Hematogenous Osteomyelitis In Children Research Articles

Accelerated Severity of Illness Score Enhances Prediction of Complicated Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children.

Severity of illness determination for children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis should be accomplished during the earliest stages of evaluation to guide treatment and establish prognosis. This study objectively defines an outcome of complicated osteomyelitis and explores an illness severity-based model with an improved ability to predict this outcome as soon and accurately as possible, comparing it to existing models. Children with Staphylococcus aureus acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (n = 438) were retrospectively studied to identify adverse events and predictors of severity. The outcome of complicated osteomyelitis was ultimately defined as the occurrence of any major or at least 3 minor adverse events, which occurred in 52 children. Twenty-four clinical and laboratory predictors were evaluated through univariate and stacked multivariable regression analyses of chronologically distinct groups of variables. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to compare models. Accelerated Severity of Illness Score included: triage tachycardia [odds ratio: 10.2 (95% confidence interval: 3.48-32.3], triage tachypnea [6.0 (2.4-15.2)], C-reactive proteininitial ≥17.2 mg/dL [4.5 (1.8-11.8)], white blood cell count band percentageinitial >3.8% [4.6 (2.0-11.0)], hemoglobininitial ≤10.4 g/dL [6.0 (2.6-14.7)], methicillin-resistant S. aureus [3.0 (1.2-8.5)], septic arthritis [4.5 (1.8-12.3)] and platelet nadir [7.2 (2.7-20.4)]. The receiver operating characteristic curve of Accelerated Severity of Illness Score [area under the curve = 0.96 (0.941-0.980)] were superior to those of Modified Severity of Illness Score = 0.903 (0.859-0.947), Acute Score for Complications of Osteomyelitis Risk Evaluation = 0.878 (0.830-0.926) and Chronic Score for Complications of Osteomyelitis Risk Evaluation = 0.858 (0.811-0.904). Successive receiver operating characteristic curve analyses established an exponentially increasing risk of complicated osteomyelitis for children with mild (0/285 or 0%), moderate (4/63 or 6.3%), severe (15/50 or 30.0%) and hyper-severe (33/40 or 82.5%) acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (P<0.0001). This study improves upon previous severity of illness models by identifying early predictors of a rigorously defined outcome of complicated osteomyelitis.

Multimodal approach in radiation diagnostics to determining the intramedullary phase of strictly hematogenic osteomyelitis in children: a prospective study

INTRODUCTION: Despite the fact that acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is classified as a sufficiently studied disease, the percentage of diagnostic errors is still quite high. Timely diagnosis is crucial for the successful outcome of the disease, therefore, visualization should be aimed at early diagnosis and, as a result, successful treatment of the disease.OBJECTIVE: To identify early patterns in the intramedullary phase of the course of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (CSO) with a multimodal approach of radiation research methods.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients underwent a comprehensive examination, including multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) using color mapping techniques.RESULTS: In the intramedullary phase of the course of CSF, no pathological changes were detected during X-ray examination of the affected limb. Ultrasound in 75% of observations revealed a thickening of the periosteum of more than 1 millimeter (mm) in the affected bone. When using MRI in 93% of cases, and with MSCT in 95% of patients, signs of bone marrow edema were detected.DISCUSSION: The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children has received significant recognition in pediatric surgical practice in recent years, and the use of MSCT in the diagnosis of CSO has found application in domestic healthcare. At the same time, a fairly large number of researchers reported on the high informativeness of MSCT in the diagnosis of CSOs.CONCLUSION: MSCT using the color mapping technique has a higher specificity compared to MRI and can be used as an integral method of the first level in the diagnosis of the intramedullary phase of the CSF course.

