Hepatic Lipase Activity Research Articles

Molecular docking assessment of cocoa bean flavonoid extract and its impact on lipase enzymes and blood markers in high-fat diet fed rats

This study utilizes Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and molecular docking analyses to assess the impact of a flavonoid-rich cocoa bean oil extract on lipid enzymes and blood markers in Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. These advanced techniques allow a detailed exploration of cocoa bean oil's chemical composition, unveiling its bioactive compounds. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, control with cocoa extract, high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD with cocoa extract. The lipid profiles and hematological parameters were analyzed, revealing significant bioactive compounds through GC-MS analysis. The molecular docking study showed strong binding affinities of these compounds with lipase enzymes, suggesting inhibitory effects on lipid digestion and absorption. Rats treated with the cocoa extract exhibited improved blood parameters, with reductions in cholesterol, triglycerides, and an overall enhancement in lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities. Additionally, the extract demonstrated the potential to counteract the negative impacts of a high-fat diet by improving lipid metabolism and hematological markers. These findings suggest that the flavonoid-rich cocoa extract may offer anti-obesity benefits, highlighting its medicinal potential in ameliorating hematological abnormalities and lipid profile disruptions associated with high-fat diets.

Supplementation of Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates the Effects of H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, Hepatic Inflammation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Lipid Accumulation in Laying Hens

This research examined the impact of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on laying performance, antioxidant capacity, egg quality, hepatic inflammation, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism in hens subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress (OS). Three hundred sixty healthy 43-wk-old Hy-Line brown hens were randomly assigned to six treatments: a basal diet + 0 (control and H2O2), 600 (600 mg/kg CGA and 600 mg/kg CGA + H2O2), and 800 (800 mg/kg CGA and 800 mg/kg CGA + H2O2) mg/kg CGA for 84 d. On the 64th and 78th days of the trial, hens in groups H2O2, 600 mg/kg CGA + H2O2, and 800 mg/kg CGA + H2O2 were injected intraperitoneally with 10% H2O2. The results demonstrated that 600 and 800 mg/kg CGA significantly improved the egg production rate (EPR) and egg quality and reduced lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. The 800 mg/kg CGA showed greater improvements in the EPR and average egg weight (AEW) compared to the 600 mg/kg dose. Conversely, H2O2 exposure significantly decreased the EPR, AEW, and egg quality and increased feed conversion rate and average daily feed intake. H2O2 exposure significantly decreased serum T-AOC and increased serum MDA levels while reducing hepatic T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities. Meanwhile, H2O2 exposure significantly elevated liver reactive oxygen species levels, pathological damage, and NF-κB, TNFα, and IL-1β gene expression. Additionally, H2O2 treatment disrupted hepatocyte mitochondrial structure and significantly increased the expression of VDAC1 protein, and IP3R, GRP75, MCU, Fis1, and MFF genes, while downregulating the expression of MFN2 protein and PGC1α gene. Oil Red O staining demonstrated that H2O2 induced significant lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Concurrently, H2O2 significantly increased serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and liver triglycerides levels while decreasing serum hepatic lipase activity. This was primarily attributed to the significant upregulation of liver SREBP1, FASN, and ACC genes and the downregulation of the liver CPT1 gene induced by H2O2. Furthermore, CGA pretreatment effectively prevented the degeneration in laying performance and egg quality, as well as OS, liver inflammation, pathological damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by H2O2. CGA inhibited H2O2-induced hepatic lipid accumulation by upregulating fatty acid oxidation-related gene expression and downregulating fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression. These findings indicate that the dietary addition of 800 mg/kg of CGA is the optimum supplementation dose. CGA can enhance laying performance and egg quality while alleviating OS, hepatic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid accumulation in H2O2-challenged laying hens.

