Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome Research Articles

Case-control study on associations of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in swine with feed characteristics and intestinal pathogens

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is one of the most common causes of death in fattening pigs worldwide. The objective of this descriptive study was to systematically assess predictors or causal components for the appearance of HBS using case farms (mortality rate caused by HBS ≥ 1.5%) in comparison with control farms (mortality rate caused by HBS ≤ 0.25%), focusing on feed ingredients, feed quality and size, and gastrointestinal pathogens. The inclusion of sugar beet as a feed component in liquid feeding systems was found to be associated (p = 0.03) with farms identified as HBS cases. Another predictive or causal factor found for liquid feeding systems, but only for those using meal, was particle size. A higher percentage of small particles (< 2 mm) in the meal was associated with a higher risk of being an HBS case farm (p = 0.02), while no relevant association was detected for the use of pellets. Sugar beet in the diet was also associated with the incidence of HBS.The microbial quality of the feed in dry feeding systems, specifically the number of total aerobes at the first and last outlet tubes, was associated with a higher incidence of HBS (p = 0.03). Faecal sample analysis showed a difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of B. pilosicoli in the herd category (case vs. control herd). In this descriptive study, five predictive or causal factors were identified for an HBS farm with a mortality rate due to HBS ≥ 1.5%. These included the number of aerobes in dry matter samples from the first and last feeders, the particle diameter of the meal used in liquid feeding systems and sugar beet as a component of liquid feeding rations, and the presence of B. pilosicoli as an infectious agent at animal level. Relevant associations reinforce the findings of the previously published Swiss study that HBS is a multifactorial syndrome involving different aspects of pig production and cannot be attributed to a single cause. Further studies are needed to develop evidenced based causal models for HBS in swine.

Characterization of early-stage lesions and investigation on the role of mucosal trauma in hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is characterized by a dissecting intramucosal hematoma at the small bowel, causing obstruction and severe hemorrhage in dairy cattle. Recent investigation revealed the presence of early-stage lesions in cows affected by HBS. These are presumed to be the initial stage of the hematoma, as both share unique dissection of the lamina muscularis mucosae (LMM) as histological hallmark. Early-stage lesions of HBS have not been characterized in greater detail, and neither has the hypothesis of mucosal abrasion as etiology been explored. Therefore, the first objective of the present study was to characterize the morphology of early-stage lesions, by gross examination, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The second objective was to determine the effect of mucosal abrasion to the small intestine in an ex vivo model. A total of 86 early-stage lesions from 10 cows with HBS were characterized. No underlying alterations at the LMM were evident which could explain their occurrence. However, degeneration at the ultrastructural level of the LMM smooth muscle cells was present in 3 of 4 lesions, it is however unclear whether this is primary or secondary. Bacteriological examination did not reveal any association with a specific bacterium. Experimental-induced and early-stage lesions were gross and histologically evaluated and scored in three cows with HBS and seven controls. Experimentally induced lesions in both affected cows and controls, were histologically very similar to the naturally occurring early-stage lesions. Altogether, the results are suggestive for mucosal trauma to play a role in the pathogenesis of HBS.

Is mechanical mucosal injury the hidden culprit of Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in cattle?

Is mechanical mucosal injury the hidden culprit of Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in cattle?

Epidemiology of Bovine Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Belgium and The Netherlands.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is a poorly understood, sporadic and often fatal disease in cattle. Although, HBS is considered an important disease in dairy cattle, epidemiological data is largely lacking. This study describes the epidemiology of HBS in Belgium and the Netherlands, based on necropsy records from 2009 to 2022, and reports characteristics from 27 cows and 35 dairy operations with HBS, gathered through a survey. The annual incidence of HBS has a significantly increasing trend both at cow and herd level, with incidence above 3.2% in necropsied mature dairy cattle in the most recent years. Estimated herd-level incidence in the Netherlands was double the estimated incidence in Belgium, which might be explained by higher herd size in the Netherlands. Occurrence of HBS was most prevalent in fall, being 40.1% higher than the average of the other seasons. In 35 Flemish (Belgian) surveyed dairy herds with HBS, manifestation of HBS was mostly as solitary cases, and if multiple cases occurred, the time interval was highly variable. In addition, the majority of cows with HBS (61.1%; 16/26) were in more than 100 days lactation. In conclusion, HBS is an important and possibly emerging disease in dairy cattle in Belgium and the Netherlands.

