Hepatocellular Carcinoma Guidelines Research Articles

Outcomes of Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single-Center Experience With Resection Versus Transplantation.

Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents significant challenges due to its aggressive nature, with survival depending on complete resection. We aimed to assess outcomes between liver resection (LR) and liver transplantation (LT). A total of 25 patients were retrieved, four of whom were classified as palliative at diagnosis. A subanalysis comparing cirrhotic liver (n = 14) versus de novo (n = 11) HCC was performed to identify confounding variables. Further evaluation focused on the 21 children with histologically confirmed HCC who underwent LR (n = 7) versus LT (n = 14). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed. The mean age was 7.8 ± 6.1 years for patients with cirrhotic liver and 12.1 ± 3.5 years for de novo HCC. Our group observed overall total survival rates of 100%, 85%, and 77% at 12, 36, and 60 months, respectively. De novo tumors had a higher recurrence rate and a poorer prognosis (p = 0.039 and p = 0.045). The disease-free survival at 60 months in our cohort was significantly lower among the LR group compared to the LT group (14% vs. 82%; p = 0.0081). Recurrence after initial management (n = 8) showed location differences between LR and LT. Preoperative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was elevated in 71% of children, but did not correlate with recurrence or compromised survival. Elevated AFP 3 months post-operation affected the course negatively (p = 0.044). Tumor number and diameter exhibited a trend towards poorer outcomes. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive pediatric surgical guidelines for HCC. We recommend LT over LR in pediatric cases. Extrahepatic disease post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains the only absolute contraindication.

Clinical guidelines for early hepatocellular carcinoma treatment options: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with treatment options including radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and surgical resection. This study evaluates the evolving guidelines for these treatments to identify the current consensus and divergences. We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines of documents from 2017-2024 by major liver societies. The AGREE-II framework assessed guideline quality. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRDXXXX). We analyzed 23 guidelines and noted significant shifts in treatment recommendations over recent updates. This analysis reveals an increasing endorsement of RFA for certain patient groups and sustained strong support for surgical resection based on robust evidence levels. All demonstrated high quality, with the 2023 Japan Guidelines receiving the highest AGREE-II score. A significant finding was the low level of stakeholder involvement in the development of guidelines. The study highlights the dynamic nature of clinical guidelines for early-stage HCC, underscoring the need for ongoing updates and direct, high-quality comparative studies. The evolving recommendations for RFA, especially its role in managing small, localized tumors, reflect its emerging importance in the treatment paradigm.

Adjuvant Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Curative Treatment: Several Unanswered Questions.

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a poor prognosis. Hepatectomy and local ablation are the main curative treatments for HCC. Nevertheless, the recurrence rate after hepatectomy or ablation is up to 70%, which seriously affects patient prognosis. Several adjuvant therapies have been explored to reduce postoperative recurrence. However, although a variety of adjuvant therapies have been shown to reduce the recurrence rate and improve overall survival, a standard consensus of national HCC guidelines for adjuvant treatment is lacking. Therefore, there are significant differences in the recommendations for adjuvant therapy for HCC between the Eastern and Western guidelines. A variety of adjuvant treatment methods, such as antiviral therapy, transarterial chemoembolization or traditional Chinese medicine, are recommended by the Chinese HCC guidelines. However, Western guidelines make few recommendations other than antiviral therapy. Adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors are recommended only in the recently updated American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidelines. This review summarized the existing adjuvant therapy options after curative hepatectomy or ablation and discusses several important dilemmas of adjuvant treatments.

Impact of guideline adherence on the prognosis of Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage B hepatocellular carcinoma.