Antibiotic Selection, Route of Administration, and Duration in Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children

Antibiotic Selection, Route of Administration, and Duration in Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children

Comparative analysis of the results of multispiral computed tomography using color mapping and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

BACKGROUND: Although acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is considered a fairly well-studied disease, several articles emphasize that the frequency of diagnostic errors remains quite high. The clinical presentation of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis largely depends on its reactivity and localization. The latter has features of the clinical course in children of different age groups. Osteomyelitis can be difficult to detect because of the variability and nonspecificity of symptoms and physical and laboratory parameters. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for successful disease outcomes because untimely treatment increases the number of complications. Therefore, visualization should be aimed at early diagnosis and, ultimately, successful treatment.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the informative value of magnetic resonance imaging and multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of the intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis as its earliest stage.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients suspected with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis underwent magnetic resonance imaging and MSCT using color mapping techniques and X-ray density assessment. At the final stage of the diagnostic algorithm, osteotonometry was performed. The contents of the bone marrow canal were taken for microbiological and bacteriological studies.&#x0D; RESULTS: In the intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, magnetic resonance imaging and MSCT revealed signs of bone marrow edema in 96% of the cases. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging was 96%, the same as that of MSCT; however, the specificity was significantly lower than that of MSCT using the color mapping method and X-ray density assessment, which was 67% and 83%, respectively (p 0.05).&#x0D; DISCUSSION: In recent years, the role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis has received considerable recognition in pediatric surgical practice, and MSCT with color mapping and X-ray density assessment in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children has been used relatively recently. Simultaneously, many researchers have reported the high informativeness of MSCT in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis according to magnetic resonance imaging and MSCT indicates bone marrow edema as its earliest stage. According to the data of the present study, MSCT using color mapping and X-ray density assessment has high specificity and can be used with MRI as the main method for diagnosing the intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.

A case of emphysematous osteomyelitis in the pediatric practice

Introduction. Emphysematous osteomyelitis is a life-threatening and rare disease in the clinical practice. A distinctive feature of the disease is gas in bones and in surrounding soft tissues on the background of predisposing factors which significantly worsen patient’s general condition (malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, immunodeficiency, injuries and fractures). The authors present a clinical observation of diagnostics and management of emphysematous osteomyelitis in the right femur head in a 12-year-old child. The disease developed two months after a closed right-sided fracture of the femoral trochanter. In the literature, one can meet not more than 50 cases of emphysematous osteomyelitis.&#x0D; Relevance. In the available medical literature, we have not found any description of emphysematous osteomyelitis in children, so we considered it appropriate to publish a rare clinical case.&#x0D; Purpose. To analyze a rare case of emphysematous osteomyelitis in a child and to identify possible diagnostic and therapeutic errors occurred in the discussed case in Children’s Republic Clinical Hospital in Saransk.&#x0D; Conclusion. Currently, hematogenous osteomyelitis in children has become less common, and therefore there is no alertness for this pathology in physicians. We also have faced emphysematous osteomyelitis in our practice for the first time. Therefore, only when child’s condition worsened on day 4 after hospitalization, additional diagnostic tools were added, namely, X-ray of the knee and CT of the hip joint. Antibacterial therapy was started as well.

First-Generation Cephalosporins for Treatment of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children: A Study of Efficacy and Adverse Effects.

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is a relatively infrequent but significant infection in pediatric patients. As Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of AHO, intravenous and oral first-generation cephalosporins are common therapies. Cephalexin is a commonly prescribed oral therapy for pediatric AHO, although it requires frequent dosing that may affect adherence. Cefadroxil is a comparable oral first-generation cephalosporin with a more desirable dosing schedule. We reviewed pediatric patients admitted to Mayo Clinic between March 2002 and September 2020 for management of AHO who received treatment with a first-generation cephalosporin. We reviewed timing of oral therapy transition, therapy-associated adverse effects, and recurrence of disease after completion of therapy. There were 59 patients included in the study. There was similar occurrence of adverse effects in patients receiving cefadroxil and cephalexin, although use of cefadroxil coincided with more gastrointestinal adverse effects and leukopenia and use of cephalexin with more rash and neutropenia. One secondary treatment failure occurred in our study, in a patient receiving cephalexin for treatment of septic arthritis. Cefadroxil may be a reasonable alternative oral therapy for methicillin-susceptible S aureus or culture-negative AHO in pediatric patients, particularly when a less frequent dosing schedule is desired. Future study with a larger sample size is warranted.

