Hepatic Nodes Research Articles

STUDIES OF PATHOLGICAL CHANGES OF LOCAL BREED CATTLE NATURALLY-INFECTED ‘ WITH FASCOIOLA GIGANTICA

This study was conducted to characterize the pathological changes caused by F. gigantica.
 The pathological changes were studied in samples collected from abattoir, which included, livers, gall badders and hepatic lymph nodes.
 The results indicate that the disease is endemic in Baghdad area and the areas around it. The incidence rate of this parasite increased in the beginning of winter and decreased to it's‘ lowest in April. The disease(Fascioliasis) was classified as acute and chronic.

Histologic findings and prognostic factors in carcinoma of the upper bile duct

The histopathologic features of 34 resected carcinomas of the upper bile duct were reviewed. Patients with papillary adenocarcinoma showed a 3-year survival rate of 75 percent, which was better than those with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with no 2-year survivors. Infiltration to the serosa of the bile duct, lymph node metastasis, and vascular invasion were important prognostic factors, since the survival was better for the patients without than those with these factors. Among patients with papillary adenocarcinoma, none had hepatic infiltration and lymph node metastasis and most had no infiltration to the serosa. Patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, in contrast, had extensive association of those prognostic factors. Seventy-five percent of the patients with papillary adenocarcinoma and only 22 percent of patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma were considered to have curative resection. These findings suggest that the histologic type strongly influenced the prognosis of the patients with carcinoma of the upper bile duct and can be used for the determination of the extent of this tumor.

Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Metastatic to the Liver: Optimizing the Results of Treatment

Overall, hepatic resection appears to be an important means of curing patients with metastatic colorectal cancer isolated to the liver. The only absolute contraindication to surgery was the impossibility of a radical removal of tumor: if residual disease will remain after the hepatic resection, this operation is not indicated. A possible second contraindication to surgery is the presence of tumor in the hepatic or celiac lymph nodes. Such metastases from liver metastases signal a biologic grade of tumor that is almost sure to spread to other sites. However, one patient of the 25 in this group did survive long term when positive lymph node groups were dissected. Further clinical experience with this form of the disease along with trials of regional adjuvant therapies such as intraperitoneal chemotherapy may be needed. The presence of extrahepatic metastases at the time of liver resection should be considered a relative contraindication to this surgery, but if the patient can be made clinically disease free, long-term disease-free survival may result. It seems imperative that all patients with hepatic metastases be evaluated by an experienced hepatic surgeon for a curative resection. If the patient has between one and four metastases, a 25 per cent long-term disease-free survival rate can be expected. Patients who have a radical resection of more than four metastases should be considered to be in an experimental group in whom more data are needed. In our current state of knowledge, making such patients clinically disease free is their only chance for long-term survival. Other factors besides the number of metastases that will affect the prognosis of the patient include the disease-free interval between colorectal resection and liver resection, the pathologic margin of resection on the liver specimen, and the presence or absence of mesenteric lymph node metastases from the primary cancer. These factors should be considered when determining the prognosis in a given patient and should be used as stratification variables in prospective trials. However, from our analysis of available data, these factors should not be considered contraindications to hepatic resection.

Primary lymphoma of the liver: A more optimistic point of view

Nine adult white men ranging in age from 27 to 76 (mean, 55 years) were treated for primary hepatic lymphoma between 1972 and 1986 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Six patients presented with right upper quadrant or epigastric pain or discomfort, and three patients complained of fatigue and lethargy. Fever and night sweats were evident in two, and two patients had lost weight. One patient was asymptomatic; the liver mass was detected during the work-up for cancer of the prostate. Seven patients on whom computerized tomography was performed all had solitary masses in the liver although in three of them tumor had extended into both lobes as noticed at surgery. One had additional porta hepatic lymph node metastasis. Eight patients underwent an exploratory laparotomy; four had hepatic resection, and four had wedge biopsies of unresectable liver tumor. One patient had a percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver. Eight patients received combination chemotherapy. Six patients are alive, five of whom are in initial complete remission. All three patients who died had persistent or recurrent disease in the liver. The results of therapy and surgery to date in these and in other cases in the literature are encouraging.

