Mouse Hemoglobin Research Articles

Comparison and evaluation of the methods for measuring hemolytic activity of <i>Stomolophus meleagris</i> jellyfish tentacle extract

Hemolytic activity assessment is a widely used method to evaluate the toxicity of marine organisms, including jellyfish. However, there are some challenges associated with testing hemolytic activity. In this study, four methods were employed to compare the hemolytic activity of jellyfish tentacle extract (TE). Firstly, a microplate reader was used to compare the mouse hemoglobin solution at three different wavelengths (415 nm, 541 nm, and 576 nm), and the most sensitive wavelength was selected for further experiments. Secondly, photomicrograph counting was used to determine the number of complete red blood cells in the field of view. Thirdly, a microplate reader was used to test hemolytic activity in a 96-well plate at 415 nm. Fourthly, a Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) kit was used to test the concentration of hemoglobin in the solution. Finally, a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was used to test hemolytic activity at 415 nm. Among the three wavelengths tested, the absorption value was most sensitive at 415 nm. The photomicrograph counting method was able to reflect changes in the shape of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). The microplate reader method may exhibit deviations when the solution concentration is high, while external factors could influence the BCA kit when the toxin concentration in the experimental group is low. The spectrophotometer method was found to be relatively accurate and sensitive to changes. When optimizing the method, it is important to consider the applicability of the Beer-Lambert law and the concentration of solutions.

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Facilitate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation via the Jagged-1/Notch-1/Hes Signaling Pathway.

Poor graft function (PGF) is a life-threatening complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Current therapies, such as CD34+ cell infusion, have shown limited effectiveness. Conversely, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show potential in addressing PGF. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) effectively support long-term hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the long-term hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs. ADSCs were isolated from mice and subsequently identified. In vitro experiments involved coculturing ADSCs as feeders with Lin-Sca-1+c-kit+ (LSK) cells from mice for 2 and 5 weeks. The number of LSK cells was quantified after coculture. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe the interaction between ADSCs and LSK cells. Hes-1 expression was assessed using western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. An γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was used to confirm the involvement of the Jagged-1/Notch-1/Hes-1 pathway in LSK cell expansion. Additionally, Jagged-1 was knocked down in ADSCs to demonstrate its significance in ADSC-mediated hematopoietic support. In vivo experiments were conducted to study the hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs through the infusion of LSK, LSK + fibroblasts, and LSK + ADSCs, respectively. Mouse survival, platelet count, leukocyte count, and hemoglobin levels were monitored. ADSCs showed high-Jagged-1 expression and promoted LSK cell proliferation. There was a direct interaction between ADSCs and LSK cells. After coculture, Hes-1 expression increased in LSK cells. Moreover, GSI-reduced LSK cell proliferation and Hes-1 expression. Knockdown of Jagged-1 attenuated ADSCs-mediated promotion of LSK cell proliferation. Furthermore, ADSCs facilitated hematopoietic recovery and promoted the survival of NOD/SCID mice. The hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs both in vivo and in vitro may be mediated, at least in part, through the Jagged-1/Notch-1 signaling pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ADSCs-mediated hematopoietic support and may have implications for improving the treatment of PGF following HSCT.

The oxygen transport cascade and exercise: Lessons from comparative physiology

Studies of animal physiology not only provide valuable knowledge for the species in question, but also offer insights into human physiology. This thought is best highlighted by the ‘Krogh Principle’, which states “for many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied”. This graphical review focuses on three distinct stages of the oxygen transport cascade in which human exercise physiology knowledge has been enhanced by studies carried out in animal models. We begin by exploring ventilation, and the detrimental effects of cold, dry air on the airways in two sets of elite athletes, the cross-country skier and the racing sled dog. We then discuss the transport of oxygen via hemoglobin in humans and deer mice with relatively shifted oxygen dissociation curves. Finally, we consider the technical difficulties of measuring respiratory muscle blood flow in exercising humans and how an equine model can provide an understanding of the distribution of blood flow during exercise. These cases illustrate the complementary nature of physiological studies across species.