Effects of triclosan on lipid metabolism and underlying mechanisms in the cyprinid fish Squalidus argentatus

The ubiquitous presence of the disinfectant triclosan (TCS) has raised global concerns regarding its potential threat to aquatic organisms. However, the effects of TCS on lipid metabolism in fish and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of environmentally relevant levels of TCS on the lipid metabolism in the cyprinid fish Squalidus argentatus. Our results showed that the lipid metabolism in the cyprinid fish S. argentatus was perturbed by 28-day exposure to TCS, as evidenced by higher levels of lipid accumulation in both the liver and blood. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying toxicity, we evaluated oxidative stress, inflammatory status, and lipase activity in the liver. Our findings indicated increased ROS-specific fluorescence intensity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the livers of S. argentatus exposed to TCS, suggesting oxidative damage. Additionally, TCS treatment induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver of S. argentatus exposed to TCS, which suppressed hepatic lipase activity. Intestinal tissue morphology, inflammation, and blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were also examined. Significant increases in goblet cell count and MDA levels were observed in the intestinal tract. After 28 days of TCS exposure, the serum LPS levels were significantly elevated. 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted to analyze the effects of TCS on the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal global molecular alterations following TCS exposure. In conclusion, our results indicate that TCS may disrupt the lipid metabolism in S. argentatus by (i) inducing hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation, which suppress lipoprotein lipase activity, (ii) affecting the production of beneficial metabolites and endotoxins by dysregulating gut microbiota composition, and (iii) altering the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related pathways.

Hypolipidemic effect of polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme and its ultrasonic degraded polysaccharide on zebrafish fed high-fat diet

Sargassum fusiforme is a brown seaweed that grows abundantly along the rocky coastlines of Asian countries. The polysaccharides derived from Sargassum fusiforme (SFPS) have received much interest due to their various bioactivities, such as hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities. In this study, we extracted and purified SFPS, and obtained the ultrasonic degradation product (SFPSUD). The lipid regulatory effects of SFPS and SFPSUD were investigated in a zebrafish model fed a high-fat diet. The results showed that SFPS significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), and increased the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL). SFPSUD was more effective than the SFPS in reducing the TC and TG levels in zebrafish, as well as increasing the LPL and HL activities. Histopathological observations of zebrafish livers showed that SFPSUD significantly improved lipid metabolism disorder in the hepatocytes. The possible lipid-lowering mechanism in zebrafish associated with SFPS and SFPSUD may involve acceleration of the lipid metabolism rate by increasing the activities of LPL and HL. Thus, SFPSUD could be tested as a highly effective hypolipidemic drug. Our results suggest that SFPS and SFPSUD have potential uses as functional foods for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia. Ultrasound can be effectively applied to degrade SFPS to improve its physicochemical properties and bioactivities.

Effects of dietary metabolizable energy level on hepatic lipid metabolism and cecal microbiota in aged laying hens

Lipid metabolic capacity, feed utilization, and the diversity of gut microbiota are reduced in the late laying stage for laying hens. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) on hepatic lipid metabolism and cecal microbiota in late laying hens. The 216 Peking Pink laying hens (57-wk-old) were randomly assigned to experimental diets of 11.56 (HM = high ME), 11.14 (MM = medium ME), or 10.72 (LM = low ME) MJ of ME/kg, with each dietary treatment containing 6 replicates per group and 12 chickens per replicate. The HM group showed higher triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in the liver compared with the LM group; second, the HM group showed higher TG concentration and the LM group showed lower T-CHO concentration compared with MM group; finally, the HM group showed a lower hepatic lipase (HL) activity compared with the MM and LM groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the microbial community structure of the cecum between the HM and MM groups (P < 0.05). The decrease of dietary ME level resulted in a gradual decrease relative abundance of Proteobacteria. At the genus level, beneficial bacteria were significantly enriched in the LM group compared to the MM group, including Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, (linear discriminant analysis [LDA] >2, P <0.05). In addition, at the species level, Lactobacillus crispatus, Parabacteroides gordonii, Blautia caecimuris, and Lactobacillus johnsonii were significantly enriched in the LM group (LDA>2, P < 0.05). The HM group had a higher abundance of Sutterella spp. compared to the LM group (LDA>2, P <0.05). In conclusion, this research suggests that the reduction in dietary energy level did not adversely affect glycolipid metabolism or low dietary ME (10.72 MJ/kg). The findings can be helpful for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and increasing benefit for gut microbiota in late laying hens.