Patients with Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are considerably heterogeneous in terms of tumor burden, liver function, and performance status. To improve the poor survival outcomes of these patients, treatment approaches other than transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), which is recommended by HCC guidelines, have been adopted in real-world clinical practice. We hypothesize that this non-adherence to treatment guidelines, particularly with respect to the use of liver resection, improves survival in patients with stage B HCC. To assess guideline adherence in South Korean patients with stage B HCC and study its impact on survival. A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from 2008 to 2016 obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Patients with stage B HCC were categorized into three treatment groups, guideline-adherent, upward, and downward, based on HCC guidelines recommended by the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). The primary outcome was HCC-related deaths; tumor recurrence served as the secondary outcome. Survival among the groups was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Predictors of survival outcomes were identified using multivariable Cox regression analysis. In South Korea, over the study period from 2008 to 2016, a notable trend was observed in adherence to HCC guidelines. Adherence to the EASL guidelines started relatively high, ranging from 77% to 80% between 2008 and 2012, but it gradually declined to 58.8% to 71.6% from 2013 to 2016. Adherence to the AASLD guidelines began at 71.7% to 75.9% from 2008 to 2010, and then it fluctuated between 49.2% and 73.8% from 2011 to 2016. In contrast, adherence to the APASL guidelines remained consistently high, staying within the range of 90.14% to 94.5% throughout the entire study period. Upward treatment, for example with liver resection, liver transplantation, or radiofrequency ablation, significantly improved the survival of patients with BCLC stage B HCC compared to that of patients treated in adherence to the guidelines (for patients analyzed according to the 2000 EASL guidelines, the 5-year survival rates were 63.4% vs 27.2%, P < 0.001), although results varied depending on the guidelines. Progression-free survival rates were also significantly improved upon the use of upward treatments in certain groups. Patients receiving upward treatments were typically < 70 years old, had platelet counts > 105/μL, and serum albumin levels ≥ 3.5 g/dL. Adherence to guidelines significantly influences survival in South Korean stage B HCC patients. Curative treatments outperform TACE, but liver resection should be selected with caution due to disease heterogeneity.

A narrative review of supportive and end of life care considerations in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths, and case numbers continue to rise in the United States. HCC carries a poor prognosis, and management requires a multidisciplinary approach. This narrative review aims to identify opportunities for further integration of palliative care (PC) in HCC care. Given the high symptom burden faced by patients with HCC, early PC consultation can be beneficial for patients. A search of PubMed was conducted from inception of the database to March 1, 2023. The search was composed of keywords and controlled vocabulary terms for concepts related to palliative medicine and symptom management in the setting of HCC. This narrative review finds that although PC has been integrated into HCC guidelines, partnerships between PC and hepatology are still nascent in clinical practice. Treatment-related barriers pose a challenge to timely integration of PC in the care of HCC patients; evaluation or listing for transplantation can be perceived as a barrier to PC consultation, and unpredictable clinical courses make prognostication challenging. Providers may hesitate to pursue PC referral due to a lack of consensus around the role of PC, and for those that are referred, timing of consultation remains an issue especially for those who are potential liver transplant candidates. There are few studies of PC in HCC, limiting evidence-based recommendations that can be made regarding PC involvement in this patient population. While PC is not routinely integrated into HCC care, recent guideline recommendations and a growing number of studies may change this over time. Although further evidence is needed, PC and hepatology teams partnering together can explore ways to improve the care of this patient population. PC consultation early in HCC care could assist in management of symptom relief, psychosocial and spiritual support, and caregiver support. Effective communication will be required to set parameters for referral and clarify potential outcomes of consultation. Teams should be prepared for the challenges involved in a culture change and paradigm shift in clinical practice.

Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that regulates the cellular response to hypoxia and is upregulated in all types of solid tumor, leading to tumor angiogenesis, growth, and resistance to therapy. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly vascular tumor, as well as a hypoxic tumor, due to the liver being a relatively hypoxic environment compared to other organs. Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and trans-arterial embolization (TAE) are locoregional therapies that are part of the treatment guidelines for HCC but can also exacerbate hypoxia in tumors, as seen with HIF-1α upregulation post-hepatic embolization. Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) are a novel class of anticancer agent that are selectively activated under hypoxic conditions, potentially allowing for the targeted treatment of hypoxic HCC. Early studies targeting hypoxia show promising results; however, further research is needed to understand the effects of HAPs in combination with embolization in the treatment of HCC. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the role of hypoxia and HIF-1α in HCC, as well as the potential of HAPs and liver-directed embolization.

Overview of Asian clinical practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An Asian perspective comparison.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly prevalent and the third most common cause of cancer-related death in Asia. In contrast to the West, the main etiology of HCC in many Asian countries except Japan is chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Differences in the major causes of HCC lead to significant clinical and treatment differences. This review summarizes and compares guidelines on managing HCC from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. From oncology and socio-economic perspectives, factors such as underlying diseases, staging methods, government policies, insurance coverage, and medical resources contribute to varying treatment strategies among countries. Furthermore, the differences in each guideline are fundamentally caused by the lack of incontrovertible medical evidence, and even existing results of clinical trials can be interpreted differently. This review will provide a complete overview of the current Asian guidelines for HCC in recommendations and in practice.