Housing and management factors and breed predisposition for haemorrhagic bowel syndrome in swine

BackgroundHaemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is a sporadically occurring disorder characterized by sudden death in pigs in combination with a pale and bloated carcass with no prior signs of disease. Most often HBS is affecting fattening pigs. Due to the good general health and performance before death as well as the time point of disease shortly prior to slaughter, this syndrome means a significant economic impact for the farm and is a major animal welfare concern. Furthermore, the cause or the causing agents have not yet been identified even though it is a worldwide known problem. The aim of this study was to detect possible risk factors for the occurrence of HBS with the focus on risk factors on herd level.ResultsManagement and feeding strategies of 97 Swiss fattening herds with high and low HBS incidence were assessed and examined to identify risk factors for the disease. Having only pigs sired by the PREMO® breed in the herd showed to be a significant risk factor for HBS (Odds Ratio (OR) = 147) as compared to having other breeds or a mixture of multiple breeds. Furthermore, pigs from two or more origins per batch compared to having only one origin per batch significantly increased the disease risk (OR = 52). Farms with 1 decimetre greater feeding place width per finisher pig have a lower HBS incidence (OR = 0.07). The frequency of cleaning of the distribution pipes (split up into categories, e.g. once a month) was associated with being a HBS case farm (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe four factors identified in this study for the occurrence of HBS represent different aspects of the environment and management. This leads to the assumption that it is a multifactorial syndrome and a thorough examination of each herd individually is necessary to mitigate disease risk. This study suggests that part of the susceptibility to HBS is genetically determined. The reduction of HBS in the herd should be the main objective to improve the economic status of the herd and improve animal welfare.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: Gross, histological, and microbiological characterization.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is a sporadic and fatal disease of predominantly lactating dairy cattle, characterized by segmental hemorrhage and luminal clot formation in the small intestine. Although, Clostridium perfringens and Aspergillus fumigatus have been associated with HBS, the pathogenesis and cause are currently unknown. In this study, 18 naturally occurring cases of HBS (7 necropsied immediately following euthanasia, 11 with 12-48 hour postmortem intervals) were investigated to characterize the pathology and the intestinal microbiome. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome was characterized by a single small-intestinal, intramucosal hematoma with dissection of the lamina muscularis mucosae. In most cases necropsied immediately after euthanasia (4/7), the intestinal mucosa proximal to the hematoma contained 9 to 14, dispersed, solitary or clustered, erosions or lacerations measuring 4 to 45 mm. In 77% (37/48) of these mucosal lesions, microscopic splitting of the lamina muscularis mucosae comparable to the hematoma was present. These findings suggest the intramucosal hematoma to originate from small mucosal erosions through dissecting hemorrhage within the lamina muscularis mucosae. No invasive fungal growth was observed in any tissue. Bacteriological cultivation and nanopore sequencing showed a polymicrobial population at the hematoma and unaffected intestine, with mostly mild presence of C perfringens at selective culture. Gross and microscopic lesions, as well as the culture and sequencing results, were not in support of involvement of C perfringens or A fumigatus in the pathogenesis of HBS.

Sudden death associated with bleeding into digestive system of finishing pigs – a review

Sudden deaths of finishing pigs in modern pig herds cause economic losses and therefore draw constant attention worldwide. In the case of peracute mortality associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, pigs usually die during a short period without clinical manifestations. Necropsy can detect bleeding into various parts of the digestive system. Determining the exact aetiology of the sudden death can be difficult in many cases. Diseases and conditions such as gastric ulcers, abdominal torsion, haemorrhagic bowel syndrome and infectious diseases should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis. Because some of these diseases still have an unclear aetiology and pathogenesis, the aim of our work was to provide a summary of existing knowledge as well as to describe related pathognomonic pathological changes.