Mulberry branch fiber improved lipid metabolism and egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens via the enterohepatic axis

BackgroundThe utilization of mulberry branch fiber (MF), the largest by-product of the sericulture industry, is an important issue. Supplementation with MF as a dietary fiber for poultry may serve as a useful application. However, little is known about the effects of MF on liver lipid metabolism and egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens and their underlying mechanisms. In this study, we performed a multi-omics investigation to explore the variations in liver lipid metabolism, egg yolk fatty acid composition, gut microbiota, and the associations among them induced by dietary MF in laying hens.ResultsDietary MF had no harmful effects on the laying performance or egg quality in laying hens. The enzyme activities associated with lipid metabolism in the liver were altered by the addition of 5% MF, resulting in reduced liver fat accumulation. Furthermore, dietary 5% MF induced the variation in the fatty acid profiles of egg yolk, and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. We observed a significant reduction in the diversity of both gut bacteria and changes in their compositions after the addition of MF. Dietary MF significantly increased the abundance of genes involved in fatty acid biodegradation, and short-chain fatty acids biosynthesis in the gut microbiota of laying hens. The significant correlations were observed between the liver lipid metabolism enzyme activities of hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and total esterase with gut microbiota, including negative correlations with gut microbiota diversity, and multiple correlations with gut bacteria and viruses. Moreover, various correlations between the contents of PUFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk with the gut microbiota were obtained. Based on partial-least-squares path modeling integrated with the multi-omics datasets, we deduced the direct effects of liver enzyme activities and gut bacterial compositions on liver fat content and the roles of liver enzyme activities and gut bacterial diversity on egg yolk fatty acid composition.ConclusionsThe results indicate that dietary MF is beneficial to laying hens as it reduces the liver fat and improves egg yolk fatty acid composition through the enterohepatic axis.CByDGCz_6LcoMs-GQqtpHGVideo Graphical

Feeding frequency affects liver health in largemouth bronze gudgeon Coreius guichenoti: Implications for lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation response

In artificial breeding, feeding frequency is crucial for maintaining the liver health status in largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism governing this relationship remains unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of feeding frequencies (2 T/D, 2 times day-1; 3 T/D, 3 times day-1) on the liver health of Coreius guichenoti. Groups of juveniles (60 fish group-1) with an initial body weight of 4.91 ± 0.11 g were randomly assigned to 6 tanks. Fish were fed with 2 T/D and 3 T/D for 8 weeks at a feeding rate of 3%. The results showed that the SGR and FER of the 3 T/D were higher than those of the 2 T/D (P < 0.05). Compared with the 2 T/D, the hepatic TG and glucose concentrations in the 3 T/D were decreased, but the hepatic TC, TBA, and lipase activity were increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the relative areas of hepatic vacuoles and lipid droplets in the 3 T/D were decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the hepatic activities of FAS and ACC1, and the mRNA levels of srebp1 in the 3 T/D were down-regulated (P < 0.05), while the mRNA levels of apoa1 and apoe2 were up-regulated. For liver antioxidant status, the hepatic GSH, SOD, and CAT levels in the 3 T/D were higher than those in the 2 T/D, while the hepatic MDA and ROS levels were lower (P < 0.05). For hepatic inflammation and apoptosis, the hepatic mRNA level of tgfβ1 was up-regulated in the 3 T/D, while the hepatic mRNA levels of tnfα, il1β, and caspase8 were down-regulated (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 3 T/D improves the liver health of Coreius guichenoti by reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. This improvement enhances feed utilization efficiency, resulting in better growth performance.

Inositol Inclusion Affects Growth, Body Composition, Antioxidant Performance, and Lipid Metabolism of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The present study explored the effects of inositol on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant performance, and lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 0 mg/kg (G1, control), 125 mg/kg (G2), 250 mg/kg (G3), 375 mg/kg (G4), 500 mg/kg (G5), and 625 mg/kg (G6) inositol were prepared and fed to cultured fish (initial weight: 110 ± 1 g) for 8 weeks in recirculating the aquaculture systems. The results indicated that compared with G1 group, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency rate (FER) in the G3 group were significantly higher. The crude lipid content of the whole fish and the liver of cultured fish was significantly reduced with increasing dietary inositol inclusion. However, no significant effects on moisture, crude protein, and ash contents of fish were observed among the different groups. Dietary inositol supplementation significantly increased muscular crude protein. However, muscular total lipid contents were decreased when the inclusion level was higher than 250 mg/kg (G3-G6 groups). As dietary inositol supplemental level increased, serum triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol (TC) contents showed an increasing trend and reached the maximum value in the G3 group. Additionally, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in G2, G3, G4, and G5 groups was significantly upregulated by increasing inositol. While, there was no significant change in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the treatments. Inositol inclusion also significantly reduced the serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) activities as well as serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content but significantly increased serum catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Compared with the control group, the activities of hepatic total lipase (TL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were significantly elevated in the G3, G4, and G5 groups. Above all, dietary inositol supplementation could improve growth performance and antioxidant capacity, and reduce the liver fat content of largemouth bass, and the optimal supplementation level of inositol in feed is estimated to be 250.31-267.27 mg/kg.