An analysis of the DNA ploidy patterns of gastric cancer

This article deals with DNA measurements by fluorometry of nuclei in 33 freshly obtained specimens and in 109 fixed specimens of gastric cancer in Japanese patients. Histograms of the DNA measurements can be classified into four types (Ia, Ib, II, III). The nuclear DNA patterns had definite, if not significant, correlations with clinical and histologic parameters. For example, 88.2% of the cases classified as Type III were advanced stage disease, whereas early stage cases were predominant in Type Ia. Type II and III were frequently found in hepatic, peritoneal, and lymph node metastasis. The rate of occurrence of polyploid cells was significantly higher in the group with hepatic or lymph node metastasis than in the other group without metastasis. The results of this study show that fluorometric measurement of nuclear DNA is considered one method of determining the biological activity of gastric cancer cells.

Primary lymphoma of the liver

Nine adult white men ranging in age from 27 to 76 (mean, 55 years) were treated for primary hepatic lymphoma between 1972 and 1986 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Six patients presented with right upper quadrant or epigastric pain or discomfort, and three patients complained of fatigue and lethargy. Fever and night sweats were evident in two, and two patients had lost weight. One patient was asymptomatic; the liver mass was detected during the work-up for cancer of the prostate. Seven patients on whom computerized tomography was performed all had solitary masses in the liver although in three of them tumor had extended into both lobes as noticed at surgery. One had additional porta hepatic lymph node metastasis. Eight patients underwent an exploratory laparotomy; four had hepatic resection, and four had wedge biopsies of unresectable liver tumor. One patient had a percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver. Eight patients received combination chemotherapy. Six patients are alive, five of whom are in initial complete remission. All three patients who died had persistent or recurrent disease in the liver. The results of therapy and surgery to date in these and in other cases in the literature are encouraging.

A Prospective Randomized Trial of Regional Versus Systemic Continuous 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Colorectal Liver Metastases

Sixty-four patients were entered into a randomized trial that evaluated intra-arterial (I.A.) versus intravenous (I.V.) 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) for colorectal liver metastases. There was a significant improved response rate for I.A. (62%) compared with I.V. (17%) treatment (p less than 0.003). However, the improved response rate for patients in whom I.A. therapy was used did not translate to a significantly improved survival rate. The 2-year actuarial survival rates for the groups for which I.A. and I.V. therapy was used were 22% and 15% respectively, with the survival curves not differing significantly (p = 0.27). These results may have been due to the inclusion of patients with tumor in draining hepatic lymph nodes. The presence of tumor in hepatic lymph nodes was associated with a poorer prognosis. Analysis of a subgroup of patients with negative hepatic lymph nodes suggested an improved actuarial survival rate in patients for whom I.A. versus I.V. therapy was used (p less than 0.03). The toxicity of I.A. FUDR was considerable, and side effects included chemical hepatitis (79%), biliary sclerosis (21%), peptic ulcers (17%), and gastritis/duodenitis (21%). The only major effect of toxicity of I.V. FUDR was severe diarrhea (59%). Regional I.A. FUDR allowed more drug delivery to liver tumors, which resulted in increased tumor responses when compared with use of systemic therapy. However, the small gain in survival seen in a select subgroup of patients with negative hepatic nodes appeared to be offset by the toxicity of I.A. FUDR.