Clinical practice guidelines and real-life practice on hepatocellular carcinoma: the Hong Kong perspective.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major public health burden in Hong Kong, and chronic hepatitis B is the most common HCC etiology in our region. With the high case load, extensive local expertise on HCC has been accumulated. This article summarized local guidelines and real-life practice on HCC management in Hong Kong. For HCC surveillance, liver ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein for periodic screening is recommended in viral hepatitis or cirrhotic patients, and this is adhered to in clinical practice. HCC diagnosis is not covered in local guidelines, yet our practice is in-line with regional guidelines, where diagnosis is usually achieved by cross-sectional imaging and without the need for histology. Our guidelines recommend using the Hong Kong Liver Cancer Staging for pre-treatment staging, yet we routinely use other widely-adopted systems such as the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging and the Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging as well. Our local guidelines have provided clear treatment algorithms for the whole range of HCC therapies, including resection, ablation, transplant, transarterial chemoembolization, transarterial radioembolization, stereotactic body radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Real-life treatment choices are largely in line with the guidelines, although treatment protocols are individualized, and availability of specific therapies can vary between centers. Overall, HCC guidelines in Hong Kong are tailored based on local expertise and our unique patient population. The guidelines are up-to-date and provide practical pathways to assist our routine practice. Regular updates of local guidelines are warranted to account for the rapidly evolving paradigm of HCC management.

Artificial intelligence in the detection, characterisation and prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advancements in detection and treatment of HCC, its management remains a challenge. Artificial intelligence (AI) has played a role in medicine for several decades, however, clinically applicable AI-driven solutions have only started to emerge, due to gradual improvement in sensitivity and specificity of AI, and implementation of convoluted neural networks. A review of the existing literature has been conducted to determine the role of AI in HCC, and three main domains were identified in the search: detection, characterisation and prediction. Implementation of AI models into detection of HCC has immense potential, as AI excels at analysis and integration of large datasets. The use of biomarkers, with the rise of ‘-omics’, can revolutionise the detection of HCC. Tumour characterisation (differentiation between benign masses, HCC, and other malignant tumours, as well as staging and grading) using AI was shown to be superior to classical statistical methods, based on radiological and pathological images. Finally, AI solutions for predicting treatment outcomes and survival emerged in recent years with the potential to shape future HCC guidelines. These AI algorithms based on a combination of clinical data and imaging-extracted features can also support clinical decision making, especially treatment choice. However, AI research on HCC has several limitations, hindering its clinical adoption; small sample size, single-centre data collection, lack of collaboration and transparency, lack of external validation, and model overfitting all results in low generalisability of the results that currently exist. AI has potential to revolutionise detection, characterisation and prediction of HCC, however, for AI solutions to reach widespread clinical adoption, interdisciplinary collaboration is needed, to foster an environment in which AI solutions can be further improved, validated and included in treatment algorithms. In conclusion, AI has a multifaceted role in HCC across all aspects of the disease and its importance can increase in the near future, as more sophisticated technologies emerge.

Clinical care in hepatocellular carcinoma: A mixed methods assessment of experiences and challenges of oncology professionals.

Healthcare providers (HCPs) may face numerous dilemmas in optimally screening, diagnosing, and treating patients with, and/or at risk for, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to achieve a greater understanding of the challenges in HCC care which in turn could delineate HCP educational opportunities within this oncologic sub-specialty. A mixed-methods approach was used to identify practice gaps and clinical barriers experienced by US-based medical oncologists, hepatologists, oncology physician assistants, oncology nurse practitioners, and interventional radiologists involved in HCC care. The qualitative (semi-structured interview) and quantitative (survey) data collection approaches were deployed sequentially with findings subsequently triangulated. A total of 214 HCPs participated in this study. Analysis revealed challenges related to screening and diagnosing HCC, specifically in applying appropriate screening guidelines, and the optimal use and decisions related to diagnostic imaging and biopsy. Issues related to treatment selection included the application of existing HCC guidelines in treatment decision-making, weighing risk/benefit ratios of various antineoplastics regimens (i.e., tyrosine kinase inhibitors-TKIs, immunotherapy agents, chemotherapy), sequencing therapies, potential toxicity management, and optimally educating patients about their HCC. These findings highlight the educational needs of those involved in HCC care and provide a starting point for clinicians to both reflect on their practice and identify opportunities to enhance communication within the HCC team and between provider and patient. There is an opportunity to optimize continuing professional development interventions that address the identified gaps in clinical practice specifically related to teamwork and interdisciplinary communication.