Positive effects of rutin on egg quality, lipid peroxidation and metabolism in post-peak laying hens.

Excessive fat deposition due to impaired fat metabolism in chickens is a major problem in the poultry industry. Nutritional interventions are effective solutions, but current options are limited. A safe phytochemical, rutin, has shown positive effects in animals, but its effect on lipid metabolism in poultry remains unknown. Hence, this study is to investigate the effects of rutin on egg quality, serum biochemistry, fat deposition, lipid peroxidation and hepatic lipid metabolism in post-peak laying hens. A total of 360 Taihang laying hens (49-week-old) were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basal diet (control group, 0%) and a basal diet supplemented with 300 (0.03%), 600 (0.06%), 900 (0.09%), and 1,200 (0.12%) mg rutin/kg feed, respectively. The results showed that eggshell strength was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the dietary rutin groups, whereas yolk percentage (p < 0.05), total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.01) and yolk fat ratio (p < 0.01) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) in the dietary rutin groups. Importantly, dietary rutin reduced serum triglyceride (TG) and TC levels, decreased abdominal lipid deposition and liver index (p < 0.05), and which concomitantly decreased hepatic lipid (TG, TC, and free fatty acid) accumulation (p < 0.05). An increase (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity and a decrease (p < 0.05) in malondialdehyde levels were also found. At the same time, the activities of hepatic lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme in the liver were decreased (p < 0.05). Dietary rutin also increased (p < 0.05) the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, farnesoid X receptor). Additionally, it decreased fatty acid synthesis genes (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of rutin (0.06-0.12%) to the diet improved the fat metabolism and increased liver antioxidant capacity in post-peak laying hens, and these positive changes improved egg quality to some extent.

Effect of Tea Polyphenols, α-Lipoic Acid and Their Joint Use on the Antioxidant and Lipid Metabolism Performance of Hybrid Grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂E. lanceolatu) Fed with High-Lipid Diets.

This study investigated tea polyphenols (TP), α-lipoic acid (ALA) and their joint use on the antioxidant and lipid metabolic performance of hybrid grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂E. lanceolatu) took food with high-fat diets. Six high-lipid diets with isonitrogen (50% of dry matter) and isolipid (17% of dry value) were designed, in which a total content of 1,000 mg/kg additives were added to each group except for the control group (FL). The additives addition ratios in each group were ALA (AL), TP (PL), ALA : TP = 1 : 1 (EL), ALA : TP = 1 : 2 (OL), ALA : TP = 2 : 1 (TL). Each diet was divided into three repeat groups with 30 tails (6.84 ± 0.01 g) in each group and fed for 8 weeks. The consequences were as follows: (1) the highest weight gain rate, specific growth rate, as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio and ingestion rate were discovered in the OL team, which were opposite to the TL group. (2) The body fat content and muscle fat content in the fish oil group were the lowest (P < 0.05), while those of the TL group were the highest. (3) Serum catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase activities were the highest, and the content of reactive oxygen species was the lowest in the OL group. (4) The OL group has the highest hepatic lipase activity and the lowest very low-density lipoprotein content of the liver. In contrast, the TL group had the highest fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity (P < 0.05). (5) The oil-red aspects of liver tissue displayed lipid particles in other groups were reduced to different degrees compared with FL group, and the OL group showed the best lipid-lowering effect. (6) Compared with the FL group, the relative expressions of FAS, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc), and apolipoprotein b-100 (apoB100) genes in the liver were decreased. The relative expressions of lipoprotein lipase (lpl) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors-α (pparα) genes related to lipid catabolism were increased, among which the OL group had the most significant change (P < 0.05). (7) According to the 7-day challenge test of Vibrio alginolyticus, the OL group had the highest survival rate. To sum up, both ALA and TP have positive effects on relieving the lipid metabolism disorder of hybrid grouper. If they are jointly used, adding ALA : TP in a ratio of 1 : 2 (OL) may have the best effect, and an addition ratio of 2 : 1 (TL) may inhibit the hybrid grouper growth and increase the feeding cost.