Dosimetry of 239 Pu in Dogs That Inhaled Monodisperse Aerosols of 239 PuO 2

Existing data from human exposure cases and experimental animal studies on the fate and dosimetry of inhaled insoluble Pu particles are inadequate to provide a comprehensive description and evaluation of the tissues at risk from the alpha radiations of Pu. To improve our knowledge of the dosimetry of inhaled insoluble 239PuO2, this paper describes the uptake and retention of 239Pu in the tissues of dogs that received single inhalation exposures to monodisperse aerosols of 239PuO2. These data include times through 3 years after exposure. Using analytical functions fitted to each tissue data set, 1100-day radiation doses were calculated for lung, liver, skeleton, kidney, spleen, and tracheobronchial, mediastinal, sternal, hepatic, mandibular, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The dosimetry results suggest that the lung and lymph nodes associated with lymphatic drainage of the respiratory tract are the principal sites of alpha irradiation. However, the doses for the different respiratory tract lymph nodes vary by a factor of 2000, suggesting that assuming equivalent doses to respiratory tract lymph nodes is not appropriate. Other tissues receive radiation doses also but at levels one to three orders of magnitude less than the lung. Particle size dependence on uptake and retention was noted for the skeleton, mediastinal lymph nodes, hepatic lymph nodes, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, and mandibular lymph nodes.

Evidence for a migratory capability of rat Kupffer cells to portal tracts and hepatic lymph nodes.

The present study concerns the migratory ability of Kupffer cells in the rat. Phagocytic cells were labeled with colloidal carbon or gold, these markers being administered intravenously either into a tail vein, which resulted in generalized reticuloendothelial uptake, or in low dose into the portal vein, which produced uptake by Kupffer cells alone. Cells containing marker were observed in the portal tracts and in hepatic lymph nodes from 1 to 3 days after injection into the portal vein. The direct movement of single marker particles to the portal tracts could be excluded. Since injection of marker into the portal vein labeled Kupffer cells exclusively, whereas blood cells, splenic and bone marrow macrophages remained unlabeled, the labeled cells in the portal tracts and hepatic lymph nodes appeared to be former Kupffer cells migrating which had migrated to these sites.

Origin of structures in hepatic allograft lymph nodes : John Fung, Adriana Zeevi, Jake Demetris, Kangnian Chen, Bernd Markus, Thomas Starzl, Marilyn Marrarri, and Rene Duquesnoy; Department of Surgery and Division of Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Origin of structures in hepatic allograft lymph nodes : John Fung, Adriana Zeevi, Jake Demetris, Kangnian Chen, Bernd Markus, Thomas Starzl, Marilyn Marrarri, and Rene Duquesnoy; Department of Surgery and Division of Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

豚腎癌 (明調細胞型) の1症例

Renal carcinoma of the clear cell type was found in a 4-year-old Landrace sow. It was produced in the right kidney and metastasized to the lungs, heart, left kidney, liver, ovaries, pulmonary and hepatic lymph nodes, and serosal surfaces of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Microscopy revealed solid nests and occasional tubular structures consisting of neoplastic cells with faintly stained cytoplasm and eccentrically located nuclei.

Liposome targeting to macrophages: opportunities for treatment of infectious diseases.

The central role played by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) such as alveolar macrophages, hepatic Kupffer cells, splenic and lymph node macrophages, tissue histiocytes and circulating blood monocytes in the complex host reaction to neoplastic and infectious diseases has attracted increasing attention during the past 10 years. This interest stems from the experimental studies illustrating that macrophages when appropriately activated* play a major role in host defense against tumors and infectious microorganisms in vivo and also display enhanced tumoricidal and microbicidal activity in vitro 1–3. These observations, coupled with the disappointing results obtained in both clinical and experimental studies with immunologically-specific therapeutic modalities mediated by T and B lymphocytes in cancer immunotherapy has led to a renewed interest in the functions of macrophages and NK cells. Additionally, there is needed a reappraisal of the potential therapeutic benefit of augmenting non-specific host defense mechanisms mediated by mononuclear phagocytes for adjunct therapy of neoplastic and infectious diseases.KeywordsDrug CarrierHigh Density LipoproteinMononuclear PhagocyteCutaneous LeishmaniasisMononuclear Phagocyte SystemThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Hepatic abscess formation in cattle inoculated with Fusobacterium necrophorum.

