Hen Egg Research Articles

Strong and Environmental-Friendly Adhesive Glass Based on Chitin Nanoparticles

Chitin is a biopolymer that can be used as a candidate material for a strong and environmentally friendly glass adhesive. In the form of nanoparticles with needle-like morphology and attractive functional groups in the form of amide and hydroxyl, Chitin Nanoparticle (ChNP) shows a strong Van der Walls adhesive force against glass. In the study, ChNP was successfully isolated from crab shells from the sea of Lombok. The isolated ChNP has a characteristic size around 351 nm with -chitin conformation and needle-shaped morphology. Based on the results of shear strength testing, 0.42 mg of ChNP can withstand a load of 21 kg and the addition of Gum Arabic (GA) and Hen Egg White lysozyme (HEWL) in a ratio of 1: 1 to ChNP succeeded in increasing adhesion by 72%.

Food Allergy Test‐Guided Dietary Advice for Children With Atopic Dermatitis: A Consensus Study

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe use of blood specific IgE or skin prick tests (SPT) to guide dietary exclusions for disease control in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) is controversial. We undertook a consensus exercise on how to interpret SPT results and dietary history for cow's milk, hen's egg, wheat, and soy in children < 2 years old with AD.MethodsFourteen clinicians from general practice, pediatrics, pediatric dermatology, pediatric allergy, and pediatric dietetics from UK and Ireland took part in an online modified Delphi study. Over three rounds, participants gave their anonymous opinions and received individualized and group feedback, based on the premise that all children had SPTs. The findings were discussed in an online workshop.ResultsOf 18 symptoms, 12 were identified as relevant to immediate and 7 to delayed allergy. Regarding SPTs, there was consensus over which allergens to use for wheat and soy but not cow's milk or hen's egg; for all study foods, wheal size was determined as 0–1 mm negative, ≥ 5 mm sensitized, but between 2 and 4 mm, categorization varied by food. During the final workshop, consensus was reached on dietary advice for nine combinations of SPT results and dietary history.ConclusionWe attained consensus on how SPTs and dietary history for four common food allergens should be interpreted in young children under 2 years of age with AD. These pragmatic recommendations may support clinician education, consistency of decision‐making, and future research.

Effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal and oil on the performance, biochemical profile, intestinal health and gut microbial dynamics in laying hens

This study investigated the effect of incorporating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal and oil on laying hens' performance, egg quality, serum profile, intestinal structure, and gut health. A total of 378 Lohmann laying hens (age 48 wk) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 3 replicates of 21 hens each. Following 7 d acclimation, the trail was conducted for 8 weeks. The dietary groups include: basal corn-soybean meal diet (S) without BSF (BSO) oil (S+BSO 0), S with BSF oil (S+BSO 100), BSF meal (9 %) without BSF oil (BSF 9+BSO 0), BSF meal (9 %) with BSF oil (BSF 9+BSO 100), BSF meal (18 %) without BSF oil (BSF 18+BSO 0), and BSF meal (18 %) with BSF oil (BSF 18+BSO 100). The results showed that the BSF 18 + BSO 100 diet significantly reduced egg weight (P < 0.001) compared to other dietary treatments. The addition of BSF meal reduced feed intake (P < 0.001) and the Haugh units (P < 0.05) in hens fed 18 % BSF meal with and without BSO. The jejunum villus area, crypt depth, and intestinal wall thickness increased with the increase in the inclusion of BSF larvae meal (P < 0.001). The ileum villus height, crypt depth and intestinal wall thickness increased (P < 0.001) at 9 % BSF meal and then decreased at 18 % BSF meal with and without BSF oil. The bacteria genera Ruminococcus, Clostridiales, Bacteroidales, Ruminococcus torques, and Intestinimonas were positively associated with the dietary treatments, while Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Clostridium, and Faecalibacterium were negatively associated with the dietary treatments. The inclusion of BSF meal and oil enriched the functional network of several pathways, including ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism, highlighting the positive effects of BSF larvae meal and oil on the chicken gut microbiota. In conclusion, BSF meal at 9 % with BSF oil and BSF meal at 18 % without BSF oil can be incorporated into the diet without impairing the performance and gut health of laying hens.