Flow chamber staining modality for real-time inspection of dynamic phenotypes in multiple histological stains.

Traditional histological stains, such as hematoxylin-eosin (HE), special stains, and immunofluorescence (IF), have defined myriads of cellular phenotypes and tissue structures in a separate stained section. However, the precise connection of information conveyed by the various stains in the same section, which may be important for diagnosis, is absent. Here, we present a new staining modality-Flow chamber stain, which complies with the current staining workflow but possesses newly additional features non-seen in conventional stains, allowing for (1) quickly switching staining modes between destain and restain for multiplex staining in one single section from routinely histological preparation, (2) real-time inspecting and digitally capturing each specific stained phenotype, and (3) efficiently synthesizing graphs containing the tissue multiple-stained components at site-specific regions. Comparisons of its stains with those by the conventional staining fashions using the microscopic images of mouse tissues (lung, heart, liver, kidney, esophagus, and brain), involving stains of HE, Periodic acid-Schiff, Sirius red, and IF for Human IgG, and mouse CD45, hemoglobin, and CD31, showed no major discordance. Repetitive experiments testing on targeted areas of stained sections confirmed the method is reliable with accuracy and high reproducibility. Using the technique, the targets of IF were easily localized and seen structurally in HE- or special-stained sections, and the unknown or suspected components or structures in HE-stained sections were further determined in histological special stains or IF. By the technique, staining processing was videoed and made a backup for off-site pathologists, which facilitates tele-consultation or -education in current digital pathology. Mistakes, which might occur during the staining process, can be immediately found and amended accordingly. With the technique, a single section can provide much more information than the traditional stained counterpart. The staining mode bears great potential to become a common supplementary tool for traditional histopathology.

Test The Potency Of Guava Leaf And Banyan Leaf Extract On Increasing Hemoglobin In Mice

Guava leaf plants (Psidium guajava) and banyan leaf plants (Ficus benjamina) contain compounds that include polyphenols, flavonoids, carotene, tannins, and iron which have the potential to increase hemoglobin levels and prevent anemia. Research has been carried out with the aim of observing the effect of banyan leaf extract and guava leaf extract on hemoglobin levels in the blood of mice. The administration of banyan leaf extract and guava leaf extract was carried out for 14 consecutive days in mice with the same dose of 300 mg/kg/day. The results showed that banyan leaf extract could increase hemoglobin levels by 40.36% while guava leaf extract increased by 45.79%. So it can be concluded that the administration of guava leaf extract and banyan leaf is proven to increase haemoglobin levels