Prognostic utility of pre- and postoperative plasma l-lactate measurements in hospitalized cows with acute abdominal emergencies

The aim of the present analyses was to compare the prognostic value of pre- and postoperative l-lactate measurements in hospitalized cows requiring surgical intervention for an acute abdominal emergency, such as gastrointestinal ileus or peritonitis. For this purpose, we analyzed data from retro- and prospective case series, consisting of 754 and 98 cows, respectively. Plasma l-lactate concentrations (L-LAC) were determined upon admission to the hospital (both study populations), immediately before initiation of surgical intervention (prospective study population), and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h later (prospective study population). The outcome of cows was evaluated until hospital discharge (both study populations) and 3 mo after discharge by a phone call to the farmer (prospective study population). A negative outcome was defined as death or euthanasia during hospitalization, or if discharged animals had an unsatisfied owner or were culled for medical reasons that were directly related to the initial abdominal emergency. For the retrospective study population, the overall survival rate until hospital discharge was 66%. Cows with a negative outcome (median: 6.81 mmol/L) had significantly higher L-LAC than cows with a positive outcome (3.66 mmol/L) of therapy. At the individual diagnosis level, L-LAC was associated with mortality in cows with a diagnosis of abomasal volvulus, local peritonitis, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, and jejunal volvulus. Considering the whole study population, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.66. For the prospective study population, the proportion of cows with a positive outcome was 65% until hospital discharge and 61% after the 3-mo observation period. At all sampling times, before and during the first 12 h after surgical intervention, cows with a negative outcome had significantly higher L-LAC than cows with a positive outcome. The largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for L-LAC was observed at 6 h (0.89). A cut-point of 1.77 mmol/L was identified, which had a sensitivity and specificity for predicting a negative outcome until hospital discharge of 88.9 and 73.4%, respectively. The present analyses confirmed previous findings in calves and show that persistent hyper-l-lactatemia during the early postoperative period is a more reliable indicator for a negative outcome than hyper-l-lactatemia before initiation of surgical intervention.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is relatively common disease in dairy and beef cattle which has high fatality rate. It is classified as acute, sporadic and necrohemorrhagic enteritis. It is commonly seen in highly productive dairy cattle. The cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is unclear and the pathogenesis is not well-understood. As a primary etiologic agent Clostridium perfringens type A has been strongly proposed and its alpha and beta2 toxin are suggested to have an important role in occurence of the disease. Disease especially occur in lactating dairy cows in the first 3 months of lactation. Ration is seem to be the most important predisposing factor in the development of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Severe toxemia (enterotoxemia) and intense hemorrhage in the small intestine cause pathological changes in the intestine. The blood clots in the intestinal lumen, a specific finding of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome can only be demonstrated in 19% of affected cows. Diagnosis is often based on the clinical, ultrasound and necropsy findings and also with differential diagnosis of other haemorrhagic enteritis caused by salmonellosis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea and coccidiosis etc. Prognosis is poor and fatality rate is nearly 100% despite intensive medical and surgical therapy. The use of feed additives, good nutritional management and vaccine administration are recommended for disease control.

127 A novel find of a Feed NSPase Enzyme, Natugrain® TS, reducing finish pig hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mortality

Abstract This study presents a novel find of a Feed NSPase Enzyme, Natugrain TS, reducing finish pig hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) mortality. A total of 3,750 weaned pigs (28 kg), (PIC 337 x Camborough), were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (25 pigs/pen x 5 treatments x 30 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and were fed mash corn/soy/DDGs diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. Treatments were T1= 0 g/MT Natugrain TS, T2= 100 g/MT Natugrain TS, T3= 150 g/MT Natugrain TS, T4= 200 g/MT Natugrain TS and T5= 250 g/MT Natugrain TS. At the finishing phase, Natugrain TS significantly decreased intestinal E. coli log 10 (7.12, 4.95, 4.02, 3.21 and 3.25 log 10, P &lt; 0.05, respectively), significantly decreased intestinal lesion score (0–5 score) (4.21, 4.02, 2.98, 2.25 and 2.26, P &lt; 0.05, respectively). Microbiota was analyzed in fresh, manually collected, rectum fecal samples. Microbiota was separated into prevalent in Natugrain TS control (0) and 200 g/ton. In the control treatment, there was a prevalence of Desulfoyibrio, Oscillospira, Campylobacter, Anearoctruncus, Mogibacterium and Brachyspirae, etc., while in the 200 g/ton treatment there was a prevalence of Synergistales, Burkolderiales, Dehabacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bacilli, etc. Natugrain TS significantly decreased mortality (4.8, 3.6, 2.7, 1.9 and 2.1 %, P &lt; 0.05, respectively), significantly decreased specifically HBS mortality (3.50, 1.98, 0.68, 0.40 and 0.46%, P &lt; 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, Natugrain TS changed the microbiome by breaking down arabinoxylans, decreasing intestinal E. coli and intestinal lesion score, changing the microbiota to prevalent Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bacilli, and Natugrain TS up to 200 g/ton specifically decreasing hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mortality from 3.5% to 0.5%.

