Hepatobiliary Resection Research Articles

Liver remnant volume to body weight ratio of 0.65% as a lower limit in right hepatic trisectionectomy with bile duct resection

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested the utility of an indocyanine green plasma clearance rate of the future liver remnant (FLR) (ICGK-F) ≥0.05 in hepatobiliary resection to reduce the surgical risk. The present study aimed to verify whether future liver remnant size rather than ICGK-F matters in extended hepatobiliary resection. MethodsBetween 2004 and 2021, patients who underwent right hepatic trisectionectomy with bile duct resection were included. The effect of the FLR volume-to-body weight ratio (FLR/BW) and ICGK-F on posthepatectomy liver failure was evaluated along with other parameters. ResultsAmong 91 study patients, the median ICGK-F, FLR, and FLR/BW were 0.057 (range, 0.027–0.099), 392 mL (145–705), and 0.78% (0.40–1.37), respectively. Posthepatectomy liver failure occurred in 23 patients. The incidence was 10 (40%) in 25 patients with an ICGK-F <0.05 and 12 (18%) in 65 patients with an ICGK-F ≥0.05 (P = .053); 13 (52%) in 25 patients with a FLR/BW <0.65% and 10 (15%) in 66 patients with a FLR/BW ≥0.65% (P = .001). Multivariate analysis showed that a FLR/BW <0.65% (odds ratio, 11.7; P = .005), age ≥65 years (odds ratio, 31.7; P < .001), and blood loss ≥25 mL/kg (odds ratio, 22.1; P = .004) were independent predictors of posthepatectomy liver failure, but ICGK-F <0.05 was not (P = .499). According to the meeting number of 3 factors, posthepatectomy liver failure incidence was 0 of 22 (0%) in patients with 0 factors, 6 of 43 (14%) in patients with 1, and 17 of 26 (65%) in patients with 2 or 3 (P < .001). ConclusionA FLR/BW ≥0.65% may serve as a volumetric basis to reduce posthepatectomy liver failure after extended hepatobiliary resection.

The Goal of Intraoperative Blood Loss in Major Hepatobiliary Resection for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Saving Patients From a Heavy Complication Burden.

To determine the goal of intraoperative blood loss in hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Although massive bleeding can negatively affect the postoperative course, the target value of intraoperative bleeding to reduce its adverse impact is unknown. Patients who underwent major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma between 2010 and 2019 were included. Intraoperative blood loss was adjusted for body weight [adjusted blood loss (aBL)], and the overall postoperative complications were evaluated by the comprehensive complication index (CCI). The impact of aBL on CCI was assessed by the restricted cubic spline regression. A total of 425 patients were included. The median aBL was 17.8 (interquartile range, 11.8-26.3) mL/kg, and the CCI was 40.6 (33.7-49.5). Sixty-three (14.8%) patients had an aBL<10 mL/kg, nearly half (45.4%) of the patients were in the range of 10 ≤aBL<20 mL/kg, and 37 (8.7%) patients had an aBL >40 mL/kg. The spline regression analysis showed a nonlinear incremental association between aBL and CCI; CCI remained flat with an aBL under 10 mL/kg; increased significantly with an aBL ranging from 10 to 20 mL/kg; grew gradually with an aBL over 20 mL/kg. These inflection points of ~10 and 20 mL/kg were almost consistent with the cutoff values identified by the recursive partitioning technique. After adjusting for other risk factors for the postoperative course, the spline regression identified a similar model. aBL had a nonlinear aggravating effect on CCI after hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. The primary goal of aBL should be <10 mL/kg to minimize CCI.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency after bariatric surgery

BackgroundExocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a known complication of upper gastrointestinal surgery and has recently been associated with bariatric surgery. Our objectives were to determine the incidence of EPI in patients who underwent bariatric surgery and to identify the type of bariatric procedure most associated with EPI. MethodsThis retrospective cohort analysis included patients age ≥18 years who underwent bariatric surgery at Mayo Clinic between 2010 and 2020. Patients with a history of other gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary resection, revision of bariatric surgery, EPI prior to surgery, and surgery greater than >10 years earlier were excluded from the study. Characteristics were compared between two groups based on type of bariatric surgery including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or gastric sleeve (GS). Characteristics were also analyzed between patients with RYGB who developed post-operative steatorrhea and those who did not. ResultsOf 150 patients, 126 underwent RYGB while 24 patients had GS. Thirty-one (20.6%) patients developed post-operative steatorrhea and 14 (9.3%) were diagnosed with EPI. Mean pancreatic elastase level was 287 ± 156 mcg/g and fecal fat level 31 ± 22 g/d. There was a significantly higher proportion of post-operative steatorrhea in patients who underwent RYGB compared to gastric sleeve surgery (p = 0.029). ConclusionThe incidence of EPI after bariatric surgery in our cohort was 9.3%. Overall, patients who underwent RYGB had higher rates of EPI (10.3%) than those who had GS (4.2%). Clinicians should be aware of EPI as a cause for steatorrhea in patients who underwent bariatric surgery and consider treatment with enzyme replacement therapy.

A proposal of drain removal criteria in hepatobiliary resection.

Standardized criteria for drain removal in hepatobiliary resection are lacking. Here, we evaluated the outcomes of delayed removal policy in this extended surgery. Patients undergoing hepatectomy with biliary reconstruction between 2012 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The drains were removed on postoperative day (POD) 7 when the drainage fluid was grossly serous, biochemically normal, and negative for bacterial contamination as assessed by Gram staining; additionally, no abnormal fluid collection was confirmed by computed tomography. Clinically relevant abdominal complications (CRACs), including biliary leakage, pancreatic fistula or intra-abdominal abscess, served as the primary outcome measure. Among 374 study patients, surgical drains were removed in 166 (44.3%) patients who met the criteria. Of these patients, 16 (9.6%) patients subsequently required additional drainage due to CRAC. Drains were retained and exchanged in 208 (55.6%) patients who did not meet the criteria. Of these, exchanged drains were soon removed in 34 patients due to no signs of CRAC. The diagnostic ability of the criteria revealed 0.916 sensitivity, 0.815 specificity, and 0.866 accuracy. The four findings on POD 7 worked well as criteria for drain removal, and these criteria may be helpful in drain management after hepatobiliary resection.

Outcome after resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: an international multicentre study.

Resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has been reported to lead to worse outcomes than resection for non-PSC pCCA. The aim of this study was to compare prognostic factors and outcomes after resection in patients with PSC-associated pCCA and non-PSC pCCA. The international retrospective cohort comprised patients resected for pCCA from 21 centres (2000-2020). Patients operated with hepatobiliary resection, with pCCA verified by histology and with data on PSC status, were included. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were disease-free survival and postoperative complications. Of 1128 pCCA patients, 34 (3.0%) had underlying PSC. Median overall survival after resection was 33 months for PSC patients and 29 months for non-PSC patients (p=.630). Complications (Clavien-Dindo grade≥3) were more frequent in PSC pCCA (71% versus 44%, p=.003). The rate of posthepatectomy liver failure (21% versus 17%, p=.530) and 90-day mortality (12% versus 13%, p=1.000) was similar for PSC and non-PSC patients. Median overall survival after resection for pCCA was similar in patients with underlying PSC and non-PSC patients. Complications were more frequent after resection for PSC-associated pCCA, with no difference in postoperative mortality.

