Henry's Dissolution Research Articles

Characterization and CO2sorption properties of poly[methacryloxypropylheptacyclopentyl-T8-silsesquioxane-co-3-methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane

Poly[methacryloxypropylheptacyclopentyl-T8-silsesquioxane (MAPOSS)-co-3-methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (SiMA)] was synthesized through free radical polymerization. The physical and carbon dioxide (CO2) sorption properties of the copolymer membranes were investigated in terms of the MAPOSS content. As the MAPOSS content increases, the membrane density increased, suggesting a decrease in the fractional free volume. In addition, the thermal stability was improved with increasing the MAPOSS content. These are because of the polyhedraloligomericilsesquioxane (POSS) units that restrict the high mobility of poly(SiMA) segments. The glass transition temperature, Tg of the copolymers was single Tg based on the differential scanning calorimetry, suggesting that the copolymers were random and not phase separation. Based on the CO2 sorption measurement, the POSS units play a role in reducing Henry's dissolution by suppressing the mobility of the poly(SiMA) component, while POSS units increase the nonequilibrium excess free volume, which contributes to the Langmuir dissolution. Based on these results, the introduction of MAPOSS unit is one of the effective ways to improved the thermal stability and CO2 sorption property due to the enhancement of the polymer rigidity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

:The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church

Henry VIII's reformation remains among the most crucial yet misunderstood events in English history. In this substantial new account G. W. Bernard presents the king as neither confused nor a pawn in the hands of manipulative factions. Henry, a monarch who ruled as well as reigned, is revealed instead as the determining mover of religious policy throughout this momentous period. In Henry's campaign to secure a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, which led him to break with Rome, his strategy, as Bernard shows, was more consistent and more radical than historians have allowed. Henry refused to introduce Lutheranism, but rather harnessed the rhetoric of the continental reformation in support of his royal supremacy. Convinced that the church needed urgent reform, in particular the purging of superstition and idolatry, Henry's dissolution of the monasteries and the dismantling of the shrines were much more than a venal attempt to raise money. The king sought a middle way between Rome and Zurich, between Catholicism and its associated superstitions on one hand and the subversive radicalism of the reformers on the other. With a ruthlessness that verged on tyranny, Henry VIII determined the pace of change in the most important twenty years of England's religious development.

Sorption behaviors of methanol vapor by coal extracts and residues

Four Argonne coal samples (Pocahontas No.3, Upper Freeport, Illinois No.6, and Beulah-Zap coal) were extracted with a carbon disulfide–N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (CS2–NMP) mixed solvent at room temperature. To clarify the nature of the coal–methanol interaction, the mechanism of sorption, and the micropore and bulk structure of each coal fraction, sorption of methanol vapor by the extract fractions and residues was investigated using an automatic vapor adsorption apparatus. The sorption behavior of the residues with the low extraction yields was similar to that of the raw coals, regardless of rank. In contrast, the sorption for residues with the high extraction yields greatly increased compared to the raw coals, which suggests that more microporosity was formed by the extraction. For all fractions examined, experimental values were fit by the Langmuir–Henry dual-mode sorption model, which suggests that methanol sorption by the coal fractions can be explained by the adsorption on the surface described by a Langmuir isotherm and penetration (dissolution) into the bulk described by Henry's law. The Henry's dissolution constant, kD, was found to be similar in magnitude for both the extract fractions and residue from Upper Freeport coal, in agreement with the results of methanol swelling.

DIFFUSION OF ACID DYES IN NYLON 6 FILM DYED BY THE FOAM DYEING METHOD

Authors have developed a laboratory scale foam dyeing apparatus in which textiles are dyed in foams with blow ratio of 200-300. Diffusion of purified acid dyes (C. I. Acid Red 134 and Green 25) in nylon 6 film from the foam phase was studied by this apparatus with the cylindrical film-roll method. The concentration-distance profiles of the acid dyes in nylon 6 film were analyzed in terms of contribution of ionic sorption (Langmuir type sorption) and non-ionic one (Henry's dissolution). The profiles were compared with these determined by the diffusion from bulk solution, particularly with respect to the contributions of non-ionic sorption and ionic one.The results were:1) Diffusion of C. I. Acid Red 134 (dibasic dye with large hydrophobic moiety) in nylon 6 film in the foam dyeing is characterized by smaller contribution of the non-ionic sorption than that in ordinary dip dyeing even if “overdyeing” occurs. The non-ionically absorbed dye on the film bleeded easily in water.2) Both increase in surfactant concentration and decrease in dye concentration affected non-ionic sorption even in foam dyeing; therefore, interaction between dye and surfactant in foam film is similar to that in bulk liquid.3) There was only a slight difference between the diffusion behavior of C. I. Acid Green 25 (dibasic dye with moderate hydrophobic moiety) in nylon 6 film in the foam dyeing and that in the dip dyeing.