DDB1 and CUL4 Associated Factor 7 (DCAF7) Is Essential for Hematopoiesis

Mutations in DDB1 And CUL4 Associated Factor 7 (DCAF7) have been detected in a subset of patients with Myeloid Leukemia in Down syndrome. DCAF7 is a highly conserved WD40 domain protein with 100% homology among vertebrates and is a prominent binding partner of DYRK1A, a kinase located on chromosome 21. Analysis of the DepMap database revealed that hematopoietic cell lines are highly dependent on DCAF7 compared to cell lines from other tumors. However, the function of DCAF7 during normal hematopoiesis is currently unknown. Thus, we aimed to study its function in hematopoietic cell lines and in a conditional knockout mouse model. We first deleted DCAF7 from a panel of hematopoietic cell lines by CRISPR/Cas9 editing and observed its absence led to cell cycle arrest and decreased proliferation. Rescue experiments in which a CRISPR resistant DCAF7 allele was expressed in the targeted clones restored proliferation and cell cycling. A comparison of RNA-seq data between parental HEL cells and those without DCAF7 showed decreased expression of genes involved in differentiation, TNF signaling and the IFN pathway, indicating that DCAF7 is important for cell differentiation. Next, we created a Dcaf7 conditionally targeted mouse strain (Dcaf7F/F Mx-1 Cre) and assessed its role in hematopoiesis in vivo. Following Cre induction by pIpC, we observed a decrease in white blood cells, hemoglobin and platelet counts in KO mice. Analysis of the bone marrow showed an accumulation of LT-HSCs and multipotent progenitors. In addition, we observed a defect in the generation of B-cells, reminiscent of the phenotype observed upon Dyr1ka deletion. We then tested the recovery of Dcaf7 KO hematopoietic cells after different types of stress, which included ex-vivo culture, transplantation, and myelosuppression. Dcaf7 deficient HSCs showed defective expansion in PVA-containing media and poor differentiation in single cell colony assays in methylcellulose. In non-competitive transplants, KO cells reconstituted hematopoiesis although the number of mature myeloid and lymphoid cells was dramatically decreased. In competitive transplants, Dcaf7 KO cells were outcompeted by wild-type cells. Lastly, upon myelosuppression with 5-FU, Dcaf7 deficient mice were not able to recover and died acutely. Overall, these results indicate that DCAF7 plays a critical role in HSCs during homeostasis and regeneration. To uncover the mechanisms by which DCAF7 contributes to hematopoiesis, we performed IP-MS using tagged DCAF7 as bait in a hematopoietic cell line. In addition to DYRK1A, we found that DCAF7 interacts with multiple components of the polycomb repressive complex1 (PRC1), specifically the non-canonical PRC1.5 complex, which has been previously implicated in gene activation and transcription. We confirmed that DCAF7 engages in the PRC1.5 complex by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Upon DCAF7 absence the size the PRC1 complex shifts towards a lower molecular weight, indicating that DCAF7 is a core subunit of the complex. We then performed RNASeq analysis in sorted LT-HSCs (Lin-cKit+Sca1+CD48-CD150+) and found that 70% of the differentially expressed genes were downregulated in KO cells. These downregulated genes were associated with diminished activation of GATA1, GATA2, RUNX1 and SP1 target genes, in agreement with the functional role of the PRC1.5 complex in gene activation and cell differentiation. Together our results reveal that DCAF7 regulates hematopoiesis by participating in transcriptional regulatory complexes, and we predict that DCAF7 mutations contribute to leukemia by cooperating with DYRK1A and altering the activity of the PRC1 complex.

Resveratrol-nitric oxide donor hybrid effect on priapism in sickle cell and nitric oxide-deficient mouse.

BackgroundChildren and adult with sickle cell disease (SCD) display priapism associated with low nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and oxidative stress in penis.AimThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of hybrid compound RVT-FxMe, derived from resveratrol bearing a NO-donor subunit, on two murine model that display priapism phenotype, SCD transgenic mice and endothelial NO synthase gene-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice.MethodsWild-type, SCD, and eNOS-/- mice were treated with RVT-FxMe (25 mg/kg/d, 2 weeks).OutcomesHematological parameters, concentration-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as well as to electrical field stimulation (EFS), were obtained in mice corpus cavernosum strips.ResultsCorpus cavernosum relaxations to SNP and EFS were increased in eNOS-/- group, which were normalized by RVT-FxMe treatment. SCD mice exhibited an excessive CC relaxant response induced by ACh, EFS and SNP RVT-FxMe treatment did not change the increased relaxant responses to ACh, EFS and SNP in corpus cavernosum from SCD group.Clinical translationExcess of plasma hemoglobin in SCD may interfere in pharmacological activity of NO donors compounds.Strength/LimitationsWhile mechanistic data with promising potential is showed, the current study is not without limitations. RVT-FxMe effects in the mid- and long-term warrant complementary studies.ConclusionTreatment with RVT-FxMe reversed the enhanced NO-cGMP-mediated CC relaxations in eNOS-/- mice, but not in SCD mice; it is likely that excess of plasma hemoglobin in SCD mice act to inactivate NO before it reaches soluble guanylyl cyclase, avoiding restoration of NO bioavailability in penis.