Protocol of notable-HCC: a phase Ib study of neoadjuvant tislelizumab with stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma

IntroductionLiver resection is the mainstay of curative-intent treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the postoperative 5-year recurrence rate reaches 70%, and there are no adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapies recommended by...

Emerging curative-intent minimally-invasive therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common cause of liver malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths universally. Cure can be achieved for early stage HCC, which is defined as 3 or fewer lesions less than or equal to 3 cm in the setting of Child-Pugh A or B and an ECOG of 0. Patients outside of these criteria who can be down-staged with loco-regional therapies to resection or liver transplantation (LT) also achieve curative outcomes. Traditionally, surgical resection, LT, and ablation are considered curative therapies for early HCC. However, results from recently conducted LEGACY study and DOSISPHERE trial demonstrate that transarterial radio-embolization has curative outcomes for early HCC, leading to its recent incorporation into the Barcelona clinic liver criteria guidelines for early HCC. This review is based on current evidence for curative-intent loco-regional therapies including radioembolization for early-stage HCC.

Abstract No. 196 Overall survival and toxicities of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Barcelona clinic liver cancer C (BCLC-C) patients following Y-90 radioembolization: assessment from the RESiN Registry (NCT: 02685631)

National Comprehensive Cancer Network HCC guidelines recommend Y-90 to treat BCLC C patients only in select cases given the development of systemic regimens. We sought to identify ideal candidates for Y-90.

Hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a single-center retrospective analysis

Background: Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) represents a serious complication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It rules out the possibility of liver transplantation and has a very poor prognosis. In the past two decades, clinical guidelines for HCC have been reviewed and validated. Japanese, Chinese and Hong Kong guidelines support the surgical resection in patients with Child-Pugh classes A/B cirrhosis. On the other hand, guidelines of EASl, AASLD and APASL indicate intra-arterial and systemic treatment.

Laparoscopic versus open repeat liver resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatectomy patients: inverse probability of treatment weighting.

Repeat liver resection (RLR) is a good treatment option for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, laparoscopic repeat liver resection (LRLR) is more technically demanding than open repeat liver resection (ORLR). The purpose of our study is to compare the surgical outcomes of ORLR and LRLR and to carefully present LRLR guidelines for HCC. We performed RLR at a single institution from January 2017 to November 2019. We divided the patients into an ORLR group and an LRLR group. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied in this study to compare the ORLR group and the LRLR group. There was no difference between the two groups in patient characteristics, preoperative blood tests and pathological characteristics. After stabilized IPTW, the LRLR group had a shorter hospital stay (5.52 vs. 9.27days, p = 0.001) and superior disease-free survival (p = 0.020). LRLR yielded better short-term outcomes than ORLR. And if a regular radiologic examination is performed, most of the recurrent tumors could be detected less than 3cm. In conclusion, LRLR might be feasible and useful for recurrent HCC located contralateral to the previous tumor at a size of less than 3cm.

The safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) + lenvatinib + programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody of advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

453 Background: More than 70% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients are in the intermediate or advanced stages at the time of diagnosis. TACE, TKI and PD-1 antibody are all recommended for patients with unresectable HCC (uHCC) according to Chinese HCC guidelines. There are few scientific trials to back up the safety and effecacy of TACE+TKI+PD-1 antibody for the treatment of uHCC and conversion resection. In this study, we explored the safety and efficacy of the TACE+TKI+PD-1 antibody in uHCC. Methods: This is a prospective, multicenter, cohort study (NCT04997850). Key Eligibility Criteria:18 years old ≤ age ≤ 70 years old; HCC confirmed by histopathology or cytology; No systemic treatment history. ECOG PS score 0-1; Child-Pugh A/B; BCLC stage B/C.Experience group: TACE + Lenvatinib (12mg when≥ 60kg/8mg when &lt; 60kg QD) + Camrelizumab/ Sintilimab (200 mg ivgtt Q3W);Control group: TACE. Results: From Sep 2020 to May 2021, 38 patients were enrolled in experimental group (Table). At the cutoff date (Sep 10 2021), the median follow-up was of 33.34 weeks (Table). The conversion resection rate was 50% (19/38), and the conversion success rate was 52.6% (20/38). Among the 19 patients, 5 cases achieved complete pathological response and 1 case achieved major pathological response. The 48 weeks’ OS rate and PFS were 96.4% (95%CI 92.9% to 99.9%) and 91.7%(95%CI 85.8% to 97.4%).22 patients had level 3 treatment related adverse events (TRAE), there were no level 4 and 5 TRAEs. At the last follow-up, the ORR rate based on mRECIST was 84.2%, and the DCR rate was 94.7% (Table). Conclusions: TACE + Lenvatinib + PD-1 antibody is safe and effective, and conversion resection after the triple-treatment is feasible for uHCC. Clinical trial information: 04997850.[Table: see text]

