Hepatic Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Research Articles

Effects of Varying Dietary Protein Levels on Growth Performance, Survival, Body Composition, Haemato-Biochemical Profile, and Metabolic Responses of Hypselobarbus jerdoni (Day, 1870) Juveniles

A 60-day feeding trial has been carried out to access the optimal dietary crude protein (DCP) requirement of juvenile Jerdon’s carp, Hypselobarbus jerdoni. Six isoenergetic (around 400 Kcal DE/100 g), isolipidic (60.80 g/kg), and heteronitrogenous diets were prepared with graded levels of protein, viz., 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 g/kg (TCP 20-TCP 45 with 50 g/kg incremental level). A completely randomised design (CRD) was used to distribute 270 Jerdon’s carp juveniles (6.12–6.18 g) in six experimental groups in triplicates (15 fish/tank, 200 l water capacity). After 60 days, the fishes of the TCP30 group showed significantly higher weight gain, final body weight, and percentage weight gain (WG%). The fish of the TCP30 group exhibited a significantly higher feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate. On the other hand, a significantly lower feed conversion ratio is recorded in the TCP30 and TCP35 groups. The protein efficiency ratio of fish was reduced significantly with the elevated DCP level. Whole-body moisture, lipid, and total ash contents of H. jerdoni were remain unaffected by DCP levels. However, DCP levels significantly influenced the whole-body protein of H. jerdoni juveniles, with significantly higher values noticed in the TCP30 and TCP35 groups. The TCP35, TCP40, and TCP45 groups exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) protease activity, and the amylase activity showed a decreasing trend in response to dietary protein levels. A significantly (p<0.05) higher SOD and CAT activity were observed in the TCP20 and TCP25 groups. However, lower hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity were observed in the TCP30 and TCP35 groups, respectively. Furthermore, based on broken-line linear and second-order polynomial regression with respect to WG%, the optimal dietary crude protein requirement of H. jerdoni cultured for 60 days was found to be 309.72 and 316.40 g/kg.

Optimum dietary crude protein for culture of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles in low inland saline water: Effects on growth, metabolism and gene expression

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth, metabolism and growth-related gene expression in genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Oreochromis niloticus juveniles reared in low inland saline water (ISW) of 5 g/l salinity. Three hundred and fifteen fish (initial weight 2.68 ± 0.01 g) were distributed (15 fish/tank in triplicates) in seven experimental groups (20–50% CP with 5% increment) following completely randomized design (CRD) and fed with seven isolipidic (6%), isoenergetic (16.74 MJ digestible energy/kg) and hetero-nitrogenous (20–50 % CP) purified diets, respectively. Results showed inverse relation between percent weight gain (WG%) and feed conversion ratio which were significantly (p < 0.05) varied in overall, linearly and quadratically due to varying dietary CP. Overall and linear trend of protein efficiency ratio and overall, linear and quadratic trend of apparent net protein utilisation were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing dietary CP. Overall, linear and quadratic trend of whole body CP along with overall and quadratic trend of whole body lipid contents were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and decreased, respectively with increasing dietary CP up to 35 % and then decreased further. Whereas, overall, linear and quadratic trend of whole body ash content was increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary CP. Overall and quadratic trend of protease activity in 30–45 % CP fed groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than 20 and 50 % CP fed groups; but overall and linear trend of amylase activity in 20−25 % CP fed groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than 35–50 % fed groups. Overall, linear and quadratic trend of hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity in 40 % CP fed group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of 20−25 and 45–50 % CP fed groups and similar to 30–35 % CP fed groups. However, these trends of hepatic lactate dehydrogenase activity of 40–45 % CP fed groups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than 20–30 % fed groups and similar to 35 and 50 % CP fed groups. Whereas, overall, linear and quadratic trend of hepatic malate dehydrogenase in 35 % fed group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than 20–30 % CP fed groups and similar to other groups. The hepatic insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor expression showed high correlation (r=0.92 and 0.90, respectively) with WG%. The optimum dietary protein requirement of GIFT juveniles at 5 g/l salinity in ISW was found to be 34.53–38.10% based on both broken-line linear and second-order polynomial regression with respect to WG% and hepatic IGF-1 expression.

Effects of Dietary Lipids on the Growth Performance, Survival, and Digestive Enzymes of Juvenile Cuttlefish, Sepia lycidas

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary lipids on the growth performance, muscle composition, and enzyme activities of the stomach, intestines, and liver of Sepia lycidas juveniles. Fish oil and soybean lecithin were selected as lipid sources to formulate six experimental diets containing lipid levels of 3.68, 4.15, 6.62, 8.09, 9.56, and 11.03%. The feed efficiency first declined and then rose, with the lowest value obtained in individuals fed the 8.09% lipid content diet; the protein efficiency ratio significantly decreased with an increased lipid level. The highest crude protein content and lowest crude lipid content were simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet. The activities of pepsase, trypsin, and intestine lipase initially increased before decreasing. The highest activities of protease, trypsin, and lipase were obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet, while the highest activity of amylase was obtained in individuals fed the 6.62% lipid content diet. Hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase initially increased and then held steady, with the highest activities simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid diet. Our results suggest that dietary lipids at a level of 9.56% could be the optimal lipid requirement for S. lycidas to grow and maintain normal metabolism.