Robotic repair of the inferior vena cava during hepatobiliary resection

Presenter: Emanuel Shapera MD | AdventHealth Tampa Background: Robotic hepatobiliary surgery is safe and effective in the treatment of a variety of liver tumors. Intraoperative bleeding continues to be a major concern and cause of unplanned open conversion. Such conversions, done to control life-threatening hemorrhage and to effect emergent vascular repair, are associated with worse perioperative outcomes. Methods: With technical advances along the robotic learning curve, vascular handling during minimally invasive liver surgery has increased significantly and major vascular injuries can be repaired without open conversion. This maintains the improved perioperative outcomes associated with a minimally invasive approach. Results: We demonstrate two cases of expeditious inferior vena cava repair with minimal blood loss during robotic cholangiocarcinoma resection. Conclusion: Robotic repair of Inferior Vena Cava injuries during Hepatobiliary resection is safe, feasible and if done expeditiously can maintain the superior outcomes of a minimally invasive approach

Incomplete Surgical Resection Can Cause Severe Complications after Extensive Hepatobiliary Resection for Hepatobiliary Disease

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the predictors for fatal complication (FC) and 3 severe complications: biloma (BL); infectious complication (IC); hepatic insufficiency (HI) after extensive hepatobiliary resection for hepatobiliary disease.

S1472 Some People Get Stoned Over and Over Again: A Case Report on Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) is a disease predominantly found in Asian patients. It is the result of biliary stasis and stone formation in the proximal biliary tree due to strictures resulting in intrahepatic ductal dilatation, contrary to typical western biliary obstruction presentation. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 79-year-old lady, immigrant from China, presented to the emergency department with altered mentation, jaundice, and abdominal pain. Patient has a pertinent history of cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B, and numerous prior admissions for choledocholithiasis and ascending cholangitis over a period of eight years requiring multiple endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) procedures and common bile duct (CBD) stenting. On presentation, she was febrile, hypotensive, and tachycardic with right upper quadrant tenderness. Labs demonstrated leukopenia, lactic acidosis, and direct bilirubinemia. CT scan of the abdomen (Figure 1) showed diffuse intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary dilatation, which has progressed from prior imaging one year ago, and presence of two CBD stents inserted 2 months ago. The clinical picture was concerning for ascending cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis and stent malfunction. She was bolused with IV fluids, started on broad-spectrum antibiotics, and transferred to the intensive care unit. She was then taken for ERCP (Figure 2). Two stents were removed which was followed by passage of multiple stones of different sizes (Figure 3). The remainder of stones were removed with balloon sweep and a new stent was placed in CBD. Her presentation with numerous recurrent episodes of ascending cholangitis, biliary dilatation, and recurrent stone formation leads to the diagnosis of RPC. Patient was offered definitive treatment with interval cholecystectomy and choledochojejunostomy but she elected for non-surgical management. She continued to improve on antibiotic therapy and was eventually discharged home. DISCUSSION: RPC is a rare cause of ascending cholangitis in the US, typically seen in immigrants from Southeast Asia. The resulting stones are numerous and mainly composed of calcium bilirubinate. Patients get frequent exacerbations throughout their lives. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension can develop in severe cases. Acute management involves removal of the stones and management of secondary infections. Long term treatment involves regular surveillance or surgical hepatobiliary resection of affected area with biliary-enteric anastomosis.Figure 1.: CT abdomen with IV contrast showing (A): intrahepatic biliary dilatation, (B): distended gallbladder with cholelithiasis (asterisk) and CBD dilatation (arrow) up to 2.2 cm in diameter with two stents, (C): a coronal view of the hepatobiliary system and two stents extending from the proximal CBD to the duodenum.Figure 2.: ERCP fluoroscopy showing (A): significant extrahepatic biliary dilatation with filling defects (arrow) likely gallstones, (B): moderate intrahepatic biliary dilatation.Figure 3.: Endoscopic images from ERCP procedure showing (A): two CBD pigtail stents removal and exudative biliary drainage from the ampulla of Vater, (B): confluence of gallstones that passed into the duodenum after the extraction of the CBD stents.