From LI-RADS Classification to HCC Pathology: A Retrospective Single-Institution Analysis of Clinico-Pathological Features Affecting Oncological Outcomes after Curative Surgery.

Background: The latest Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) classification by the American College of Radiology has been recently endorsed in the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) guidelines for Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management. Although the LI-RADS protocol has been developed as a diagnostic algorithm, there is some evidence concerning a possible correlation between different LI-RADS classes and specific pathological features of HCC. We aimed to investigate such radiological/pathological correlation and the possible prognostic implication of LI-RADS on a retrospective cohort of HCC patients undergoing surgical resection. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the pathological characteristics of resected HCC, exploring their distribution among different LI-RADS classes and analyzing the risk factors for recurrence-free, overall and cancer-specific survival Results: LI-RADS-5 (LR-5) nodules showed a higher prevalence of microvascular invasion (MVI), satellitosis and capsule infiltration, as well as higher median values of alpha-fetoprotein (αFP) compared to LI-RADS-3/4 (LR-3/4) nodules. MVI, αFP, satellitosis and margin-positive (R1) resection resulted as independent risk factors for recurrence-free survival, while LI-RADS class did not exert any significant impact. Focusing on overall survival, we identified patient age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS), Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, αFP, MVI, satellitosis and R1 resection as independent risk factors for survival, without any impact of LI-RADS classification. Last, MELD score, log10αFP, satellitosis and R1 resection resulted as independent risk factors for cancer-specific survival, while LI-RADS class did not exert any significant impact. Conclusions: Our results suggest an association of LR-5 class with unfavorable pathological characteristics of resected HCC; tumor histology and underlying patient characteristics such as age, ECOG-PS and liver disease severity exert a significant impact on postoperative oncological outcomes.

Imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Future directions with special emphasis on hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a unique cancer entity that can be noninvasively diagnosed using imaging modalities without pathologic confirmation. In 2018, several major guidelines for HCC were updated to include hepatobiliary contrast agent magnetic resonance imaging (HBA-MRI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as major imaging modalities for HCC diagnosis. HBA-MRI enables the achievement of high sensitivity in HCC detection using the hepatobiliary phase (HBP). CEUS is another imaging modality with real-time imaging capability, and it is reported to be useful as a second-line modality to increase sensitivity without losing specificity for HCC diagnosis. However, until now, there is an unsolved discrepancy among guidelines on whether to accept “HBP hypointensity” as a definite diagnostic criterion for HCC or include CEUS in the diagnostic algorithm for HCC diagnosis. Furthermore, there is variability in terminology and inconsistencies in the definition of imaging findings among guidelines; therefore, there is an unmet need for the development of a standardized lexicon. In this article, we review the performance and limitations of HBA-MRI and CEUS after guideline updates in 2018 and briefly introduce some future aspects of imaging-based HCC diagnosis.

Treatments of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus: Current Status and Controversy.

The proportions of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involving portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) varies greatly in different countries or regions, ranging from 13% to 45%. The treatment regimens for PVTT recommended by HCC guidelines in different countries or regions also vary greatly. In recent years, with the progress and development of surgical concepts, radiotherapy techniques, systematic therapies (for example, VEGF inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors), patients with HCC involving PVTT have more treatment options and their prognoses have been significantly improved. To achieve the maximum benefit, both clinicians and patients need to think rationally about the indications of treatment modalities, the occurrence of severe adverse events, and the optimal fit for the population. In this review, we provide an update on the treatment modalities available for patients with HCC involving PVTT. Trials with large sample size for patients with advanced or unresectable HCC are also reviewed.

Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma between Korea, Europe, and United States

Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma between Korea, Europe, and United States