The polysaccharides from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. confer anti-diabetic effect by regulating gut microbiota and intestinal barrier

The antidiabetic effect and potential mechanisms of the polysaccharides from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. (LBPs) by the mouse model of high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes were investigated. Six-week oral administration of LBPs (200 mg/kg/day) resulted in improvement in the levels of fasting blood glucose (13.51% decrease) and glycated hemoglobin and β-cell function in diabetic mice, and simultaneously induced a 3.3-fold increment in one taxon belonging to genus Allobaculum in gut bacterial community. The experiments of fecal microbiota transplantation and antibiotics treatment confirmed that the LBPs-mediated gut microbiota participated in the glycemic control of the diabetes management. Moreover, LBPs intervention guarded the intestinal barrier function via upregulating the expression of zonula occludens 1 both in vivo (analyzing the gut permeability in diabetic mice) and in vitro (using intestinal-like Caco-2/RAW264.7 cells co-culture inflammation model). Collectively, our study showed that LBPs could confer anti-diabetic effect through modifying gut microbiota and intestinal barrier.

Antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa Lina against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in Swiss albino mice

Background: Since chemical anticancer drugs are found to have adverse effect on body, nowadays people are motivated towards natural agents to treat cancer. Fruits and vegetables are potential source of natural anticancer agents that protect our body against cancer by scavenging and neutralizing free radicals. Objective: The study was aimed to explore antioxidant and anticancer properties of methanolic extract of leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (MEHSL). Methods: In vitro assays were used to examine the different types of phytochemical content and antioxidant properties of MEHSL. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to study the effects of MEHSL on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Chemical constituents were also analyzed by GC–MS. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of MEHSL were found to be 26.23±0.30 and 131.13±1.40 mg/g of extract in terms of gallic acid and catechin equivalent, respectively. The MEHSL exhibited remarkable scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation with IC50 values 6.768, 11.54, 29.84 and 17.55, respectively, compared to the positive control, catechin. In vitro cytotoxic study shows that MEHSL reduced the viability of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in dose dependent manner. In in vivo, significant inhibition of EAC cells growth and proliferation, reduction of tumor weight and increased of survival time of EAC-bearing mice were noted following by intraperitoneal MEHSL treatment at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/ kg/day (p<0.05). Moreover, the MEHSL also altered the depleted hematological parameters like RBC, WBC, and percentage of hemoglobin (Hb %) of EAC bearing mice towards normal. Furthermore, administration of MEHSL induced apoptosis of EAC cells as observed in Hoechst-33342 stained cells under fluorescence microscope. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.845%), hexadecanoic acid (9.858%), linolenic acid methyl ester (2.142%), 9,12- -octadecadien -1-Ol (2.063), alpha-glyceryl linolenate (6.138), arachidic acid (23.280%) and phthalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl 2-ethylhexyl ester (74.926%) were identified as the major constituents of MEHSL by GC-MS analysis. Conclusion: Findings of the present study suggested that the leaves of H. sabdariffa can therefore be considered as a promising resource in cancer chemotherapy. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(2): 156-164

Quamoclit angulata extract supplementation attenuates hepatic damage via regulation of AMPK/SIRT associated hepatic lipid metabolism in streptozotocin and high fat diet–induced T2DM mice

Quamoclit angulata (QA) is a species of the Convolvulaceae family and has a regulatory effect on glucose homeostasis. However, the effects of QA on hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that QA extract (QAE) would alleviate hepatic damage through regulation of hepatic lipid accumulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM was induced by streptozotocin-high-fat diet in C57BL6 male mice for 8 weeks. The diabetic mice were supplemented with QAE at low dose (5 mg/kg) or high dose (HQ, 10 mg/kg) by oral gavage every day for 12 weeks. Histopathological changes in hepatic tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the protein levels of biomarkers related to AMP-activation kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)-associated lipid metabolism were measured using Western blotting. QAE supplementation ameliorated plasma insulin and glycated hemoglobin in diabetic mice. Furthermore, QAE decreased hepatic lipid accumulation demonstrated by hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. QAE supplementation induced hepatic AMPK, which activates SIRT1 accompanied by reduced lipogenesis in the HQ group. These changes were partially explained by the amelioration of advanced glycation end product, hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in diabetic mice. Altogether, QAE would be a potential nutraceutical to prevent hepatic damage by regulation of AMPK/SIRT1-associated lipid metabolism through oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in T2DM.

Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species

BackgroundThe stems of Kadsura interior A. C. Smith are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Kadsurae Caulis, with the traditional efficacy of tonifying and invigorating the blood, therefore being favored to treat blood deficiency (BD) widely. However, the stems of K. interior and its closely related species are morphologically similar and they may readily be misused as Kadsurae Caulis, thus likely to exert negative effects on clinical efficacy and clinical medication safety.MethodsFirstly, blood tonic efficacies of the stems of K. interior (KIS) and its closely related species were compared using BD mouse model induced by 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX). Secondly, the chemical constituents from the stems of K. interior and its closely related species were evaluated and compared using a plant metabolomics approach. Plant metabolomics in this study aims at discovering differential metabolites and comprehensively assessing the chemical constituents by combining state-of-the-art high-resolution UPLC-Q/TOF–MS/MS technique and multivariate data analysis. Finally, based on the pharmacological data and the chemical constituents in UPLC-Q/TOF–MS fingerprints, the potential blood tonic active markers were screened by the spectrum-effect relationship analysis and quantified by UPLC-UV-DAD.ResultsThe ethanol extract of the stems of K. interior significantly increased the levels of hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and red blood cells (RBC) in BD mice. In addition, it significantly increased the serum levels of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in BD mice (P < 0.01). The blood tonic efficacy of the stems of K. interior was superior to those of its closely related species, especially at the dose of 200 mg/kg. Six differential compounds in the stems of K. interior were screened out to distinguish it from its closely related species. In combination with the results of the spectrum-effect relationship analysis, heteroclitin D, interiorin C, and heteroclitin G were identified as potential bioactive markers. The contents of heteroclitin D and heteroclitin G in the freeze-dried powder of KIS were 15.90 and 3.74 μg/mg.ConclusionsThis study illustrated the differences in the blood tonic efficacies and the chemical constituents of the stems of K. interior and its closely related species, and pinpointed the potential bioactive markers of K. interior.

Pengaruh Konsumsi Alkohol terhadap jumlah Eritrosit dan Hemoglobin Mencit (Mus musculus)

&lt;p class="abstrak"&gt;Alcohol is an organic compound that is often used in our life. In science research, alcohol is used as a solvent, fuel, and antiseptic. Alcohol if consumed in large quantities has side effects on the body that affect physiologically, one of which is nerve damage, liver and kidney damage, and affects the fetus if consumed by pregnant women. In addition, it is known that alcohol can affect erythrocytes and hemoglobin. In this study, alcohol was given to mice (&lt;em&gt;Mus musculus&lt;/em&gt;) to see the effect on the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin. This study used beer concentrations of 4% and 1% and distilled water as a control. The experimental animals used were 9 mice which would be induced by 1 mL of alcohol for 5 days. The parameters used were the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin. Data collection was carried out 3 times after 5 days of alcohol induction. The result of this study is that alcohol can reduce the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in mice. Decreased erythrocytes and hemoglobin in mice have an impact on other body organ damage.&lt;/p&gt;

RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 Based In Vivo Models for Drug Discovery

With the advent of RNAi and more recently CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, we now have an advanced platform to rapidly generate disease and perform target validation and toxicity assessment of novel candidate targets all in the same animal. Having previously engineered a miRE scaffold for enhanced shRNA processing and now with the introduction of a powerful new SplashRNA algorithm for accurate shRNA prediction, we have brought RNAi technologies to its peak, by increasing potency and reducing off-target effects, such that it can be effectively exploited to preclinically mimic drug therapy and even combination therapy not only in vitro but also in live mice. Here, we take advantage of doxycycline-inducible RNAi mice to identify on-target toxicities associated inhibition of Rpl15 ,a novel gene target previously identified through screening as a potent therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC. We demonstrate that sustained Rpl15 suppression results in an impaired intestinal barrier with subsequent weight loss. Heterozygous mutation or deletion of Rpl15 has been associated with Diamond Blackfan Anemia in humans and we therefore analyzed our mice for hematological phenotypes. Peripheral blood counts revealed only a non-significant decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin in Rpl15 knockdown mice compared to mice expressing a control shRNA. However, we found that Rpl15 suppression resulted in a strong decrease in spleen size and histopathological analyses revealed signs of increased siderosis. Importantly, phenotypic toxicities are not observed following doxycycline removal and reexpression of Rpl15, thus suggesting that a therapeutic window of treatment exists for inhibition of this essential gene. By combining this approach with in situ delivery of Cas9/gRNAs, we proceed one step further to rapidly develop HCC and validate Rpl15 as potent target of HCC in vivo . These data showcase how synergizing our RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 genetic toolbox will help facilitate drug discovery research and increase our confidence in predicting drug responses in humans into a new era. DisclosuresPremsrirut:Mirimus Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Wang:Mirimus Inc.: Employment. Yang:Mirimus Inc.: Employment. Fellmann:Mirimus Inc.: Consultancy, Equity Ownership. Dow:Mirimus Inc.: Consultancy. Zuber:Mirimus Inc.: Consultancy. Lowe:Mirimus Inc.: Consultancy.

Primary Study on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in NCG Mice from Qinba Mushroom

The present study was to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of acidic RNA protein complex (FA-2-b-β) extracted from the wild edible Qinba mushroom in inducing of apoptosis and immunoregulation of tumor cell. Cell proliferation inducing rate of FA-2-b-β to K562 cell was measured using CCK-8. Apoptosis rate was detected by using flow cytometry. Chronic myeloid leukemia model was developed by tail vein injection/subcutaneous inoculation of K562 cells in NCG mice. The tumor burden of mice was observed. The general condition of the mice was monitored twice daily. The peripherivcal full blood counts of mice was tested daily. RT-qPCR and Western blot was FA-2-b-β performed to determine involvement of apoptotic-related gene and protenin, Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry was used to detected the expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8. The proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cell could be inhibitied and induced by FA-2-b-β, there was 100% successful in the tumor formation in vivo, after treated by drug for 21 days there were significantly increased peripheral leucocytes, but decreased hemoglobin of mice treated by FA-2-b-β as compared with those in control group. The CD3, CD4 and CD8 showed positive in mice, and the propotation was imbalance, but it showed reserved after treated by FA-2-b-β. FA-2-b-β is strong anti-leukemia effect in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the traditional Chinese medicine maybe contribute to the anti-cancer and immunoregulation research.

Modification of pea dietary fiber by ultrafine grinding and hypoglycemic effect in diabetes mellitus mice.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of ultrafine grinding on the physicochemical properties of pea dietary fiber (PDF) and the hypoglycemic effect of ultrafine grinding dietary fiber on diabetes mellitus (DM). So, the PDF was treated by ultrafine grinding technology, and its microstructure and physicochemical properties were determined. Then, the DM model was established, and the 4-week ultrafine grinded pea dietary fiber (UGPDF) diet intervention was conducted by using gavage and feeding. During this period, the blood glucose and body weight of the mice were measured, and an oral glucose tolerance test was measured on the last day. The biochemical blood indexes of the mice were determined, and the pancreas was stained with HE after dissecting. The results showed that after ultrafine grinding, the structure fragmentation, specific surface area increased, and UGPDF showed higher swelling ability as well as water and oil holding capacities. Simultaneously, UGPDF had a significant effect on reducing blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in DM mice, improving the wasting state of mice and increasing the tolerance to glucose. Further, the results of the HE section showed that the pancreatic islet cells gradually returned to normal regular morphology. In biochemical blood indicators, UGPDF reduced TC and TG levels in the blood. This study provided a specific data basis for the following research on the hypoglycemic mechanism, and broadens the application field of PDF. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The physicochemical properties of pea dietary fiber were improved by ultrafine grinding technology. Because of this, the application of pea dietary fiber in the field of hypoglycemic had a better effect, laying a foundation for the next research on hypoglycemic mechanism.