1303. Pelvic Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children, from 2012-2020

Abstract Background Pelvic osteomyelitis has been reported to account for 1-11% of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) cases in children. Higher complication rates and need for longer antibiotic courses have been suggested by experts, but recent data is lacking. In our retrospective study from 2012-2020, pelvis and tibia were the most frequent AHO sites (24.6% of cases each). We describe the clinical course of children admitted to Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH) with pelvic AHO. Methods A retrospective review of patients with diagnosis of AHO admitted to TCH from Jan. 2012 - Dec. 2020 was conducted. Patients 6 mo-&amp;lt; 19 years-old and with ≤ 14 days of symptoms on admission were eligible. Patients with sickle cell disease or those immunocompromised were excluded. Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact for categorical variables were performed using STATA 17. Results 103 cases of pelvic AHO were compared to 315 cases of non-pelvic AHO (Table 1). The pelvis areas involved were reviewed (Fig. 1). Fever was present in 91 cases of pelvis AHO (88.4%), localized pain in 78 (75.7%) and refusal to bear weight in 64 (62.1%). All patients with pelvic AHO had an abnormal C reactive protein ( &amp;gt; 0.5 mg/dl). Patients with pelvic AHO had overall similar microbiology (Fig. 2), length of stay and complication rates as non-pelvic AHO. Pelvic AHO patients had pyomyositis more often (29.1 vs 9.2%) and bone abscess less often (22.3 vs 46.3%). Need for bone debridement or bone abscess drainage was less common (17.5 vs 51.1%), but muscle abscess drainage (16.5 vs 5.1%) and percutaneous bone biopsy (22.3 vs 13.7%) were more common in pelvic AHO. 22 cases of pelvic AHO had bone biopsy only, leading to identification of etiology in 27% of them with no complications. Patients were treated with antibiotics for a similar time (median 41 vs. 38 days). 21 patients with pelvic AHO (20.4%) were treated for ≤ 30 days with no complications (2 were lost to follow up). Figure 1. Percentage of each area of pelvic bone involved in patients with pelvic AHO. Patients may have more than one area involved. Figure 2. Causative organism recovery and etiology of pediatric cases with pelvic and non-pelvic acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, Texas Children’s Hospital 2012-2022. Conclusion Pelvic AHO in children may be more frequent than previously reported but is not associated with more chronic complications. MRI use can aid in the prompt identification of associated pyomyositis and timely intervention. A conservative approach of bone biopsy in cases with a small bone abscess and no pyomyositis should be considered. 4 weeks of therapy may be sufficient. Disclosures J. Chase McNeil, MD, Allergan: Grant/Research Support|Nabriva Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support Kristina G. Hulten, PhD, Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD, MeMed: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Honoraria

Assessing risk for complications in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Validation of two predictive scores.

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) can be associated with severe complications which can be difficult to predict in the clinical setting. The previously published predictive acute complication score ("A-SCORE") and chronic complication score ("C-SCORE") show promise, however, further external validation is needed. We performed a retrospective study of 418 children with AHO and analyzed the performance of A-SCORE (variables included bone abscess, fever after 48 hours of starting antibiotics, suppurative arthritis, disseminated disease and delayed source control) to predict risk for acute complicated course (treatment failure, prolonged admission, and/or need for ≥ 2 bone debridements) and C-SCORE (includes disseminated disease, bone debridement and CRP ≥10mg/dl at 2-4 days after starting antibiotics) to predict chronic complications (growth restriction, pathologic fracture, chronic osteomyelitis, avascular necrosis, joint deformity and/or frozen joint). An acute complicated course occurred in 106/418 (25.4%); 51/380 (13.5%) with complete follow-up data had a chronic complication. The A-SCORE performed with similar specificity (78%) and negative predictive value (NPV) (92%), and higher sensitivity (81%) and increased area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) (0.87) in our population. The C-SCORE performed with similar sensitivity (64%) and NPV (94%) but had lower specificity (86%) and AUC (0.71) than originally reported. Other variables associated with development of complications such as tibia involvement and bacteremia ≥ 2 days were identified but did not result in significantly improved predictive scores. Predictive A-SCORE and C-SCORE for AHO complications in children may help guide acute management and long-term follow up decisions. Prospective studies are needed to determine their applicability.