Dietary methionine requirement of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) at a constant dietary cystine level

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala at a constant dietary cystine level. Six semipurified diets were formulated to contain graded dietary methionine levels from 3.9 to 15.4 g kg−1 in about 2.5 g kg−1 increments in the presence of 2.2 g kg−1 cystine. Results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) significantly increased with increasing dietary methionine levels from 3.9 to 12.4 g kg−1 and thereafter kept stable. Maximum protein productive value (PPV), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) and liver weight were observed in 8.5 g methionine kg−1 diet. Protein contents in whole fish body were positively correlated with dietary methionine level, while lipid contents were negatively correlated with it. Morphological index and hepatic glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities were independent of dietary methionine levels. However, dietary methionine supplementation significantly improved haematological parameters, plasma methionine and total essential amino acid contents and hepatic glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities. Analysis of dose response using broken-line regression on the basis of SGR and PPV versus dietary methionine level estimated the optimum dietary methionine requirements of juvenile M. amblycephala to be between 8.5 and 8.4 g kg−1 of diet (25.0 and 24.7 g kg−1 of protein) in the presence of 2.2 g kg−1 cystine, respectively. Hence, the corresponding total sulphur amino acids requirements of this species were calculated to be 10.7 and 10.6 g kg−1 of diet (31.5 and 31.2 g kg−1 of dietary protein).

Abstract: P1201 IS INSULIN THE CAUSE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN TYPE-1 DIABETES MELLITUS? A PILOT STUDY

S. K. Suneja, D. S. Wagle and G. C. Ram. T-2 toxin induced changes in liver and serum enzymes of rats. Toxicon25, 793 – 796, 1987.—The effects on liver and serum enzymes of feeding a single dose (2 mg/kg) and daily doses (0.75 mg/kg) of T-2 toxin were studied in young male rats. Sample times were 8, 16 and 24 hr for single dose administration and 7, 14 and 21 days for daily dose administration. T-2 toxin in single and daily doses significantly reduced activities of hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline and acid phosphatases at all the sampling periods. In both feeding trials, levels of serum GPT increased, while that of acid and alkaline phosphatases significantly decreased at all the sampling times. This study indicates that the liver is affected by feeding T-2 toxin to rats.

Effects of Combined Exposure to Aluminium and Ethanol on Aluminium Body Burden and some Neuronal, Hepatic and Haematopoietic Biochemical Variables in the Rat

The effects of the daily administration of aluminium (25 mg kg-1, orally), ethanol (10% v/v, in drinking water) or both to adult rats, for 6 weeks, on the amount of aluminium present in the tissues and the functioning of brain biogenic amines, hepatic and serum transaminases and some haematopoietic variables were investigated. Ethanol alone was seen to inhibit the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), while aluminium alone elevated the activity of blood ALAD. However, aluminium and ethanol combined produced a more pronounced inhibition of blood ALAD and hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) than either aluminium or ethanol alone. Simultaneous exposure to aluminium and ethanol also produced a significant elevation in urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and brain homovanillic acid (HVA), and a depletion in brain dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, when compared to rats given aluminium alone. The concentration of aluminium in the blood and liver was significantly higher in rats exposed to both aluminium and ethanol than in those exposed to aluminium alone. Thus the consumption of alcohol may increase the rat's susceptibility to certain effects of aluminium.

T-2 toxin induced changes in liver and serum enzymes of rats

S. K. Suneja, D. S. Wagle and G. C. Ram. T-2 toxin induced changes in liver and serum enzymes of rats. Toxicon 25, 793 – 796, 1987.—The effects on liver and serum enzymes of feeding a single dose (2 mg/kg) and daily doses (0.75 mg/kg) of T-2 toxin were studied in young male rats. Sample times were 8, 16 and 24 hr for single dose administration and 7, 14 and 21 days for daily dose administration. T-2 toxin in single and daily doses significantly reduced activities of hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline and acid phosphatases at all the sampling periods. In both feeding trials, levels of serum GPT increased, while that of acid and alkaline phosphatases significantly decreased at all the sampling times. This study indicates that the liver is affected by feeding T-2 toxin to rats.

Effects of Feed Restriction on Growth and Metabolism of Replacement Pullets

The effects of feed restriction on lipogenesis, carcass composition, and protein utilization were investigated. Two feed restriction programs were used: 1) restricted duration of feeding (RDF) whereby pullets had access to feed for 7 or 9 hr/day and 2) restricted access to feed (ADF) in which feed was available on alternate days. A control group received the same diet as the restricted groups but on an ad libitum basis. The feeding programs were applied to a white egg and brown egg strain of commercial laying hens from 1 until 5 weeks of age or from 3 days (RDF) or 10 weeks (ADF) until 19 weeks of age. The ADF restriction resulted in 12 to 25% decrease in body weights at 5 weeks and 5 to 11% decrease in body weights at 18 or 19 weeks. The RDF depressed body weights 24% at 5 weeks and 2% at 18 weeks. The RDF and ADF increased hepatic malic enzyme and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activities in both age groups. Plasma uric acid and hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase were affected, but not consistently, by ADF. It is hypothesized that ADF and RDF lead to increased lipogenesis and increased utilization of amino acids as sources of energy. Under conditions of mild restriction, this may result in increased carcass fat content.