Effect of Indirubin and Sheng-Xue-Xiao-Ban Capsule (SXXBC) on Promoting Peripheral Platelet in ITP Model Mice

To compare the effect of Sheng-Xue-Xiao-Ban Capsule (SXXBC) and indirubin to the peripheral platelets of the Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) model mouse. The ITP mouse model was established by the method of passive immunization. SXXBC and indirubin were used for intervention treatment. Then the hemorrhagic phenomena of ITP mice were observed and the numbers of peripheral platelets, hemoglobin and white blood cells, bone marrow megakaryocytes and their classification and coagulation function were detected and compared. The improvement rate of hemorrhage in SXXBC group was 40% for small dose, 60% for medium dose and 80% for high dose, while the improvement rate of hemorrhage in indirubin group was 30% for small dose, 50% for medium dose and 60% for high dose. There was no statistically significant difference in the improvement rate of hemorrhage between the two groups (P＞0.05). Compared with the model control group, PLT and Hb increased in different doses of SXXBC and indirubin group 4th-8th day after drug intervention (P＜0.05, 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the different doses of SXXBC group and indirubin group (P＞0.05). Compared with the model control group, the WBC in each group was significantly lower (P＜0.05, 0.01) on the 4th-8th day after drug intervention; However, there was no statistical significance between the two groups of SXXBC and indirubin (P＞0.05). Compared with the model control group, the total number of megakaryocytes in each treatment group were decreased (P＜0.05, P＜0.01), in which the number of primary megakaryocytes in the large and medium dose groups of SXXBC and indirubin were decreased (P＜0.05, 0.01), and the number of juvenile megakaryocytes in the large dose group of SXXBC and indirubin were also decreased (P＜0.05). The number of granular megakaryocytes were decreased in each intervention groups (P＜0.05, 0.01), and the number of thromocytogenic megakaryocyte was increased in the high and medium dose groups of SXXBC and indirubin (P＜0.01). The time of prothrombin was shortened in the high and medium dose groups of SXXBC and indirubin (P＜0.05), and the fibrinogen (FIB) content in the high and medium dose groups of SXXBC was close to that of the normal control group. Both of the SXXBC and the indirubin standard all show good hemostatic effects. Indirubin shows a positive effect on increasing the peripheral platelet and hemoglobin in ITP model mice, regulating the immune response, reducing the total number of bone marrow megakaryocytes, increasing the thromocytogenic megakaryocyte, and increasing coagulation function.

Supplemental Microalgal Iron Helps Replete Blood Hemoglobin in Moderately Anemic Mice Fed a Rice-Based Diet.

Iron deficiency anemia affects 1.2 billion people globally. Our objectives were to determine if (1) supplemental iron extracted from defatted microalgae (Nannochloropsis oceanica, DGM) and (2) a combination of minute amount of plant phytase and inulin could help replete hemoglobin in anemic mice. Mice (7 weeks old) were fed a control diet (6 mg Fe/kg). After 10 weeks, the mice were assigned to three treatments: control, control + DGM iron (Fe-DGM, 39 mg Fe/kg), or control + 1% inulin + 250 units of phytase/kg (INU−PHY, 6 mg Fe/kg). The mice had free access to diets and water for 6 weeks. The Fe-DGM group had elevated blood hemoglobin (p < 0.01) and a two-fold greater (p < 0.0001) liver non-heme iron over the control. Strikingly, the INU-PHY group had 34% greater non-heme iron than the control, despite the same concentrations of iron in their diets. Fe-DGM group had altered (p < 0.05) mRNA levels of hepcidin, divalent metal transporter 1, transferrin and transferrin receptor 1. Iron extracted from defatted microalgae seemed to be effective in alleviating moderate anemia, and INU-PHY enhanced utilization of intrinsic iron present in the rice diet. Our findings may lead to a novel formulation of these ingredients to develop safer and bioavailable iron supplements for iron-deficient populations.