Clinical study of drug-loaded calcium sulfate in the treatment of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

BackgroundAt present, good results have been obtained in the treatment of hematogenous osteomyelitis(HO) in children by the use of drug-loaded calcium sulfate, but there are few clinical studies reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of radical debridement combined with drug-laden calcium sulphate antibiotics in paediatric haematogenous osteomyelitis.MethodsIn this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 15 cases of pediatric hematogenous osteomyelitis admitted to our hospital in recent years. A total of 15 pediatric patients with HO treated in our hospital from January 2018 to February 2022 were included for evaluation.ResultsAll 15 patients were treated with drug-laden calcium sulfate, and the antibiotic of choice was vancomycin in 14 cases and vancomycin combined with gentamicin in 1 case. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 36 months, with a mean follow-up time of 24.73 months, and all children were treated with drug-laden calcium sulfate with satisfactory clinical outcomes. The results of serological examination showed that the preoperative white blood cell count level, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were higher than the postoperative ones, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).After the operation, referring to the treatment standard of McKee’s osteomyelitis, 15 cases were cured without recurrence; According to the Lower Extremities Functional Scale, 12 cases were excellent, 2 cases were good and 1 case was moderate, with an excellent rate of 93.33%. Children with lower limb involvement could walk with full weight bearing, and gait was basically normal.ConclusionDrug-loaded calcium sulfate is a good therapeutic method for the treatment of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children, with a effect of reducing complications and reducing recurrence.

Debatable problems of classification of modern hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

Basing on their own experience in the diagnosis and treatment of children with hematogenous osteomyelitis and their study of domestic and foreign sources, the authors came to the conclusion that in all classifications available, consensus is lacking on the origin, course, form, stage, phase, outcome, and consequences of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. This realization prompted us to revise the classification of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children.&#x0D; The proposed new classification of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children was developed by amending the existing ones. It consists of 10 headings: etiology, origin, course, form, stages, localization, morphological form, complications, outcome, and consequences. Along the course, hematogenous osteomyelitis was divided into acute, subacute, and atypical forms. In addition to the allocation of subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis, a separate section gives a brief description of the features of its course and clinical manifestations. Hematogenous osteomyelitis of bones forming joints and hematogenous osteomyelitis of mixed bones (spine) were added to the Localization section, and apophyseal localization was added to osteomyelitis of tubular bones. In the Outcome section in the Recovery section, four subsections were highlighted.&#x0D; We submit this classification for discussion and await opinions and suggestions from pediatric surgeons on improving the classification of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children.

Predictive Factors to Guide Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children.

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is a serious infection in children. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society guidelines recommend empiric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) therapy in regions where MRSA accounts for more than 10-20% of all staphylococcal osteomyelitis. We sought to examine factors present at the time of admission which may predict etiology and guide empiric treatment for pediatric AHO in a region with endemic MRSA. We reviewed admissions with International Classification of Diseases 9/10 codes for AHO from 2011 to 2020 in otherwise healthy children. Medical records were reviewed for clinical and laboratory parameters present on the day of admission. Logistic regression was used to determine clinical variables independently associated with (1) MRSA infection and (2) non- Staphylococcus aureus infection. A total of 545 cases were included. An organism was identified in 77.1% of cases and S. aureus was the most common (66.2%); 18.9% of all AHO cases were MRSA. Organisms besides S. aureus were identified in 10.8% of cases. CRP >7 mg/dL, subperiosteal abscess, history of any prior skin or soft tissue infection (SSTI) and need for intensive care unit admission were independently associated with MRSA infection. Vancomycin was used as an empiric treatment in 57.6% of cases. If the above criteria were relied upon to predict MRSA AHO, empiric vancomycin use could have been reduced by 25%. Critical illness, CRP >7 mg/dL at the time of presentation, subperiosteal abscess and history of SSTI are suggestive of MRSA AHO, and could be considered when planning empiric therapy. Further work is needed to validate these findings before wider implementation.