Viable cells of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A were inoculated into the ruminal vein of cattle. Two cattle inoculated with more than 4.4×108 viable cells died within 2 days after inoculation. Disseminated necrotic foci were observed in their liver. When 2.8×106 to 1.4×108 viable cells were inoculated into 7 cattle, these cattle manifested no sickness clinically, with the exception of one calf which died. By autopsy, however, hepatic abscesses were recognized in these cattle 9 to 21 days after inoculation. In addition, lung abscesses were also formed in 3 calves of 2 months old. F. necrophorum was recovered from the hepatic abscesses and lung abscesses in viable counts ranging from 106 to 109 per gram. The organism were also isolated from the normal position of the liver, the hepatic lymph node and other organs in some cattle. But the viable counts were lower than those of the abscesses. In two calves, Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated from the hepatic abscess and lymph node. On the contrary, no hepatic abscess nor necrotic focus was formed in a calf when 1.2×109 viable cells were inoculated into the jugular vein. The precipitating antibody was demonstrated in all cattle having hepatic abscesses by the immunodiffusion test with the concentrated culture supernatant of F. necrophorum. The maximum antibody titer in the cattle ranged from 16 to 128.

Entamoeba histolytica: antibody responses and lymphoreticular changes in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in response to experimental liver abscess and amebic extract infection.

Antibody responses and histological changes in hepatic lymph nodes and spleen of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) during the course of experimental hepatic amebiasis (5-60 days), or in those injected with extracts of Entamoeba histolytica, are described. Lymph node and spleen responses in infected animals paralleled the proliferation of the amebic liver abscess. However, spleen follicle responses were similar in animals that received low or high doses of the amebic extract and differed histologically from those with amebic liver abscess. Liver abscesses, up to 30 days postinfection (pi), doubled in weight between 10 and 15 and between 20 and 30 days pi. Early changes (10 days pi) in the lymphoreticular tissues were characterized by increased size and weight of the organs, hyperplastic follicles, and blastogenesis in the T-dependent areas. At 20 and 30 days pi, the size of spleen follicles increased and there was depletion of lymphocytes from the periarterial area (PAA), as well as gross extension of the red pulp, accompanied by extramedullary erythropoiesis and megakaryocytosis. The paracortical areas (PCA) of lymph nodes were depleted of lymphocytes and histiocytosis throughout the organ, and there was intense plasma cell activity in the medulla. At 60 days pi, lymphocyte repopulation was noted in the PCA and PAA; germinal centers were depleted of blast cells and the spleen red pulp had contracted. Antiamebic antibody titers were low throughout the infection. Changes in the cellularity of the lymphoid organs are discussed in relation to the proliferation of the amebic liver abscesses in infected animals and in those which were injected with the amebic extract.

Development of Sarcocystis in mule deer transmitted through dogs and coyotes

Tissues from 13 experimentally inoculated mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Oregon, studied by G. Hudkins and T. P. Kistner in 1976 and L. D. Koller, T. P. Kistner, and G. Hudkins in 1977, were reexamined. The following additional information on Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis was obtained. Two types of meronts were found in deer necropsied between 29 and 41 days postinoculation (DPI). Type 1 meronts were in capillaries in adrenal glands, kidney, lymph node, lung, choroid plexi, and spleen; meronts were 20.5 × 13.5 μm (14−32 × 10−20 μm; n = 26) and contained 20 to 35 nuclei. Type 2 meronts were found in macrophages in muscular tissues; these meronts were 20 × 14 μm (10−35 × 7−19 μm; n = 7) and contained 10 to 60 merozoites. Sarcocysts were seen in three deer at 63, 65, and 90 DPI. At 63 and 65 DPI sarcocysts were immature and their walls were thin (< 1 μm) and smooth. At 90 DPI, sarcocysts were up to 525 μm long and 50 μm wide; the sarcocyst wall was 1 to 2 μm thick and cross striated. In the same deer another type of mature sarcocyst was also seen; sarcocysts were up to 825 μm long, the walls were 2 to 4 μm thick and lacked cross striations. Two additional 3-day-old deer were inoculated orally with sporocysts from the feces of a dog fed meat from a mule deer from Montana naturally infected with Sarcocystis sp. Deer No. 1, fed 107 sporocysts, was killed at 14 DPI and deer No. 2, fed 5 × 106 sporocysts, was killed at 24 DPI. At 14 DPI, meronts were found in capillaries and arteries in the lung, heart, and spleen; the meronts were 26.5 × 20 μm (14−39 × 14−25 μm; n = 31) and contained up to 100 nuclei. At 24 DPI, intravascular meronts were found in the spinal cord, hepatic lymph node, kidney, thyroid gland, and mesenteric lymph node. In addition, meronts were found in macrophages in muscular tissues; these meronts were 16 × 10 μm (10−28 × 7−14 μm; n = 10) and contained up to 40 nuclei.