Effect of Using Germinated and Fermented Lupin and Oats as a Dietary Protein Source on Laying Hen Performance and Egg Quality

Soybean meal is the dominant protein source for poultry nutrition. However, soybean is not widely grown in Europe, necessitating importation from other countries. To reduce dependency on imported soybean meal, an alternative feed material is needed. Fermentation and/or germination of grains are known to increase the value of the protein content of a diet. This study aimed to determine if they could substitute partly soybean meal in a diet. Germinated or fermented or germinated and fermented grains of lupin and oats were used in laying hen’s diet (a mix of 6.50% lupin and 3.50% oat grains). Oats were dehulled or not dehulled. The hens’ weight loss and the downgraded eggs rate were the lowest when using fermented grains. All trial diets reduced the egg cholesterol content. Dehulling had only a slight effect on performance. Diets containing germinated grains led to a decrease in laying performance and an increase in body weight loss. Diets containing fermented grains gave the best results in terms of quantity of amino acids, hen weight maintenance, laying performance, and egg quality. In conclusion, fermented lupin and oats can be used in laying hen diets to partly substitute sources of protein such as soya, but germinated grains cannot.

Dietary stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) improves carotenoids content in laying hen egg yolk

ABSTRACT 1. This study assessed the addition of dried stinging nettle (SN) leaves at 0%, 2.5% and 5.0% in feed on egg production, egg quality, chemical composition and antioxidant content in eggs from laying hens. 2. Seventy-two Hy-Line Brown laying hens, housed in 36 enriched layer cages, were used in the study from 43 to 47 weeks of age. Feeding dry SN leaves did not affect (p > 0.05) egg production variables. 3. Dietary SN inclusion linearly increased (p < 0.001) carotenoid content more than six-fold, in addition to yellowness and redness of the yolks at the maximum inclusion. Providing eggs from hens fed carotenoid enriched diets, e.g. SN, may be used to increase carotenoids in human diets.

In ovo injection of organic zinc effects on hatching rate of broiler breeder hen eggs and productivity of broilers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of organic zinc on the characteristics of broiler chickens and the performance of broiler chickens A total of 320 eggs from Ross 308 strain with an average weight of 65 grams were randomly divided into four groups, negative control (no injection), positive control (in ovo injection of 0.272 ml of normal saline solution) and two experimental groups, eggs in the first received in ovo injection of 0.272 mg of organic zinc whereas in the second the eggs were injected with 0.544 mg of the same organic zinc. The injection was done in the amniotic sac on the 10th day of incubation. The effect of injection on hatching traits and then on functional traits, blood parameters, immune response, carcass characteristics and cecal microbial population of resulting broilers were measured. The results showed that the percentage of hatched broiler chickens in the zinc-treated groups was significantly lower compared to the two control groups. However, the intraocular injection of zinc caused a significant increase in the final weight gain of the birds and their feed consumption. Blood parameters were also affected in experimental treatments and blood glucose increased and blood triglyceride, cholesterol and lipoproteins decreased compared to negative and positive control (P&lt;0.01). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was observed in the immune response, microbial population and carcass characteristics among the experimental groups. In conclusion, the intra egg injection of organic zinc can show favorable results in the performance indicators of broiler chickens, although it had no effect on the immune response and microbial population.

The Efficacy and Safety of Stepwise Oral Food Challenge in Children with Cow’s Milk Allergy

Plain Language SummaryStepwise oral food challenge (OFC) tests begin with low doses of allergens, progressing to full doses. This is one of the strategies used to avoid anaphylactic reactions to the reintroduction of allergens. We previously reported the safety and efficacy of hen egg OFC. In this study, we discuss it for cow’s milk (CM) allergy. We included 927 children (median age, 3.2 years) who underwent CM-OFC between 2017 and 2021. The target challenge dose was classified as low (<10 mL), middle (≥10 mL but <100 mL), or full. When the participants reacted to low doses, they underwent very low-dose OFC using baked milk or <1 mL of CM. Positive reactions developed in 210 cases (22.7%), including 69 anaphylactic reactions (7.4%). A lower target dose resulted in more positive OFC results and anaphylaxis. Multivariate analysis indicated that only in low-dose OFCs, higher CM-specific IgE (CM-sIgE) levels, younger age, and complete CM elimination were associated with positive OFC results. Food ladders, an approach to reintroduce allergens, are becoming increasingly popular. Although we believe that OFC is a safer strategy to reintroduce CM to children with CM allergy, our CM-OFCs appeared to develop more anaphylactic reactions than milk ladders. The stepwise OFC reintroduced small amounts of CM, even in cases with high CM-sIgE levels or a history of anaphylaxis. Performing CM-OFC at a younger age, preferably from infancy, with very low doses, similar to milk ladders, may facilitate the safe reintroduction of CM.