Different Dietary Sources of Selenium Alleviate Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder of Heat-Stressed Broilers by Relieving Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

As global warming continues, the phenomenon of heat stress (HS) in broilers occurs frequently. The alleviating effect of different selenium (Se) sources on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in broilers remains unclear. This study compared the protective effects of four Se sources (sodium selenite; selenium yeast; selenomethionine; nano-Se) on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder and the corresponding response of selenotranscriptome in the liver of broilers. The results showed that HS-induced liver injury and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, which were reflected in the increased activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the increased concentration of triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), the increased activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), and the decreased activity of hepatic lipase (HL) in the liver. The hepatic lipid metabolism disorder was accompanied by the increased mRNA expression of lipid synthesis related-genes, the decreased expression of lipidolysis-related genes, and the increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress biomarkers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, GRP78). The dietary supplementation of four Se sources exhibited similar protective effects. Four Se sources increased liver Se concentration and promoted the expression of selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins, enhanced liver antioxidant capacity and alleviated HS-induced ER stress, and thus resisted the hepatic lipid metabolism disorders of broilers exposed to HS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of four Se sources (0.3 mg/kg) exhibited similar protective effects on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders of broilers, and the protective effect is connected to the relieving of ER stress.

FRI089 Massive Hypertriglyceridemia? Think Oral Contraceptive Pills!

Abstract Disclosure: I. Ali: None. M. Hamdi: None. Introduction: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are common cause of Hypertriglyceridemia (TG) that should be recognized early by clinicians. Concern is raised regarding pursing further genetic test for Familial hypertriglyceridemia for female who developed massive hyper triglyceridemic after starting hormonal therapy. Case: A 37-year-old female patient with history of prediabetes with A1c of 5.7% and one attack of pancreatitis. Normal BMI, No regular medications, negative family history for lipid disorder. Rare social intake of alcohol. Routine annual lab showed triglycerides level of 164 in 2016, otherwise normal biochemical evaluation. No treatment pursued. Later She was started on OCPs (Kariva 0.15-0.02 mg) for contraception. Late 2019, blood work-up showed cholesterol level of 979, TG of 3170 and HDL level of 22. She was started on a statin therapy and fenofibrates beside stopping OCP, she maintained normal lipid profile while being off OCPs, until 2022 when she restarted an OCPs (Lo Loestrin 1mg-10 mcg) for 2 months that resulted in elevated cholesterol level of 1222, triglycerides of 5177 and HDL of 10.OCP was stopped, lipids level trended down with cholesterol of 961, triglycerides of 2005 and HDL of 22 then normalized after 2 months. Patient did not have any clinical symptom or complain. Discussion: High triglyceride concentration is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. Many patients with triglycerides &amp;gt;1000 mg/dl have familial hypertriglyceridemia with superimposed additional exogenous factors which further raise triglyceride concentrations like exogenous estrogens, SERMs, hyperestrogenemia of pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, alcohol excess, exogenous corticosteroids, and drugs including isotretinoin and protease inhibitors. OCP induced hypertriglyceridemia occurs due to estrogen’s action in decreasing hepatic triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase activity. This causes an overall increase in low and intermediate-density triglycerides and cholesterol that can increase free fatty acids to toxic level. The marked increase of TG and cholesterol in this patient while being on OCP is unusual and strongly indicate underlying familial hypertriglyceridemia exacerbated by starting OCP. Further genetic work up is being done. As OCP or other estrogen therapy are frequently given unwittingly to women with preexisting hypertriglyceridemia that lead to severe clinical consequences. Estrogen containing medication should not be considered if fasting triglyceride is above 500 mg/dl. In women on hormonal treatment with treatment-resistant hypertriglyceridemia, the likelihood that the hormonal treatment is nullifying drug efficacy is high so it should be stopped for a short trial while continuing modifying triglyceride-lowering medications. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Carya cathayensis Leaf Extract Exerts Estrogenic Effects on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Adipocytes Differentiation in Ovariectomized Rats Fed Normal or High-fat Diets