Ceroid-lipidosis: an acquired storage-type disease of liver and hepatic lymph node.

The term is used to describe the phenomenon of accumulation of abnormal amounts of neutral fat in cells consequent to certain nutritional, toxic or anoxic derangements. In contrast, its plural generally is used to denote a group of inherited storage diseases in which incompletely degraded sphingolipids accumulate within lysosomes as a result of a deficiency of a specific lysosomal hydrolase [3]. In this context its use may be extended to include the inherited ceroid-lipofuscinoses 13, 7] and the iatrogenic lipidoses caused by administration of various cationic amphiphilic drugs such as chloroquine ll]. This report describes a form of lipidosis which was seen in the livers and associated lymph nodes of four dogs of different breeds and a cat; it had features in common with the lipidoses mentioned above. The abnormalities were all incidental necropsy findings in animals with other diseases. At necropsy, all livers had various degrees of pallor and contained numerous disseminated, yellow-white foci 1.0 mm in diameter. Cut surfaces of the livers bulged slightly and looked greasy. In each instance, one lymph node identified as hepatic node or believed to be hepatic node on retrospective study of the postmortem report, was conspicious for its moderate enlargement and 1.0 to lO-mm rounded protuberances. When cut, the nodules were yellow, gritty and slightly greasy. Histologically, there was mild to moderate fatty change in three of the livers and severe fatty change in the liver from one dog. The characteristic feature common to all livers was numerous, discrete, focal deposits of lipid material that either had not, or only partially had been extracted in routine preparation of paraffin sections (fig. I). This lipid material was contained in macrophages which often were present as polykaryons. The lymph nodes were infiltrated heavily with foamy macrophages containing lipid material which had the same appearance and staining characteristics as that seen in macrophages in the liver. A large proportion of the macro phages in lymph nodes also were polykaryons (fig. 2). In hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, the abnormal lipopigment was slightly opaque and varied in color from almost colorless-gray to gray-yellow, yellow, and yellow-brown. It stained positively with Sudan black, periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen, and luxol fast blue stains. Perl's stain revealed the presence of various amounts of iron in the stored material in four of the five livers. Unstained, deparaffinized sections examined with blue light showed the storage lipopigment to be strongly autofluorescent in all livers. Ultrastructurally, macrophages and their polykaryons contained numerous heterogeneous globoid bodies of various sizes, and some clearly were contained within a membrane. Electron density varied between and within bodies from a partially opaque lipid-like material, to areas of dense granular, sometimes slightly membranous, material (fig. 3). The histological appearance of stored material within macrophages and macrophage polykaryons was similar to lesions in certain of the inherited sphingolipidoses such as

Eradication of microscopic hepatic metastases by active specific immunization.

Strain-2 guinea pigs, each with microscopic deposits of line 10 hepatocarcinoma in the liver, were treated by ID immunization with a mixture of irradiated tumor cells and an oil-in-water emulsion containing cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG CWE). Injection of line 10 hepatoma cells into the hepatic portal vein led to the development of tumor foci in the liver, metastasis in the hepatic lymph node, malignant ascites, and death. Active immunization using irradiated line 10 cells and BCG CWE was effective therapy when administered 1, 7, and 14 days after intraportal injection of line 10 cells. Effective immunization required both irradiated line 10 tumor cells and the BCG cell wall emulsion. Immunization with BCG CWE admixed with irradiated line 1 tumor cells, a hepatoma antigenically distinct from line 10, did not prevent outgrowth of line 10 deposits in the liver. Animals rendered free of disease could reject a challenge of line 10 tumor cells but not of line 1 tumor cells.