Diagnosis, treatment approaches and modalities of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children: a literature review

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) in children is a serious condition that affects the bones and is caused by different organisms. Reliable history, physical examination, basic laboratory tests, and radiological imaging studies lead to early detection and a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. In contrast, long-term complications and morbidity are mainly due to delays in diagnosis and inadequate management. This literature review aimed to provide an evidence-based, comprehensive summary of AHO in children regarding the definition, epidemiology, risk factors, causes, pathogenesis, clinical picture, and differential diagnosis, specifically focusing on diagnosis and management. Most updated knowledge from the current literature reviews, systematic reviews, and practical guidelines have been summarized by targeting literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar, including articles published until November 2021. Despite the morbidity and frequency of AHO in children, it was found that there are low numbers of high-quality, updated data in this regard, especially the diagnosis and management of AHO in children. For this reason, the authors have provided an updated comprehensive summary of AHO in children to contribute to filling the research gap on this important topic.

1333. Prognostic Factors Associated with Complications of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children

Abstract Background The clinical presentation and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) in children can vary significantly. Scores to predict acute complications utilize prolonged fever after antibiotics, bone abscess, suppurative arthritis, disseminated infection and delayed source control. By contrast, elevated CRP after 48-96 hours of therapy, disseminated disease and bone debridement are predictive of chronic complications. Such scoring systems have undergone limited validation. We examined factors associated with acute and chronic AHO complications at our center to identify other variables that may enhance published scores. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of all children 6 mo-18 years with AHO and with acute symptoms of &amp;lt; 14 days at Texas Children’s Hospital from January 2012 through December 2020. An acute complicated course was defined as treatment failure within 6 weeks of starting antibiotics, &amp;gt; 2 bone debridements, prolonged admission ( &amp;gt;14 days) and acute avascular necrosis. Chronic complications included growth arrest or limb leg discrepancy, pathologic fracture, avascular necrosis, chronic osteomyelitis or frozen joint. Statistical analysis was completed using STATA 17. Results 418 patients met the inclusion criteria. 106 (25.4%) had an acute complicated course. 51 (13.5%) of 377 followed had a chronic complication. Clinical factors associated with acute and chronic complications were very similar. Factors associated with either an acute complicated course (Figure 1) or chronic orthopedic complications (Figure 2) included: older age, tibia involvement, infection due to S. aureus/MRSA, presence of multifocal or disseminated infection, DVT, fever &amp;gt; 48 hours of antibiotic therapy, admission laboratory values including higher absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and higher CRP, ICU admission, associated suppurative arthritis, bacteremia, bone abscess, surgical debridement and delayed source control. Conclusion In children with AHO, risk factors for acute and chronic complications are highly similar. Older age, tibia involvement, MRSA, higher ANC and bacteremia were linked to complications in our population and will be assessed in current clinical scoring systems which may help guide management. Disclosures Jonathon C. McNeil, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Grant/Research Support|Allergan: Provided reagents for unrelated research|Nabriva: Site investigator for multicenter clinical trial Kristina G. Hulten, PhD, Me-med: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD, MeMed: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support.

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children: Management of pandiaphysitis with extensive bone destruction: A case series of thirteen child

Introductionand Importance: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) poses a public health problem in severe forms from the outset or with delayed diagnosis. The aim of this work is to describe the management of pandiaphysitis with extensive bone destruction by the Ilizarov external fixator and antibiotics and to evaluate the results. MethodsThis is a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional and single-center study. It was performed over a seven-year period. We included children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis complicated by pandiaphysitis of the long bones with extensive bone necrosis. All patients underwent stabilization with an Ilizarov external fixator and antibiotic therapy adapted to the antibiogram in ten cases. One patient had the induced membrane technique. All the patients underwent dynamization of the Ilizarov external fixator followed by immobilization with a cast or a splint for the lower limb. Outcomes13 medical files were collected during the study period. The sex ratio was 1.6, the average age was 7.56 years. Three localization sites: humerus for 3 cases, femur for 3 cases and tibia for 7 cases. The germ has been identified in ten cases. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was the most common. Bone consolidation is obtained in all cases with an average delay of ten months. ConclusionThe Ilizarov external fixator associated with antibiotics has proven its effectiveness in the management of pandiaphysitis with extensive bone destruction. This method is an alternative in the therapeutic arsenal available to pediatric orthopedic surgeons. Level of evidenceIV, Case series.