Toxic effects of AFB_1/T-2 toxin and intervention effects of Meyerozyma guilliermondii in dried Lutjanus erythopterus on mice

In order to investigate the effect of yeast on reducing mycotoxin damage in dried fish. A strain of Meyerozyma guilliermondii MH 211588. 1(MG-81) was mixed and fermented 48 h with dried Lutjanus erythopterus which contaminated aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1) and T-2 toxin(T-2). The toxin concentration in fermentation at different time was detected by LC-MS/MS, and fermentation was fed with mice by intragastric administration(7 d). Blood routine and four liver function enzymes were measured by hematology analyzer and microplate spectrophotometer respectively. The elimination effect of MG-81 isolate on mycotoxin damage in dried fish was evaluated by the toxin concentration at different time and its toxic effect on mice. The removal rates of AFB_1 and T-2 in dried fish fermentation showed a parabolic linear growth trend with the prolongation of fermentation time. The removal rates of AFB_1 and T-2 in dried fish fermentation broth tended to be stable at 36 h(the removal rates of AFB_1 and T-2 were 83. 7%±1. 3% and 78. 5%±0. 8%). This indicated that 36 h was the optimal time for MG-81 to remove mycotoxins in dried fish. At the same time, it was found that there was no significant change in the indexes of MG-81 dried fish fermentation compared with the control group(P&gt;0. 05), while the same dose of AFB_1 and T-2 dried fish fermentation(without MG-81), the leucocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, platelet and mean platelet volume of mice were significantly lower than those of control group(P&gt;0. 05), showing obvious hemotoxicity and immunotoxicity. The activity of four liver enzymes was increased significantly(P&lt;0. 05), showing obvious hepatotoxicity. The fermentation of MG-81 for 36 h can effectively remove AFB_1 and T-2 from dried fish and eliminate their hazards.

Spectrum-effect relationship between fingerprints and hemopoietic effects of small molecular fraction of Polygoni Multiflori radix praeparata.

Polygoni multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP) is a traditional medicine used for nourishing essence and blood in China. However, it is unclear which PMRP compounds are responsible for its hematopoietic effect. In this study, spectrum-effect relationship was used to discovery potential hematopoietic compounds. The fingerprints of 20 PMRP batches were established by HPLC and the hematopoietic effect was determined using red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet indexes in aplastic anemia model mice. The spectrum-effect relationship between common peaks and hematopoietic efficacy values was established using gray relational analysis and partial least squares analysis. Spectrum-effect relationship results showed that peaks 21 (emodin-8-O-(6´-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside), 15 (2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-di-glucoside), 16 (cis-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside), 11 (unknown), 20(unknown, 12 (epicatechin), 29 (carboxyl emodin), and 31 (emodin) in the fingerprints were closely related to the hematopoietic effect. This work successfully established the spectrum-effect relationship between PMRP hematopoietic effect and its fingerprints, which can be used to explain the material basis for the PMRP hematopoietic effect.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles protect against hepatic injury induced by murine blood-stage malaria infection

Biosynthesized nanoparticles proposed to have antiplasmodial activities have attracted increasing attention for malaria that considered being one of the foremost hazardous diseases. In this study, Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extracts were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which were characterized utilizing transmission electron microscopy. We investigated the antiplasmodial and hepatoprotective effects of AgNPs against Plasmodium chabaudi-induced infection in mice. Treatment of the infected mice with 50mg/kg AgNPs for seven days caused a significant decrease in parasitemia and reduced the histopatholoical changes in the liver, as indicated by Ishak's histology index. Further, the AgNPs alleviated the oxidative damage in the liver infected with P. chabaudi. This was evidenced by the changed levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione, as well as increased catalase activity after treatment with AgNPs. In addition, levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased after treatment. Moreover, the findings showed the efficiency of AgNPs in improving the infected mice's erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin content. Generally, our results reported that AgNPs possess antiplasmodial and hepatoprotective properties.