Our previous study has shown that total flavonoids from the leaves of C arya . cathayensis exert estrogenic activities by promoting the expressions of ERα, ERβ in vitro study. C. cathayensis leaf extract (CCE) was rich in flavonoids. Oral administration of CCE reduced the serum lipids and hepatic lipids, alleviated liver steatosis in ovariectomized rats. To investigate whether CCE has estrogenic effects on reproductive tissue and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats, and whether CCE has a direct effect on regulation of lipid synthesis and/or oxidation and adipocyte differentiation of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were ovariectomized and treated with CCE or estradiol in combination with a normal diet (ND), a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Histological analysis of uterus were performed and the lipid metabolism-related enzyme activity were examined. Expression of liver lipogenesis-related genes, adipocyte differentiation-and fat accumulation-related genes and protein were measured. Ovariectomy accelerated the uterine atrophy, development of dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis, which were effectively mitigated by CCE supplementation. CCE significantly elevated ovariectomy-induced reduction in the cross-section area of the uterus and uterine glands. Compared with the OVX group, CCE increased the activities of lipoprtein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), decreased the hepatic mRNA expressions of Fas, Srebf1 , and Sla2a2 and increased Ppar α expressions at the mRNA levels under both ND and HFD conditions. CCE also decreased the Pck1 and G6pc mRNA expressions under HFD conditions, and show no significant effects on Hmgcr . The expressions of SREBP-1c, CEBPA and VEGF at the protein level were effectively regulated by CCE supplementation. CCE effectively alleviated ovariectomy-induced dyslipidemia and visceral fat accumulation by modulating hepatic lipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, CCE exhibited estrogenic activity for the prevention of postmenopausal fatty liver.

Dietary Effects of Lipid and Protein Levels on Growth, Feed Utilization, Lipid Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity of Triploid Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

This study investigated the dietary effects of lipid and protein levels on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A 3 × 2 two-factor design was conducted with three crude lipid levels of 4%, 9%, and 14% (L4, L9, and L14) and two crude protein levels of 44%, 49% (P44, P49). Therefore, a total of six diets were prepared as P44/L4, P44/L9, P44/L14, P49/L4, P49/L9, and P49/L14. Triploid rainbow trout (initial body weight 65.0 ± 0.1 g) were fed one of the six diets for 80 days. The results showed that weight gain (WG), protein retention (PR), and protein efficiency rate (PER) significantly increased with increasing the dietary lipid level at the same crude protein level, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepatosomatic index significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At the same lipid level, there was no difference in WG, FCR, PR, PER between 44% and 49% crude protein group (P > 0.05). The P49/L14 group had the highest WG (374.6%) and lowest FCR (1.25), while P44/L14 group had the highest PER (1.80) and PR (25.06%) with similar WG and FCR to P49/L14 group. The crude lipid contents in whole fish were significantly higher in the L14 group than those in the L4 and L9 groups (P < 0.05). Muscle n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and PUFAs levels were positively correlated with dietary lipid level, while n-6 PUFAs was negatively correlated with dietary protein level. Dietary protein, dietary lipid, and their interaction significantly affected hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, aspartate aminotransferase, lipase (LPS), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activities (P < 0.05). In both P44 and P49 groups, LPS and FAS activities increased with increasing the dietary lipid level. MDA content significantly decreased in the P44 group and increased in the P49 group with increasing the dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). As dietary protein level increased, serum total cholesterol level increased, while hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity decreased. With increasing the dietary lipid level, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, total nitric oxide synthase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities showed an increasing trend, while the opposite was true for alanine aminotransferase activity. In conclusion, based on growth performance and feed utilization, dietary protein level of 44% and dietary lipid level of 14% (measured value, 43.71% and 13.62%) were suggested for young triploid rainbow trout.

Dietary choline activates the Ampk/Srebp signaling pathway and decreases lipid levels in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to evaluate the effects of dietary choline supplementation on choline transport and metabolism, hepatopancreas histological structure and fatty acid profile, and regulation of lipid metabolism. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain different choline levels of 2.91 (basal diet), 3.85, 4.67, 6.55, 10.70 and 18.90 g/kg, respectively. A total of 960 shrimp (initial weight, 1.38 ± 0.01 g) were distributed randomly into twenty-four 250-L cylindrical fiber-glass tanks, with each diet assigned randomly to 4 replicate tanks. The results indicated that dietary choline significantly promoted the deposition of choline, betaine and carnitine (P < 0.05). The diameters and areas of R cells, total lipid and triglyceride contents in hepatopancreas, and triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid contents in hemolymph were negatively correlated with dietary choline level. The contents of functional fatty acids in hepatopancreas, the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc), and the mRNA expression of fas, srebp and acc were highest in shrimp fed the diet containing 4.67 g/kg choline, and significantly higher than those fed the diet containing 2.91 g/kg, the lowest level of choline (P < 0.05). The number of R cells, content of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), activities of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (Cpt1), lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, and the mRNA expression levels of cpt1, fabp, fatp, ldlr, and ampk in hepatopancreas increased significantly as dietary choline increased (P < 0.05). In addition, hepatopancreas mRNA expression levels of ctl1, ctl2, oct1, badh, bhmt, ck, cept, and cct were generally up-regulated as dietary choline level increased (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary choline promoted the deposition of choline and its metabolites by up-regulating genes related to choline transport and metabolism. Moreover, appropriate dietary choline level promoted the development of hepatopancreas R cells and maintained the normal accumulation of lipids required for development, while high dietary choline not only promoted hepatopancreas lipid export by enhancing VLDL synthesis, but also promoted fatty acid β-oxidation and inhibited de novo fatty acid synthesis by activating the Ampk/Srebp signaling pathway. These findings provided further insight and understanding of the mechanisms by which dietary choline regulated lipid metabolism in L. vannamei.

Effects of diel-cycling hypoxia and salinity on lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition of the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis

For marine animals living in estuarine, coastal, and intertidal areas, salinity changes and periodic hypoxia are typical stressors; however, how the varying salinity and dissolved oxygen affect the quality and nutrition of marine aquaculture species, such as oysters remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the diel-cycling hypoxia under different salinities on fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism in oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis digestive glands. After 28 days of exposure, both hypoxia and elevated salinity caused a decrease in the saturated fatty acid (SFA)/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio of C. hongkongensis, salinity mainly causes changes in C17:0, C17:1, C18:1n9, C20:1n9, C20:4n6, C21:5n3, C22:5n3, with high salinity being more damaging to the fatty acid fractions. Also, Hypoxia accelerates the synthesis of C18:1n9 and C20:4n6. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) synthesis is increased by reduced salinity or hypoxia, but Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) only weakly promotes fatty acid synthesis. Under hypoxic conditions, the activity of both hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL) decreases, which is contrary to the results for dissolved oxygen. The increase in salinity under dissolved oxygen leads to a decrease in LPL activity and an increase in HL activity. Our findings highlighted that exposure to a combination of salinity and hypoxia stressors, can disrupt the protective mechanisms of the oyster and affect the function of its lipid metabolism. Therefore, long-term exposure to periodic hypoxia with salinity changes poses a risk to the nutritional quality of C. hongkongensis, affecting oyster aquaculture and the coastal ecosystem.

Lippia javanica (Burm. F.) Herbal Tea: Modulation of Hepatoprotective Effects in Chang Liver Cells via Mitigation of Redox Imbalance and Modulation of Perturbed Metabolic Activities.

Introduction: Hepatic oxidative injury is one of the pathological mechanisms that significantly contributes to the development of several liver diseases. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of Lippia javanica herbal tea was investigated in Fe2+- mediated hepatic oxidative injury. Methods: Using an in vitro experimental approach, hepatic oxidative injury was induced by co-incubating 7mM FeSO4 with Chang liver cells that have been pre-incubated with or without different concentrations (15-240μg/mL) of L. javanica infusion. Gallic acid and ascorbic acid served as the standard antioxidants. Results: The infusion displayed a reducing antioxidant activity in ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and a potent scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Pretreatment with L. javanica infusion significantly elevated the levels of reduced glutathione and non-protein thiol, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, with concomitant decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde levels, acetylcholinesterase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glycogen phosphorylase and lipase activities. The infusion showed the presence of phytoconstituents such as phenolic compounds, tannins, phenolic glycosides and terpenoids when subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity of dihydroroseoside and obacunone with both SOD and catalase compared to other phytoconstituents. Conclusion: These results portray a potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of L. javanica, which may support the local usage of the herbal tea as a prospective therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related liver diseases.