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

Anemia in ruminants is an abnormal condition characterized by the decrease of the hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume, PCV), the mass of erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs) and/or hemoglobin. Anemia is classified as hemolytic, hemorrhagic or anemia caused by the decreased production of erythrocytes; the first two categories are characterized by a regenerative response. Hemorrhagic anemia can be caused by ectoparasites or parasites of the gastrointestinal system, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers, vena cava thrombosis as well as from the genitourinary tract. In addition, primary and secondary hemostatic disorders can be accompanied by hemorrhagic anemia. Hemoparasites, toxins produced from Clostridium perfringens type D and Clostridium hemolyticum and leptospirosis are some of the causes of hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, certain plants, drugs or heavy metals and lack of certain trace elements can cause hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has also been reported in ruminants. The reduced production of erythrocytes can be caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or iron, as well as by chronic diseases. Pathologic conditions of bone marrow like inflammatory or neoplastic cells filtration and hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow are related to reduced production of erythrocytes. After laboratory confirmation by complete blood count analysis, history taking, clinical examination of the animal and specific test depending on the case, are required for the diagnostic approach of anemia and especially for etiological diagnosis. Tachycardia, tachypnea, icterus, mucosal pallor as well as specific symptoms of the underlying disease are observed during the clinical examination of the animal. FAMACHA technique is widely used for the clinical diagnosis and the assessment of the severity of anemia. With respect to complete blood count, apart from the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytes indices as Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) are contributing to the classification of anemia. The size and the shape of the erythrocytes, the appearance of inclusions and reticulocytes, which are indicative of regenerative anemia, are evaluated in blood smear. Rarely, examination of bone marrow is carried out, for the differentiation of anemia as regenerative or non-regenerative. In particular, the confirmation of immune- mediate anemia is based on Coomb’s test for the detection of autoagglutination. Except from hemorrhage, blood loss is detected at urinalysis or feces microscopy for the presence of blood and/or parasites. Finally, serological and molecular techniques for the detection of infectious agents, as well as specific toxicological analysis are performed in various biological materials.

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome in fattening pigs

BackgroundHaemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is a sporadically occurring disorder in fattening pigs, characterized by sudden death in combination with severe abdominal distension and intense red colouration of the intestine. Deep understanding of aetiology and pathogenesis of HBS are still lacking, although several risk factors are known.Case presentationIn a continuously stocked fattening farm with 1500 pigs and liquid feeding based on whey, the mortality rate increased from 1.7% to 3.5% during summer time. Sporadic sudden death of growing pigs occurred along with severe abdominal distension as the main sign in these animals. All batches arriving at the farm received in-feed medication with Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (2 mg/kg body weight/day; according to the license for use in Switzerland) due to detection of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in the past, although a partial sanitation had been conducted thereafter. No changes of the origins, housing and the feeding procedure were reported. A herd examination was conducted revealing a hygiene problem in the feeding system. For further diagnostics a necropsy was performed, showing a pale carcass with a bloated abdomen due to a haemorrhagic infarction of part of the small intestine caused by a mesenteric torsion. Furthermore, a feed analysis was conducted, revealing a pH-value of 5 in the liquid feed, and a severe contamination with Enterobacteriaceae was detected. Based on these examinations, HBS was diagnosed. Subsequently, the farmer controlled the pH-value of the liquid feed with formic acid, improved the cleaning procedure of the liquid feeding system and stopped the in-feed medication. Following the implementation of these measures, key performance indicators improved significantly, but 4 months later the same clinical manifestation occurred again. This time huge variations in the pH-value of the liquid feed between different feeding times were recorded and were attributed to improper mixing of the formic acid in the whey tank. After implementation of a technical solution to control the pH-value, the health status improved again.ConclusionIn the present case, it is likely that the cause of the clinical manifestation of HBS was a contamination of Enterobacteriaceae in the liquid feed facilitated by a hygiene problem in the feeding system, and a chronic dysbacteriosis of the intestinal tract due to the non-justified routine use of antimicrobials. Speculatively, the prophylactic antimicrobial treatment was unnecessary and might even have exacerbated the clinical problem.

Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Fattenig Pigs

Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the possible causes of sudden death in fattening pigs associated with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) in a commercial pig farm (Eastern Slovakia). The etiology and pathogenesis of haemorrhagic bowel syndrome is not clearly defined within the scientific community. For this reason, clinical examination and sampling from 90 kg finisher pigs was done. Samples of blood, faeces, and rectal swabs were taken for haematological, serological, bacteriological, virological, and parasitological examination. Necropsy and sampling was also conducted on the carcasses of 90 kg finisher pigs that died peracutely during the investigation period. Three weeks later, during slaughter of the same group of pigs, goal-directed investigation and sampling from the gastrointestinal system for histological examination was performed. Results show the presence of bloody diarrhoea caused by L. intracellularis, C. perfringens typ A and haemolytic E. coli. Inflammation and loss of blood led to moderate normochromic (haemoglobin 12.85±0.95 g.dl-1) normocytic anaemia (erythrocytes 3.38±0.17 T.l-1), hydremia (haematocrit 0.17±0.01 l.l-1) and mild leukocytosis (18.7±4.68 G.l-1). Diagnostic necropsy confirmed the picture of “haemorrhagic bowel syndrome„ caused by infection and subsequent enterotoxemia without presence of gastric or intestinal displacement. Slaughter examination showed picture of proliferative ileitis typical for L. intracellularis. On the basis of our examinations, a major role in haemorrhagic bowel syndrome played infectious agents such as L. intracellularis, C. perfringens typ A and haemolytic E. coli. Negative findings of salmonellosis, dysentery, feed mycotoxins, intestinal parasites, and pollution of drinking water exclude these factors from the etiology of haemorrhagic bowel syndrome.

Pathological findings of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) in six dairy cattle cases.

Six adult dairy cows clinically diagnosed as hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) were the subjects of this study. The involved intestinal lesions were fixed in formalin and examined macroscopically and histopathologically. Pathological examinations revealed large intramural hematomas with necrotic foci, resulting in luminal obstruction. The mucosal layer in the lesions was detached from the intestinal wall, and there were no hemorrhagic changes in the lumen. The intramural hematomas were sometimes covered with histologically intact mucosal layer. These pathological findings were not consistent with those of “intraluminal blood clots” reported previously. Gram-positive and anti-Clostridium antibody-positive short bacilli were found in hemorrhagic necrotic areas. However, the exact relationship between Clostridium spp. observed in the lesions and HBS remains unclear, because this bacterium is a normal inhabitant in cattle.

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in A Holstein Cow - Case Report

Summary In this report, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) was defined pathologically for the first time in Turkey in a Holstein dairy cow. It was reported that a 4-year-old cow died suddenly with symptoms of loss of appetite, decreased milk yield, dehydration, and abdominal bloating in a dairy farm. Grossly, serosa of jejunum was observed with dark red color and its lumen was completely filled with blood clots. Some parts of jejunum lumen were narrowed due to submucosal and intramural bleeding. Microscopically, necro-hemorrhagic enteritis, and eosinophilic granulocyte and mononuclear cell infiltrations with extensive submucosal hemorrhages were observed. In addition, Gram-positive, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacteria were seen intensively around of bleeding areas in the lamina propria. The death was concluded to be associated with HBS by macroscopic and microscopic findings, characteristic for the syndrome and in accordance with the literature evaluating this case. HBS causes significant losses in dairy cattle in many countries of the world. This report aimed to point out the importance of the topic, which is the first case report of HBS in Turkey, where dairy cow enterprises are growing rapidly.