The Impact of Biotechnologically Produced Lactobionic Acid on Laying Hens' Productivity and Egg Quality during Early Laying Period.

Lactobionic acid (Lba), an oligosaccharide aldonic acid, has demonstrated various health-promoting benefits and applications in diverse areas. Lba has been recognized for its multifunctional properties, such as metal ion chelation and calcium sequestration. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet of early-laying hens with Lba (EXP group) on their performance and the physical-chemical properties, and nutritional quality of eggs. The 12-week study involved 700 Sonja breed hens per group, with the EXP group's diet enriched with 2% of biotechnologically produced Lba, while the control group (CON) received no Lba supplementation. Lba supplementation influenced both the hen's performance and egg quality, particularly in terms of egg production and fatty acid accumulation. Performance in the EXP group was significantly improved (p < 0.05), showing a 4.6-8.9% increase compared to the CON group at all experiment stages. Lba also promoted an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, particularly palmitoleic and vaccenic acids. Overall, Lba supplementation enhanced both the productivity of laying hens and the nutritional value of eggs during the early laying period.

Determination of Plasmalogen Molecular Species in Hen Eggs

(1) Background: Plasmalogens are vinyl ether-type glycerophospholipids that are characteristically distributed in neural tissues and are significantly reduced in the brains of individuals with dementia compared to those in healthy subjects, suggesting a link between plasmalogen deficiency and cognitive decline. Hen eggs are expected to be a potential source of dietary plasmalogens, but the details remain unclear. (2) Methods: We evaluated the fresh weight, dry weight, total lipid, neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids in the egg yolk and egg white of hen egg. Then, the molecular species of plasmalogens were quantified using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. (3) Results: In egg yolk, the total plasmalogen content was 1292.1 µg/100 g fresh weight and predominantly ethanolamine plasmalogens (PE-Pls), specifically 18:0/22:6-PE-Pls, which made up 75.6 wt% of the total plasmalogen. In egg white, the plasmalogen content was 31.4 µg/100 g fresh weight and predominantly PE-Pls, specifically 18:0/20:4-PE-Pls, which made up 49.6 wt% of the total plasmalogen. (4) Conclusions: Plasmalogens were found to be more enriched in egg yolk than in egg white. It was found that humans are likely to ingest almost 0.3 mg of total plasmalogens from one hen egg. These findings highlight the importance of plasmalogens in the daily diet, and it is recommended to explore the impact of long-term dietary plasmalogen intake to assess its effect on human health. This provides a viewpoint for the development of new food products.

Unravelling the potential of yolkin for nutraceutical use: the origin, structure, and functional insights of a hen egg yolk polypeptide complex.

Nutraceuticals can reduce the risk of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, immune deficiencies, neurodegeneration, and others. Their delivery remains a challenge because it depends on many factors, most notably the stability of the bioactive compounds. Yolkin is a peptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk with immunomodulatory and neuroprotective potential. However, yolkin remains relatively poorly characterized. We aimed to determine the origin and glycosylation level of yolkin, its storage conditions, its thermal stability, and its aggregation ability and to assess its antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic potential. The peptide composition of yolkin was shown to be homologous to that of vitellogenin II and vitellogenin I. These results indicate the stability of yolkin in a lyophilized form, preferably at 4 °C, with nonaggregation, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. As a result, yolkin can be considered to have significant therapeutic potential and represents a valuable tool for the development of novel nutraceuticals.

Effect of Egg Washing and Hen Age on Cuticle Quality and Bacterial Adherence in Table Eggs

The cuticle covering the outer surface of an eggshell functions as both a physical and chemical barrier against invading microorganisms. Contamination of eggs by microbial pathogens progresses in four stages: bacterial attachment to the egg surface, penetration through the cuticle and eggshell, multiplication within the underlying membranes, and the final stage of contaminating the egg contents. Therefore, it is important to study bacterial count at the first point of contact, i.e., on the surface of the eggs. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of differences in cuticle quality (due to egg washing and hen age) on bacterial load. We compared bacterial adherence on the eggshell surface of white eggs which were either washed (graded) or unwashed (ungraded), collected from Lohmann laying hens of different ages: early (24–28 weeks), mid-lay (44–48 weeks), and late (66–70 weeks). We aimed to determine the impact of hen age and egg washing on differences in cuticle quality and bacterial adherence. Our results indicate that hen age (up to 70 weeks) and commercial egg washing do not significantly impact bacterial adherence on eggshell surfaces. We have developed a novel method using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Salmonella typhimurium to estimate adherence of bacteria to the eggshell surface, with independent measurement of autofluorescence to quantitate cuticle deposition. S. typhimurium were localized, adhering to cracks visible on the outer cuticle in ungraded eggs, indicating that egg-associated pathogens usually enter the egg interior either through respiratory pores in eggshells or through shell micro-cracks. The results of this study can be utilized to optimize innovative methods for predictive microbiology in order to achieve egg safety.

Influence of the Weight of the Eggs of Flesh Roux and Kuroiler Breeding Hens on Their Hatching in an Incubator

To contribute to the development of poultry farming in Ivory Coast, a study was carried out in the Lakes Region, precisely in Yamoussoukro. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of egg weight on their hatching. To do this, Kuroiler (29 females and 6 males) and Chair Roux (29 females and 6 males) breeders aged 6 to 7 months were used. After rearing, 483 eggs including 230 Chair Roux eggs and 253 Kuroiler eggs were collected over twenty-one days. After identification and determination of their weight, the eggs were classified into three categories (Small eggs from 35 to 45g), Medium eggs from 46 to 55g) and Large eggs from 56 to 65g) and incubated in three incubators (Incubator 1, Incubator 2 and Incubator 3). In each incubator, the incubation performance was determined. The results showed that the average egg rate was higher (66.52% for Chair Roux eggs and 66.79% for Kuroiler eggs). Large eggs showed the highest fertility rate (95.92% for Chair Roux strain eggs, and 97.44% for Kuroiler strain eggs), followed by medium eggs (90.85% for eggs of the Chair Roux strain and 91.72% for eggs of the Kuroiler strain). In terms of the embryonic mortality rate, it was the small eggs which presented the highest rates with 17.85% for eggs of the Chair Roux strain and 26.66% for those of the Kuroiler strain. As for the actual hatching rate, large eggs recorded the highest rates (82.97% for Chair Roux eggs and 76.31% for Kuroiler strain eggs) followed by medium eggs (77.85% for Chair Roux strain eggs and 76.28% for Kuroiler strain eggs). Apart from Incubator 3 which recorded a higher embryonic mortality rate for large eggs (15.38%), Incubator 1 and Incubator 2 recorded higher rates for small eggs with respectively 11. 76% and 37.5%. In terms of the actual hatching rate, large eggs recorded the highest rates with 87.5% at Incubator 1 and 83.33%. Thus, it appears that large eggs and medium eggs are indicated to obtain a better hatching rate.

Ankaflavin and Monascin Prevent Fibrillogenesis of Hen Egg White Lysozyme: Focus on Noncovalent and Covalent Interactions.

Misfolding and amyloid fibrillogenesis of proteins have close relationships with several neurodegenerative diseases. The present work investigates the inhibitive activities of ankaflavin (AK) and monascin (MS), two yellow pigments separated from Monascus-fermented rice, on hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) fibrillation. The results demonstrated that AK/MS suppressed HEWL fibrillation through interfering with the nucleation period and AK was more potent. Fluorescence quenching and in silico docking studies revealed that AK/MS bond to HEWL by the formation of noncovalent forces with some critical amino acid residues that tend to form fibrils. Compared to those of AK, hydrogen bonding interactions between MS and Asn46, Trp62, and Trp63 residues in HEWL were slightly weaker. Besides, the covalent interaction between MS and HEWL with the binding site of Arg68 was found. These observations offered reasonable explanations for the difference in the mechanisms of AK and MS inhibiting HEWL fibrillogenesis. In a word, all data acquired herein indicated AK/MS as potent candidates for the improvement and treatment of neurological disorders.

Xylanase and phytase supplementation of Moringa oleifera diets: effects on the performance, egg quality and blood profile of laying hens

Context Moringa oleifera leaves present enormous potential as an alternative feedstuff for laying hens. The utilisation of the leaves can be improved by exogenous enzymes owing to the presence of non-starch polysaccharides and phytate. Aims This study evaluated the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOL) in diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase on laying hen performance and egg quality at peak production. Methods In total, 288 Dekalb White laying hens (32 weeks old) were distributed in a completely randomised design, following a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (with or without MOL × 4 enzyme supplementations). Each treatment comprised six repetitions, each containing six hens. The control diet was based on ground corn and soybean meal, and the treatment diets were supplemented with 5% MOL, followed by three enzyme additives (xylanase, phytase and a xylanase + phytase blend). Key results The enzyme supplementation in MOL diets positively influenced egg production (P = 0.012), egg weight (P = 0.021) and egg mass (P = 0.009). The birds offered xylanase-supplemented diets had higher feed intakes (P = 0.015) than did those fed other diets. Moringa oleifera increased the albumen height (P &lt; 0.001) and Haugh unit (P &lt; 0.001), whereas MOL and phytase improved eggshell thickness (P &lt; 0.001) and the candling score (P = 0.049), compared with treatments without phytase supplementation. MOL and enzyme supplementation improved yolk colour intensity (L, A and R parameters) and decreased plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. The inclusion of 5% MOL in diets did not impair laying performance. However, when MOL diets were supplemented with exogenous enzymes, there was an increase in egg weight. Conclusions MOL can be included at 5% in layer diets without affecting performance. When used in combination with xylanase and phytase, they improve performance, intensify yolk colour, and improve shell thickness, candling score, as well as serum biochemical profile. Implications These findings suggest that the combination of dietary MOL + xylanase + phytase can improve performance and egg quality in laying hens at peak production.

Effects of substitution of crude palm oil with palm-pressed fibre oil on the laying hen's performance, egg production and egg quality traits.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substituting a crude palm oil (CPO) diet with palm-pressed fibre oil (PPFO) on laying hens' performance, egg production, carcass characteristic and egg quality. A total of 150 Hisex Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to five treatments: a basal diet containing 4% CPO (T1-control) and basal diets in which CPO was substituted by 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) or 100% (T5) PPFO. These diets were fed to laying hens ad libitum for 16 weeks. Compared to the T1 diet, dietary treatments T2, T3 and T4 had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, egg number, egg production, egg weight and egg mass of the laying hens during the entire experimental period. Nonetheless, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in feed intake, egg number, egg production and egg mass were observed in hens fed T5 compared to those fed the T1 (control) diet. Except for heart and spleen weights, other carcass characteristics were not affected by treatment (P < 0.05). Skin yellowness and breast meat redness increased significantly (linearly, P < 0.05) with increasing proportions of PPFO. Likewise, yolk colour scores increased in proportion to the dietary level of PPFO (linearly, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that PPFO can be used as a novel, cost-effective lipid source at a level of 3% in layer diets as a substitute for CPO to improve eggs' quality parameters without any harmful effects on laying performance.

Investigation of The Stability of The Lysozyme in Magnetic Particles for Drug Delivery

This research investigated lysozyme stability in the presence of magnetic particles for drug delivery. Lysozyme can mostly be found in the hen egg albumin, and it also acts as an essential agent, which is antibodies to fight harmful bacteria or shield the human body. The problems in this research are magnetic particles that can cause toxicity and reduce the therapy's efficiency due to the degradation of carriers (drugs). To minimise this problem, the stability and activity of the lysozyme and Fe2O3 were investigated. The structure of lysozyme and Fe2O3 before and after adding acid or alkaline was defined, and the suitability of Fe2O3 as a drug delivery was determined. The stability of the lysozyme and Fe2O3was identified using an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, and the structure was investigated using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). Different concentrations become the parameters of this research as a comparison between the samples. This research found that the combination of the lysozyme alkaline material was suitable for the body at a pH of 12.2. It also found that Fe2O3 is ideal for drug delivery in the body when the lysozyme can be carried by Fe2O3 and dissolved in the Fe2O3.