Dietary inositol improved glucose and lipid metabolism mediated by the Insulin-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inositol level (0.86, 1.34, 1.40, 2.30, 3.88 and 7.50 g kg−1) on glucose and lipid homeostasis in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results indicated that the contents of inositol, phosphatidyl inositol (PI) and glycogen in hepatopancreas and muscle, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in hepatopancreas and hemolymph, the activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (CPT1) and the expression of hmit and inox were positively related to the dietary inositol levels, while the contents of glucose (GLU), crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in hemolymph and the expression of imp, pepck, g6pc and fbp were negatively correlated with the dietary inositol level. TG content, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and the expression levels of srebp, fas, acc1, g6pd and 6gpd in shrimp fed 3.88 and 7.50 g kg−1 inositol diets were significantly lower compared with shrimp fed the basal diet, while the expression of cpt1, aco, fabp, fatp and idir were showed the reverse change trend (P < 0.05). The activities of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and the expression levels of ir, irs1, pi3k and akt were significantly increased as dietary inositol levels ranged from 1.40 to 7.50 g kg−1, while the expression levels of gsk-3β and foxo1 significantly down-regulated. Hepatopancreas R cells number in shrimp fed 2.30, 3.88 and 7.50 g kg−1 inositol diets were significantly increased compared with shrimp fed 0.86 g kg−1 inositol diet, while the diameters and areas showed an opposite trend. In addition, dietary inositol supplementation significantly increased hemolymph insulin like peptide (ILP) content but had no significant effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HLDC) content in hemolymph, hepatic lipase (HL) activity and the ratio of n-3/ n-6 PUFA and DHA/EPA in hepatopancreas. In conclusion, appropriate dietary inositol could positively regulate the Insulin-PI3K-Akt pathway to promote glucose utilization and maintain the normal accumulation of glycogen and lipids required for development, while high dietary inositol could promote lipid mobilization and prevent hepatopancreas lipids deposition by negatively regulating the Insulin-PI3K-Akt pathway, improving ILP sensitivity and enhancing VLDL synthesis, which may therefore be an important mechanism in the action of inositol on glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings provided further insight and understanding of mechanisms by which dietary inositol regulated glucose and lipid metabolism in L. vannamei.

Indigestible Dextrin Alleviates the Intestinal Absorption of Alpha-linolenic Acid More Markedly Than That of Linoleic Acid in Obese Mice

Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) constitute the main dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Indigestible dextrin (DEX) is a dietary fiber that causes a beneficial decrease in lifestyle-related disease risk factors. We investigated the effects of DEX on intestinal absorption of LA and ALA in obese mice. KK-Ay/TaJcl obese mice were fed an ALA- or LA-abundant diet and provided with water in the absence and presence of 0.06 w/v% DEX for 4 weeks. The levels of lipids in serum samples and the lipase activity in serum and liver were analyzed. The effects of DEX on the intestinal absorption of LA and ALA were investigated using an in vitro model of the intestinal absorption process in the fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) solution. ALA resulted in an increase in the serum triglyceride (TG) levels than those observed upon feeding an LA-abundant diet. DEX suppressed significantly the ALA-dependent increase in serum TG levels. Neither LA nor ALA affected the serum levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as the serum and hepatic lipase activities. Moreover, ALA showed better solubility than LA in FeSSIF solution. The solubility of ALA in FeSSIF solution was significantly suppressed by DEX, whereas that of LA was not affected by DEX. ALA can be absorbed more easily than LA during the intestinal absorption process, probably leading to an increase in the serum TG levels and then DEX more selectively inhibits the intestinal absorption of ALA compared to that of LA.

Physicochemical characterization, rheological properties, and hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of compound polysaccharides in Chinese herbal medicines by fractional precipitation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different compound polysaccharides (CPs) extracted from Folium nelumbinis, Fructus crataegi, Fagopyrum tataricum, Lycium barbarum, Semen cassiae, and Poria cocos (w/w, 2:4:2:1:1.5:1) by gradient ethanol precipitation on the physicochemical properties and biological activities. Three CPs (CP50, CP70, and CP80) were obtained and comprised rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in different proportions. The CPs contained different amounts of total sugar, uronic acid, and proteins. These also exhibited different physical properties, including particle size, molecular weight, microstructure, and apparent viscosity. Scavenging abilities of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals of CP80 were more potent compared to those of the other two CPs. Furthermore, CP80 significantly increased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and hepatic lipase (HL) activity in the liver, while decreasing the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with LPS activity. Therefore, CP80 may serve as a natural novel lipid regulator in the field of medicinal and functional food.