Multidisciplinary treatment of left hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after hepatobiliary resection for gallbladder cancer: a case report

BackgroundWhen a postoperative hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm develops after massive hepatectomy, both an intervention for the pseudoaneurysm and patency of hepatic artery should be considered because occlusion of the residual hepatic artery results in critical liver failure. However, the treatment strategy for a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery after hepatobiliary resection is not well established.Case presentationA 65-year-old woman underwent right hepatectomy, extrahepatic duct resection, and portal vein resection, for gallbladder cancer. Although the patient had an uneventful postoperative course, computed tomography on postoperative day 6 showed a 6-mm pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery. Angiography revealed the pseudoaneurysm located on the bifurcation of the left hepatic artery to the segment 2 artery plus the segment 3 artery and 4 artery. Stent placement in the left hepatic artery was not feasible because the artery was too narrow, and coiling of the pseudoaneurysm was associated with a risk of occluding the left hepatic artery and inducing critical liver failure. Therefore, portal vein arterialization constructed by anastomosing the ileocecal artery and vein was performed prior to embolization of the pseudoaneurysm to maintain the oxygen level of the remnant liver, even if the left hepatic artery was accidentally occluded. The pseudoaneurysm was selectively embolized without occlusion of the left hepatic artery, and the postoperative laboratory data were within normal limits. Although uncontrollable ascites due to portal hypertension occurred, embolization of the ileocolic shunt rapidly resolved it. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 45.ConclusionPortal vein arterialization prior to embolization of the aneurysm may be a feasible therapeutic strategy for a pseudoaneurysm that develops after hepatectomy for hepatobiliary malignancy to guarantee arterial inflow to the remnant liver. Early embolization of arterioportal shunting after confirmation of arterial inflow to the liver should be performed to prevent morbidity induced by portal hypertension.

Association of preoperative biliary drainage technique with postoperative outcomes among patients with resectable hepatobiliary malignancy

BackgroundEndoscopic biliary stenting (EBS) and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) are two techniques used for preoperative biliary drainage prior to hepatobiliary resection. The objectives of this study were to determine predictors of the drainage technique selection and to evaluate the association between drainage technique and postoperative outcomes. MethodsUsing ACS NSQIP data (2014–2017), patients who underwent preoperative biliary drainage prior to hepatobiliary resection for malignancy were identified. Separate multivariable-adjusted, propensity score (PS) adjusted, and PS matched logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between drainage technique and postoperative outcomes. ResultsOf 527 patients identified, 431 (81.8%) received EBS and 96 (18.2%) received PTBD. Patients who underwent PTBD had more preoperative co-morbidities, including higher ASA class, recent weight loss, and hypoalbuminemia (all p < 0.05). After multivariable adjustment, PTBD was significantly associated with 30-day DSM (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.24–2.97, p = 0.004), overall SSI (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.10–2.76, p = 0.019), and superficial SSI (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.20–3.60, p = 0.010). These findings remained significant for both PS-adjusted and PS-matched models. ConclusionPatients undergoing hepatobiliary resection selected for PTBD had significantly more preoperative co-morbidities and nutritional deficits. Compared to EBS, PTBD was associated with significantly higher odds of postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Preoperative Biliary Drainage for Patients with Perihilar Bile Duct Malignancy

BackgroundAlthough endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS) is known to increase preoperative biliary drainage (PBD)-related complications including postoperative surgical site infection (SSI), EBS is still commonly placed before referral to tertiary centers. Whether exchanging EBS with external drainage methods mitigate the risk of SSI is unknown. This study sought to identify EBS-associated risk of recurrent biliary obstruction and postoperative SSI, with particular attention whether it was replaced with external drainage methods before surgery. MethodsFrom January 2005 to December 2014, 102 consecutive patients with perihilar biliary cancer who underwent PBD followed by hepatobiliary resection were analyzed. ResultsAmong the enrolled patients, 49 (48.0%) underwent total 76 re-interventions due to recurrent biliary obstruction with a median number of 1 (range, 1 to 6). Cholangitis occurred more frequently in patients with EBS (26.9%) than in other methods (P < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative SSI was marginally higher among the patients with EBS at the time of surgery than those with previously placed EBS replaced by the external drainage (72.2% vs 38.5%, P = 0.060). In the multivariate analysis, presence of EBS at the time of surgery remained as an only independent predictor of SSI (95% CI, 1.46–17.32; P = 0.011). ConclusionsThe use of EBS increased recurrent biliary obstruction and postoperative SSI particularly when it is present at a time of definitive operation. Our findings support using external drainage such as by endoscopic nasobiliary drainage because of the lower associated incidence of these complications.

