4.0 points). The highest projective cover and the density of its population were observed in the nitrified forest edges of associations Elytrigio repentis-Aegopodietum podagrariae var. Heracleum sosnowskyi (value of natural dynamic was 4.0–7.0 points). Forest ecosystems with multi-tiered vegetation (value of natural dynamic was above 9.5 points) and meadows with thorough sod (value of natural dynamic was above 4.8 points) were less vulnerable to invasions. At the same time, disruptions of the completeness of the tree stand or the integrity of sod created additional opportunities for the species to invade the territory. Once penetrating into natural or ruderal ecosystems, H. sosnowskyi most often transforms their autotrophic blocks into a variant of association Agropyretum repentis var. Heracleum sosnowskyi of class Artemisietea vulgaris, which is a more favorable phytocenosis for its intensive reproduction and spread. The results of the study can be used to prevent the spread of H. sosnowskyi.

Alien Species of Vascular Plants in the Flora of Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve

The paper presents data on alien species of vascular plants in the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve. In total 96 species are classified as alien, which is 10,6% of the total floristic diversity. This proportion is small and reflects a low disturbance and relative stability of indigenous phytocenoses. The appearance of a new 43 alien species for the flora of the reserve was noted. The characteristics of the current state of populations of alien species, location and prospects for further development, are given. Almost all alien species registered by us (with the exception of Oxalis stricta, Torilis japonica, Conyza canadensis) to one degree or another are the result of introduction activities. Depending on the degree of naturalization and potential danger to the ecosystem, alien species are divided into 5 categories: Status 0 – cultivated (unnaturalized) (32 species); Status 1 – alien non-naturalizing plants (11 species); Status 2 – casual alien plants (2 species); Status 3 – naturalized plants (45 species); Status 4 – invasive species-transformers (6 species). Areas occupied by Cornus alba and Caragana arborescens have been measured to further estimate population growth by comparing with a similar measurement after several years. Extermination of small pioneer Heracleum sosnowskyi population is recommended.

Обоснование технологии контроля ареала распространения борщевика Сосновского в аспекте управления земельными ресурсами

The results of the substantiation of the proposed technology for monitoring the distribution area of the Sosnovsky Hogweed, taking into account its environmental, social and economic efficiency, are presented. The urgency of considering the biological characteristics of the Sosnovsky Hogweed is emphasized, primarily at the stage of vegetation in the development of technology for controlling the distribution area of this plant. The operation «peeling» in combination with other operations of in-depth cultivation of arable land and the operation of imitation peeling on grassy lands, supplemented by mowing, ensure the sustainable elimination of the dominance of Heracleum Sosnowskyi, limit its unauthorized spread, justify themselves as the main operations of effective technology for controlling the population of Heracleum Sosnowskyi.

Distribution and Control of Sosnowsky’s Hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) in Klaipėda District

Kiekvienais metais yra užregistruojama naujų nepageidaujamų augalų augimviečių. Lietuvoje labiausiai žinomas invazinis augalas – Sosnovskio barštis (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) – yra paplitęs ir Klaipėdos rajone. Jo gausūs sąžalynai pakeičia augalų bendrijų rūšių struktūrą, ypač pievų buveinėse. Be to, šis augalas kelia grėsmę žmonių sveikatai bei kenkia ūkiniams gyvūnams. Lietuvoje Sosnovskio barštis masiškai naikinamas, visgi pasirinktas tinkamas kontrolės būdas galėtų užtikrinti ilgalaikį rezultatą, kuris neleistų šiam augalui plisti. Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – palyginti Sosnovskio barščio naikinimo Klaipėdos r. savivaldybės teritorijose rezultatus: vienose jų trejus metus Sosnovskio barštis buvo intensyviai naikintas, o kitose – tik vykdyta minimali šio invazinio augalo kontrolė. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Sosnovskio barščio naikinimas mechaniniais ir cheminiais metodais yra efektyvesnis nei tik invazinio augalo šienavimas. Pateiktos rekomendacijos leis atidžiau rinktis kontrolės priemones Sosnovskio barščio plitimo rizikai sumažinti.

Toxicity of Juice of Heracleum Sosnowskyi

Toxicity of Juice of Heracleum Sosnowskyi