Analysis of clinical features and poor prognostic factors of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics, pathogenic bacteria, complications and risk factors of prognosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Methods: The clinical manifestations, laboratorg tests, etiological charateristics and clinical data of 107 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis admitted to Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the drug sensitivity results of Staphylococcus aureus, the group was divided into methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) group; according to the presence or absence of complications, the group was divided into the group with and without complications; according to the prognosis of the follow-up children, the group was divided into good prognosis and poor prognosis. The χ2 test or Mann-Whitney U test used for comparison between groups, and Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for complications and prognosis. Results: Of the 107 patients, 62 were males and 45 were females. The age of presentation was 5.6 (1.7, 10.0) years, including 5 patients (4.7%) age from >28 days to 3 months, 46 patients (43.0%) age from >3 months to 5 years, 43 patients (40.2%)>5-12 years of age, and 13 patients (12.1%)>12-18 years of age. The first symptoms were acute fever in 35 patients (32.7%), limb pain in 24 patients (22.4%), and fever with limb pain in 23 patients (21.5%). Pathogen culture was positive in 75 patients (70.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli in 1 case (1.4%) each, and Staphylococcus aureus in 72 cases (96.0%), among them, 47 cases were MSSA, 22 cases were MRSA, and 3 cases had positive reports of Staphylococcus aureus from other hospitals without drug-sensitive tests. The proportion of infected children living in rural areas and receiving surgical treatment was higher in the MRSA group than in the MSSA group (14 cases (63.6%) vs. 18 cases (38.3%) and 21 cases (95.5%) vs. 33 cases (70.2%), χ2=3.87, 4.23, both P<0.05). Sixty-five children had no complications while 42 children (39.3%) suffered from complications. Common complications consisted of 19 cases (17.8%) of sepsis, 17 cases (15.9%) of septic arthritis, and 12 cases (11.2%) of venous thrombosis. The group with complications showed higher mental changes, decreased appetite and (or) weakness, positive pathogenic cultures, and time from admission to surgery than the group without complications (18 cases (42.9%) vs. 9 cases (13.8%), 20 cases (47.6%) vs. 12 cases (18.5%), 34 cases (81.0%) vs. 41 cases (63.1%), 3.5 (2.0, 6.0) vs. 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) d,χ2=11.38, 10.35, 3.89, Z=2.21, all P<0.05). The poor prognosis group had more comorbidities, combined local complications, and positive aureus than the good prognosis group (10/15 vs. 34.9% (30/86), 7/15 vs. 17.4% (15/86), 14/15 vs. 61.6% (53/86), χ2=5.39, 6.40, 4.42, all P<0.05). Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that acute phase C-reactive protein (CRP) was both an independent risk factor for complications (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.01-1.02) and an independent risk factor for poor prognosis (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.02). Conclusions: The first symptoms of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis are acute fever, limb pain, and fever with limb pain are most common. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogenic organism. Those with loss of appetite and (or) weakness, mental changes, positive pathogenic cultures, and longer time between admission and surgery are prone to complications. Those with complications, combined local complications, and positive for Staphylococcus aureus had a poor prognosis. Elevated CRP is an independent risk factor not only for complications but for poor prognosis as well.

Expert consensus on the management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

急性血源性骨髓炎（AHO）是儿科常见的骨髓炎类型，儿童AHO经及时、适当的治疗，临床治愈率高，如果治疗不当或延迟，可导致不良结果。为进一步规范儿童AHO的治疗，本共识对来自临床一线调查总结的9个临床问题，并基于国内外临床证据、结合临床实践经验，为儿科医生治疗儿童AHO提供指导。.

Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

Aim of the study: to show the possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis. Materials and methods. One hundred thirty two children with hematogenous osteomyelitis (n = 112 - 84.8%), including BCG-osteomyelitis (n = 20 - 15.2%), aged 1 to 17 years, average age - 9.1 ± 4.9 years, were examined between 2011 and 2020. Out of 132 children, 77 were operated on (58.3%). Boys predominated - 70 (53%) patients, girls - 62 (47%). MRI was performed on a Philips Achieva dStream 3.0 T. Results. Over the first three days after onset of the disease, when radiography and CT did not reveal bone pathological changes, according to MRI acute osteomyelitis was detected in all patients (n = 51). The topical location of osteomyelitis foci was clearly established. Discussion. MRI is the most informative method for visualizing acute hematogenous osteomyelitis over first days of the disease. MRI clearly shows initial bone remodelling and bone marrow edema, including the such earliest sign as perifocal myositis. The most effective MRI sequences are STIR and T2WI, regardless of the pulse sequence, in which a pronounced hyperintense signal is visualized. Whole body MRI combined with clinical data is considered a promising method for distinguishing inflammatory processes from other specific diseases.

Clinical guideline highlights for the hospitalist: Diagnosis and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children.

Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America: 2021 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children RELEASE DATE: August 5, 2021 PRIOR VERSION(S): n/a DEVELOPER: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) and Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) FUNDING SOURCE: PIDS and IDSA TARGET POPULATION: Children with suspected or confirmed acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.

1160. Predictive Factors to Guide Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children

Abstract Background Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is a serious infection in children. ESPID guidelines recommend empiric therapy with antistaphylococcal β-lactams in regions with a low methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) prevalence. In areas with a moderate-high prevalence of MRSA, selection of empiric therapy can be more challenging. We sought to examine factors present at the time of admission which may predict etiology and guide treatment in pediatric AHO in a region with endemic MRSA. Methods We reviewed admissions with ICD9/10 codes for AHO from 2011-2020 in otherwise healthy children. Patients with chronic infection, open or penetrating trauma, orthopedic hardware in situ, or disease secondary to a contiguous focus were excluded. Medical records were reviewed for clinical and laboratory parameters present on the day of admission. Results 586 cases were included. An etiology was identified in 76.8% of cases and S. aureus was most commonly identified (66.2%, 19% MRSA, Figure 1). Infection due to Kingella kingae (0.7%) occurred in younger children (p=0.01). Significant differences in presenting features were noted across pathogens, although S. aureus dominated in all sub-groups (Figure 2). Among children with respiratory symptoms at presentation, Group A Streptococcus (GAS, 10.7%), and S. pneumoniae (2.6%, p=0.01) were identified twice as frequently. Among children with reptiles exposure, Salmonella was identified in 10.8% (p=0.04). Multifocal infections and those requiring ICU admission were due to S. aureus in 88% and 97% of cases, respectively; these cases were disproportionately MRSA (36.4%, p=0.01 and 54%, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Both ESR and CRP were higher among MRSA compared to any other pathogen (Figure 3, p&amp;lt; 0.01). A CRP at presentation &amp;gt; 7 mg/dl had a 79.6% sensitivity for MRSA infection with a negative predictive value of 91.5%. Among those with either an ESR &amp;gt; 50 mm/hr or a CRP &amp;gt; 7 mg/dl, an organism was identified in 83.2% Depiction of the relative frequency of major pathogens among a cohort of 586 cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children Depiction of the relative frequency of different organisms in children with AHO with various history, exam and laboratory findings Scatterplot depicting ESR and CRP levels across major hematogenous osteomyelitis pathogens Conclusion Subtle differences in symptoms, history and laboratory parameters can provide clues to etiology in pediatric AHO. A CRP &amp;gt; 7 mg/dl at time of presentation is suggestive of MRSA AHO, and this should be considered when planning empiric therapy. Likewise, the absence of extreme elevation of CRP may serve an antibiotic stewardship role in MRSA endemic regions. Disclosures Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD, Pfizer (Research Grant or Support) Jonathon C. McNeil, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Research Grant or Support)Allergan (Grant/Research Support)Nabriva (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Site PI for a multicenter trial)

From the practice of using our fixator for a fracture of the femur due to hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

Surgical intervention aimed at reposition and fixation of fragments for fractures and pseudoarthrosis in the presence of infection is considered possible not earlier than 3-6 months from the moment of healing of the wound or fistula.