Relevance of Preoperative Hyperbilirubinemia in Patients Undergoing Hepatobiliary Resection for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma.

Preoperative hyperbilirubinemia is known to increase the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to characterize the associations between the preoperative bilirubin concentration and the risk of postoperative mortality and severe complications to guide decision-making regarding preoperative biliary drainage. Eighty-one patients undergoing liver and bile duct resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma between 2005 and 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Postoperative mortality and severe complications, defined as a Clavien–Dindo grade of ≥III, were the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively. The severe postoperative complications and mortality rates were 28.4% (23/81) and 11.1% (9/81), respectively. Patients with preoperative biliary drainage had significantly lower bilirubin concentrations (p = 0.028) than did those without. The preoperative bilirubin concentration was a risk factor of postoperative mortality (p = 0.003), with an optimal cut-off of 6.20 mg/dL (c-statistic = 0.829). The preoperative bilirubin concentration was a risk factor of severe morbidity (p = 0.018), with an optimal cut-off of 2.48 mg/dL (c-statistic = 0.662). These results indicate that preoperative hyperbilirubinemia is a major risk factor of negative early postoperative outcomes of patients who undergo surgical treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma and may aid in decision-making with respect to preoperative biliary drainage.

Impact of hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion on safety and survival outcomes among patients undergoing extensive hepatobiliary resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Impact of hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion on safety and survival outcomes among patients undergoing extensive hepatobiliary resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Ethanol ablation for refractory bile leakage after complex hepatectomy

BACKGROUND Only a few reports exist on the use of ethanol ablation for posthepatectomy bile leakage. The aim of this study was to assess the value of ethanol ablation in refractory bile leakage. METHODS Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent a first hepatobiliary resection with bilioenteric anastomosis between 2007 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively, with special attention to bile leakage and ethanol ablation therapy. Bile leakage was graded as A/B1/B2 according to the International Study Group of Liver Surgery definition. Absolute ethanol was injected into the target bile duct during fistulography. RESULTS Of the 609 study patients, 237 (38·9 per cent) had bile leakage, including grade A in 33, grade B1 in 18 and grade B2 in 186. Left trisectionectomy was more often associated with grade B2 bile leakage than other types of hepatectomy (P < 0·001). Of 186 patients with grade B2 bile leakage, 31 underwent ethanol ablation therapy. Ethanol ablation was started a median of 34 (range 15-122) days after hepatectomy. The median number of treatments was 3 (1-7), and the total amount of ethanol used was 15 (3-71) ml. Complications related to ethanol ablation included transient fever (27 patients) and mild pain (13). Following ethanol ablation, bile leakage resolved in all patients and drains were removed. The median interval between the first ablation and drain removal was 28 (1-154) days. CONCLUSION Ethanol ablation is safe and effective, and may be a treatment option for refractory bile leakage.

Clinical value of complex hepatobiliary resection for elderly patients in an aging society

Clinical value of complex hepatobiliary resection for elderly patients in an aging society

Cancer-positive surgical margins as a risk factor for biloma, infectious complications, and hepatic insufficiency after extensive hepatobiliary resection

Cancer-positive surgical margins as a risk factor for biloma, infectious complications, and hepatic insufficiency after extensive hepatobiliary resection

Influence of hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion during extensive hepatobiliary resection for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma on Postoperative Outcomes

Influence of hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion during extensive hepatobiliary resection for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma on Postoperative Outcomes

Ethanol ablation for refractory bile leakage after complex hepatectomy.

Only a few reports exist on the use of ethanol ablation for posthepatectomy bile leakage. The aim of this study was to assess the value of ethanol ablation in refractory bile leakage. Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent a first hepatobiliary resection with bilioenteric anastomosis between 2007 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively, with special attention to bile leakage and ethanol ablation therapy. Bile leakage was graded as A/B1/B2 according to the International Study Group of Liver Surgery definition. Absolute ethanol was injected into the target bile duct during fistulography. Of the 609 study patients, 237 (38·9 per cent) had bile leakage, including grade A in 33, grade B1 in 18 and grade B2 in 186. Left trisectionectomy was more often associated with grade B2 bile leakage than other types of hepatectomy (P < 0·001). Of 186 patients with grade B2 bile leakage, 31 underwent ethanol ablation therapy. Ethanol ablation was started a median of 34 (range 15-122) days after hepatectomy. The median number of treatments was 3 (1-7), and the total amount of ethanol used was 15 (3-71) ml. Complications related to ethanol ablation included transient fever (27 patients) and mild pain (13). Following ethanol ablation, bile leakage resolved in all patients and drains were removed. The median interval between the first ablation and drain removal was 28 (1-154) days. Ethanol ablation is safe and effective, and may be a treatment option for refractory bile leakage.

Preoperative biliary colonization/infection caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in patients undergoing major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to review the surgical outcomes of patients who underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection after preoperative biliary drainage with a particular focus on the impact of preoperative biliary colonization/infection caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. MethodsMedical records of patients who underwent hepatobiliary resection after preoperative external biliary drainage between 2001 and 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Prophylactic antibiotics were selected according to the results of drug susceptibility tests of surveillance bile cultures. ResultsIn total, 565 patients underwent surgical resection. Based on the results of bile cultures, the patients were classified into three groups: group A, patients with negative bile cultures (n = 113); group B, patients with positive bile cultures without multidrug-resistant pathogen growth (n = 416); and group C, patients with multidrug-resistant pathogen–positive bile culture (n = 36). The incidence of organ/space surgical site infection, bacteremia, median duration of postoperative hospital stay, and the mortality rate did not differ among the three groups. The incidence of incisional surgical site infection and infectious complications caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens was significantly higher in group C than in groups A and B. Fifty-two patients had postoperative infectious complications caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Multivariate analysis identified preoperative multidrug-resistant pathogen–positive bile culture as a significant independent risk factor for postoperative infectious complications caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens (P < .001). ConclusionMajor hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection after biliary drainage can be performed with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality using appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis, even in patients with biliary colonization/infection caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Comparison of the Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct according to Morphological and Anatomical Classifications.

BackgroundIntraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a recently defined entity and its clinical characteristics and classifications have yet to be established. We aimed to clarify the clinical features of IPNB and determine the optimal morphological classification criteria.MethodsFrom 2003 to 2016, 112 patients with IPNB who underwent surgery were included in the analysis. After pathologic reexamination by a specialized biliary-pancreas pathologist, previously suggested morphological and anatomical classifications were compared using the clinicopathologic characteristics of IPNB.ResultsIn terms of histologic subtypes, most patients had the intestinal type (n = 53; 48.6%) or pancreatobiliary type (n = 33; 30.3%). The simple “modified anatomical classification” showed that extrahepatic IPNB comprised more of the intestinal type and tended to be removed by bile duct resection or pancreatoduodenectomy. Intrahepatic IPNB had an equally high proportion of intestinal and pancreatobiliary types and tended to be removed by hepatobiliary resection. Morphologic classifications and histologic subtypes had no effect on survival, whereas a positive resection margin (75.9% vs. 25.7%; P = 0.004) and lymph node metastasis (75.3% vs. 30.0%; P = 0.091) were associated with a poor five-year overall survival rate. In the multivariate analysis, a positive resection margin and perineural invasion were important risk factors for survival.ConclusionIPNB showed better long-term outcomes after optimal surgical resection. The “modified anatomical classification” is simple and intuitive and can help to select a treatment strategy and establish the proper scope of the operation.