Low-dose oral food challenges.

Infants aged <1 year with confirmed food allergies generally need to avoid causative foods completely for a certain period. Low-dose oral food challenges (LD-OFCs) may be an effective strategy for safely introducing small amounts of causative foods to individuals with food allergies. This study clarified the safety of LD-OFCs in infants aged <1 year with food allergies. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of LD-OFCs performed in infants aged <1 year allergic to hen's egg, cow's milk, or wheat between April 2014 and October 2017. Approximately 1/25th-1/20th of the egg white from a heated whole hen's egg, 3 mL heated cow's milk, and 2 g wheat noodles (udon) were used as challenge foods. We examined the LD-OFC results, including the induced symptoms and treatment required for positive LD-OFC results. The LD-Egg, LD-Milk, and LD-Wheat OFC groups comprised 68, 42, and 13 participants, respectively. The positivity rates for the LD-Egg, LD-Milk, and LD-Wheat OFC groups were 7%, 24%, and 0%, respectively. Patients predominantly exhibited skin symptoms, and most were treated with oral antihistamines alone. None of the patients experienced anaphylaxis or required adrenaline injections. Infants aged <1 year with food allergies can safely undergo LD-OFCs by consuming low doses of causative foods. Avoiding the complete elimination of causative foods is an important strategy for managing infants with food allergies when initially introducing causative foods.

The Impact of In Ovo Injection of Organic Manganese on Broiler Breeder Hen Egg Hatchability and Progeny Broilers Productivity

The Impact of In Ovo Injection of Organic Manganese on Broiler Breeder Hen Egg Hatchability and Progeny Broilers Productivity

Therapeutic Porphyrin “Hemin” Binds and Unfolds Hen Egg White Lysozyme: Experimental and In Silico Approaches to Study the Interaction

AbstractHemin is an important iron‐containing porphyrin that has important therapeutic properties to control the symptoms of porphyria attacks that include pain, high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, mental changes, and so forth. Lysozyme has many applications, which include from therapeutic to preservation of foods. The interaction of hemin with an important model protein, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), has been observed in this study through hybrid in silico with biophysical studies. There was a strong 1:1 cooperative binding between hemin and HEWL, which was revealed from the strong quenching of the latter by the former. The binding was favored by the decrease in temperature, which is due to the involvement of static type of quenching mechanism in the interaction. Experimental analyses suggested that the major forces involved in the binding were polar ones, and there was an efficient energy transfer from the fluorophore to the ligand. The combination of far‐UV CD spectroscopy and Rayleigh light scattering experiments established that hemin has the strong tendency to unfold HEWL. An extensive molecular docking investigation involving 2000 docking runs recognized the preferred binding site of hemin within HEWL, and also suggested that apart from the polar forces, hydrophobic interactions have also played an important role in the binding.

Carboxylic Group Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots inhibit Hen Egg White Lysozyme Amyloidogenesis, leading to the Formation of Spherical Aggregates with Reduced Toxicity and ROS Generation.

Proteinopathies are a group of diseases where the protein structure has been altered. These alterations are linked to the production of amyloids, which are persistent, organized clumps of protein molecules through inter-molecular interactions. Several disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, have been related to the presence of amyloids. Highly ordered beta sheets or beta folds are characteristic of amyloids; these structures can further self- assemble into stable fibrils. Protein aggregation is caused by a wide variety of environmental and experimental factors, including mutations, high pH, high temperature, and chemical modification. Despite several efforts, a cure for amyloidosis has yet to be found. Due to its advantageous semi-conducting characteristics, unique optical features, high surface area-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, etc., carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have lately emerged as key instruments for a wide range of biomedical applications. To this end, we have investigated the effect of CQDs with a carboxyl group on their surface (CQD-CA) on the in vitro amyloidogenesis of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). By generating a stable compound that is resistant to fibrillation, our findings show that CQD-CA can suppress amyloid and disaggregate HEWL. In addition, CQD-CA caused the creation of non-toxic spherical aggregates, which generated much less reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, our results show that more research into amyloidosis treatments, including surface functionalized CQDs, is warranted.