Distant Metastasis of Renal Adenocarcinoma in Patients with a Tumor Thrombus in the Renal Vein and/or Vena Cava

Autopsy records of renal adenocarcinoma cases were analyzed to investigate the mode of metastatic spread in instances of a tumor thrombus in the renal vein and/or vena cava. In this series of 1,828 cases 137 (7.5 per cent) had a tumor thrombus. Analysis revealed no significant differences in the incidence of the tumor thrombus between sexes or sides of primary renal involvement, or whether nephrectomy had been performed. The cases with a tumor thrombus showed higher frequencies of metastases in the liver, hepatic hilar lymph nodes and ureter, while metastases in the bones, contralateral kidney and brain were less frequent. The results suggest that bypass routes or lymphogenous spread of the tumor might be facilitated in some cases with a tumor thrombus.

Kinetics and characterization of antigen-binding and antibody-producing cells in the regional draining lymph nodes and spleen during initial murine schistosomiasis: I. Cellular responses against cercarial immunogens

C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a primary infection of Schistosoma mansoni. The lymphocytes of the mediastinal, hepatic, and mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen which drain the pulmonary, hepatic, intestinal, and “systemic” phases of infection, respectively, were assessed for their ability to interact with soluble cercarial immunogen. The capacity to bind antigen, i.e., rosette-forming cells (B- or T-RFC) both bind antigen and simultaneously produce specific lytic antibodies, i.e., rosette-antibody-forming cells (RAFC); or exclusively produce specific antibody, i.e., plaque-forming cells (PFC) was assessed. The results indicated that maximal RFC were detected sequentially in the mediastinal (Week 1), then in the hepatic (Week 5), and finally in the mesenteric (Weeks 7–9) nodes; thus, the immune response anatomically recapitulated the migrating pathway of the parasite during the pulmonary, hepatic, and intestinal phases of the infection. The number of RFC was significantly higher in the mediastinal nodes and the hepatic nodes than in the mesenteric nodes. Although both T- and B-RFC were noted, the response was predominantly B in character. The spleen exhibited an early predominantly T-cell RFC response at Week 4 and a later predominantly B-cell RFC response at Week 11. Further characterization of the B-cell responses showed that the initial responses of the lymphocytes were predominantly IgM in nature. A variety of unique patterns relative to the predominance of IgG-, IgA-, or “IgE”-bearing cells subsequently evolved in each anatomic lymphoid organ. In all the lymphoid organs studied the lymphocytes exhibited a maturational progression from B-RFC, to RAFC and then to PFC. The responses of the lymphocytes of the various lymphoid organs have been further characterized against soluble egg (SEA) immunogen (P. B. Khoury and S. M. Phillips, Cell. Immunol. 59, 246, 1981).

Pathology of Taenia taeniaformis infection in the rat: Hepatic, lymph node and thymic changes

During a sequential study of Taenia taeniaeformis infection in the rat, several changes were observed which have not been described previously. A minimal amount of hepatic migration was induced by microscopic tracks of necrosis adjacent to the parasite 4 to 10 days post-infection (DPI). Serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase rose sharply 6 to 7 DPI when necrotic tracks were most obvious and before a distinctive fibroblastic response developed around the parasite at about 10 DPI. Enzyme activities rose again to a peak at 13 to 14 DPI. Mast cells were especially noticeable in the capsule from the end of the second week of infection onwards. There was enlargement of hepatic lymph nodes with marked medullary plasmacytosis which was also observed within mediastinal and mesenteric nodes. Splenomegaly was associated with expansion of the red pulp, myelopoiesis and plasmacytosis. Thymic atrophy was observed microscopically from 44 DPI and grossly from 52 DPI.