Hepatic Transaminase Activity in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity were measured in precutaneous needle biopsy specimens of human liver tissue and compared with transaminase values in serum obtained on the day of biopsy. Hepatic GPT activity was significantly decreased in liver tissue of patients with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis compared with the activity in individuals with normal livers (P less than 0.05) and individuals with primary biliary cirrhosis (P less than 0.05). The decreased hepatic GPT activity was not related to the presence of cirrhosis in biopsy specimens and was not increased by the addition of saturating amounts of pyridoxal phosphate to the assay mixture. Hepatic GOT was also slightly but significantly lowered in individuals with alcoholic liver disease (P less than 0.05). The GOT/GPT ratio in serum and liver tissue was increased only in individuals with alcoholic liver disease, but the increase did not reach statistical significance. The increased GOT/GPT ratio is due primarily to the low activity of GPT in liver and serum. The less than expected elevation of GPT in serum of patients with alcoholic hepatic reflects the diminished hepatic GPT activity and lesser amounts of this enzyme available to leak into serum from damaged hepatocytes.

Adaptation to restricted intake of protein and energy.

Adult rats that maintained nitrogen balance on a diet containing 5% casein fed ad libitum were restricted to 70% of their normal food intake for 31 days. This resulted in a negative N balance, loss of body weight and increased activities of hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase and arginase--all of which persisted for 10 days. After this time there was no further weight loss, the negative N balance returned to equilibrium and the activities of the two enzymes returned to normal indicating adaptation to the dietary restriction. Radio-isotope studies with labelled methionine showed that dietary restriction led to an increase in the radioactivity of the liver and a decrease of that of the muscles indicating maintenance of liver protein at the expense of muscle protein. Resting oxygen consumption decreased by 34% after 20 days of dietary restriction and this would account for the adaptation observed.

Plasmaproteins and some hematochemical data related to Grampus griseus (Cetacea, Delphinidae) of the Western Mediterranean

The plasmaprotein of a specimen of Grampus griseusG Cuvier, captured in the Western Mediterranean, is studied for the first time and the data obtained are compared with data previously determined by the same method (microelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel) for Stenella, Delphinus and Phocaena. Some hematochemical values related to glycemia, azotemia and cholesterolemia (total and fractional) are also given and discussed, together with data on glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases; special reference is made to the theory of Cornelius (1963) on hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase.

Reduction of glutamic pyruvic transaminase in pyridoxine deficiency in liver disease.

Hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity is decreased in diet induced B6 deficiency and so prevents or diminishes increases in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase following liver cell necrosis. Pyridoxine treatment restores normal tissue and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity in uncomplicated vitamin B6 deficiency; in contrast, low enzyme activity may persist in severe liver injury, despite pyridoxine administration.

RELATION OF BODY-WEIGHT TO HEPATIC GLUTAMIC PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY.

KLEIBER1,2 first reported in 1932 the concept that a linear relation exists between the logarithms of metabolic rate and, body-weight. The basal rate of oxygen consumption per gram of body-weight was found to be proportional to an exponential function of the body-weight (oxygen consumption × weight−3/4 = constant)3. More recent observations have suggested that this correlation of body-weight and metabolic rate can be extended to the concentration of specific oxidative enzymes. Total body content and contents in various mammalian organs of cytochrome oxidase4, homogentisic oxidaso and p-hydroxy-phenyl-pyruvate oxidase5 have been observed to be related to the body-weight by this same mathematical expression1. Since the logarithm of the total body enzyme activity (E)/g body-weight is linearly related to the logarithm of the body-weight, a weight parity expression has been used for comparing enzyme activities in animals with different weights by Lin et al.5, where c and k are determined from the intercept and slope: (E × Wk = c). Investigators of small laboratory animals weighing up to 4 kg have revealed that certain transaminases (tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate and phenylalanine-pyruvate) are related to different power functions of the body-weight than those observed with the oxidative enzymes.

Effects of hydrocortisone on the activities of hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase and arginase, and on the changes of organ weight in rats.

After hydrocortisone administration the activity of hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the activity of hepatic arginase were followed with time and at the same time the weight of some organs and the content of liver protein were also measured in female rats.GPT and arginase activities reached maximum levels at the 6th hr. after single subcutaneous injection of 2mg/100g body weight of hydrocortisone. Daily injection of the same dose for 7 days caused 2 times the increase of GPT activity and 1.5 times the increase of arginase activity as compared with controls. There was a striking parallel between these enzyme activities increased by hydrocortisone.While the weights of the adrenal gland, thymus and spleen remarkably decreased, those of the liver, kidney and heart increased, and the weight of the thyroid did not change after daily administration of hydrocortisone. A sharp increase of liver weight was noticed at the 16th hr. after single injection.The influence of hydrocortisone on the liver protein content was not significant.