Clinical findings and treatment in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

The clinical, haematological and biochemical findings, treatment and outcome of 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome are described. The general condition and demeanor were moderately to severely abnormal in all the cows. Signs of colic occurred in 27 cows, decreased rectal temperature in 46 and tachycardia in 44. With the exception of one cow, intestinal motility was decreased or absent. Transrectal palpation revealed dilatation of the rumen in 47 cows and dilatation of the small intestine in 18. Faecal output was markedly reduced or absent, and the faeces were dark brown to black and contained blood. Nine cows were euthanized immediately after physical examination. Conservative medical therapy was instituted in two cows; however, both were euthanized a few days later because of deterioration in condition. Exploratory right flank laparotomy was carried out in 52 cows. Of these, 22 were euthanized intraoperatively because of severe lesions. In 27 cows, intestinal massage to reduce the size of blood clots was carried out; 11 were euthanized several days postoperatively because of deterioration in condition. In three other cows, intestinal resection was carried out and all survived. Of the 63 cows, 19 (30.2%) survived and were healthy at the time of discharge from the clinic.

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME IN DAIRY CATTLE IN IRAN: A CASE REPORT

Summary Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is a highly fatal intestinal disease of adult dairy cattle with uncertain cause. In a dairy herd in Khorasan Razavi province, Northeast of Iran, two cows showed depression, anorexia, decrease in milk production, ruminal hypomotility, bruxism and dehydration. At necropsy, massive hemorrhage and clot formation was observed within the jejunum and bacterial culture of the intestinal ingesta and lesions showed the presence of a large number of Clostridium perfringens. Subacute ruminal acidosis was detected in fresh and mid-lactation cows. This report shows the possibility of diagnosis of other hemorrhagic bowel syndrome cases in dairy cows in Iran.

Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome were examined by ultrasonography. A 5.0 MHz linear transducer was used to scan the right side of 63 standing, non-sedated cows. The small intestine was...

Corrigendum

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series AVolume 54, Issue 1 p. 55-55 Free Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Dairy Cattle: Possible Role of Clostridium perfringens Type A in the Disease Complex L. Ceci, P. Paradies, M. Sasanelli, D. De Caprariis, F. Guarda, M.T. Capucchio, G. Carelli, Volume 53Issue 10Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A pages: 518-523 First Published online: November 14, 2006 First published: 23 January 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00924.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat In Ceci (2006) an error was published on pages 520–521. Figure 3 and figure 4 in this paper should have the figure legends interchanged. These should read: Fig. 3 Jejunum: severe necro-haemorrhagic enteritis with the presence of numerous venous thrombin (arrows) in the sub-mucosa (haema- toxylin and eosin 100×). Fig. 4 Large haematomas in the sub-mucosa exiting in elevation of the mucosa away from the sub-mucosa with loss of the bowel mucosa in that area (haematoxylin and eosin 40×). We would like to apologize for this error. Reference In Ceci, L., P. Paradies, M. Sasanelli, D. De Caprariis, F. Guarda, M.T. Capucchio & G. Carelli, 2006: Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: possible role of Clostridium perfringens Type A in the disease complex. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 53, 518– 523. Digitisation of the Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A Blackwell Publishing is to digitise the entire run of the Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A back to volume one, issue one. The back files, which have been defined as all of those issues published before 1997, will be sold to libraries as part of Blackwell Publishing's Legacy Sales Programme and hosted on the Blackwell Synergy website. Copyright of all material will remain with the rights holder. Contributors: please contact Blackwell Publishing if you do not wish an article or picture from the Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A to be included in this digitisation project. Volume54, Issue1February 2007Pages 55-55 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Dairy Cattle: Possible Role of Clostridium perfringens Type A in the Disease Complex

A survey based on clinical, pathological and microbiological investigations was performed on 11 Brown Swiss cattle affected with depression, anorexia, agalaxia, ruminal hypomotility, abdominal pain and melaena. In eight animals, macroscopical lesions consisted in haemorrhagic enteritis in the small intestine. Seven of eight isolates from tissue samples were identified as Clostridum perfringens type A, and four were identified as C. perfringens type A with the beta2 toxin gene. Based on these observations, animals were considered affected with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome.